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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2007 with funding a 


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AND 


IMITATIVE EXERCISES. 


€ 2 2 » a © 


BY THE ,.» 


REV. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD; M.A.” 
RECTOR OF LYNDON, 
AND LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 


CAREFULLY REVISED, WITH NOTES BY 


E. A. JOHNSON, 


PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF 
NEW-YORK. 


A NEW EDITION, ENLARGED, WITH A LEXICON, HISTORICAL 
AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, ETC. 


NEW-YORK: ) 
-D. APPLETON & CO., 200 BROADWAY. 


PHILADELPHIA : 
GEO. S. APPLETON, 164 CHESNUT-STREET. 


1850, 


to the Act of 


“i 


a 


eo 


«4 





\ 


HAG SIS 
pel 


Waa) 


4 ADVERTISEMENT. 








_ Bur little has been done to this edition save to add 
‘Notes on the Lives from Epaminondas (XV.), and 
“onwards. A Lexicon has also been added, which is 
believed to be accurate. A Historical and Geographi- 
cal Index completes the additions which have been 
made. It is proper to state that the editor of the first 
edition of this work is not responsible for the addi- 
tions now made. They have been added owing to the 
pressing desire of teachers to possess the complete 
work. These additions will be found to be improve- 
ments, and serve to render the work as nearly perfect 
as the plan submitted permitted. 


_ New Yonrs, June, 1848. 


PREFACE. 





Tuer English edition of this little work was accom- 
panied by the following brief announcement : 

“ Should the plan and execution of this little volume 
meet with the approbation of able instructors, it will 
probably be followed by a similar one on selected por- 
tions of Xenophon’s works. 

“For the answers to the questions I am principally 
indebted to the excellent editions of Cornelius Nepos 
by Bremi, Dahne, and Jaumann. 


ay a 
 Liynpon, Jan. 31, 1845. T. K. A. 


In this American edition the alterations will be found 
to consist principally in a more full and correct citation 
of illustrative passages, in frequent references to the 
recent reprint of Zumpt’s Latin Grammar, to confirm 
or silently modify the positions taken, and in the addi- 
tion of the notes at the foot of the page, which are re- 
ferred to by letters of the alphabet. 

Many other changes have been made in the correc- 
tion of errors, which appear to have been the conse- | 
quence of haste, of which it is hoped this edition will 
be comparatively free. 

With these brief statements of what the editor is 
responsible for, he leaves this little volume to win for 
itself, both with teachers and peri the favor which 
it deserves. 


EB. Awd. 
N. Y. University, Aug 6, 1846. 


CONTENTS. 





Questions and Pirercinee.2 i i260. 5 000. ace i eke te concn stecessee 111 
MIN. <5 24. on. ees chat cocaduceaaneoset qu otyante 9 
» Questions und Exercivee: 5.6. si 555 0c.c co decca cc cccccconacececesses 116 
nN 2 eo cree caccseconasevesces Gaseaneusen oi 
Questions amen’ Maciel BrrSail Peoe vn deeanenestnvcebanhswannane 135 

3. ARISTIDES «......:....0.05- mrssceetseesiao Ree Kee 20 
Questions and Exercises Fire ee ee aes eee 161 
I TEPEEESEL) COREE ERS PEE ee nee 22 
Questions and Exercises...........c..ccceccecscsecccecsseeesssees 166 

5. Cmon.. robes eee aga e ior 33st ee 
‘ Gievclivns ant Sxervione: So «Sehr cual noe poate nen tiene > Sap eaiaal 179 

OP NMOANDER: 22355555 t5 56620520 Fe ees Pe eercccce rotten 97 
Questions and Exercises:.....:......csccssecsesssccccsccsecseccs 187 

7. ALCIBIADES... Tale cugtin'’ aindies epaigenat<axiubes einvagdvdakeck tape 
Questions and yeaa a's Apis alka ais bike tenia sSeiitaecoi tek wel aU 195 

8. THRAsYBULUS......... sjad Weecedh Sacp u400ih 2600 Ged miei baenee ee ee 
Questions win’ Beateies Lovet ele déuscuacss agsbitbesesecapesoeete 214 
NN ed Soran > in ccks ubuad nedmeccdsinkewmuansieiemerebe 38 
Questions and Exercises...........00..cccccscccccesesccsecccsesces 219 
TN ernie ck. s cderacceackevvessvcsns pete obaey eaeamesheeibanaae naaeEe Al 
ROUEN WOME MEMOSURIOO.. 5. cccin vc cued vavccdesdsccucessss sésuua=sy Meme 

11. Ipuicrates .. ; wou dunt oscusce secebitemadadens: CAREER en eae 
Questions ai Weleda: 07... /:5.,.. ied ce 236 


maaan OG WXOremed.. . <0kiis ca dins cc cth cctbees Gaecveieesscton 239 
13. TimorHevs.. eons a mina gad sain eatin wicldg SaMMabew tesiitc haan 
tions pa Ketel eee 243 
14. Darames.......... IEA AiN9 Ur ea pennant ee S| 
Questions re Ssakeicies Ldagh wiktan S ddtcahdas dquvesbnncdaaeeeneds 246 


6 CONTENTS. 
PacE 
BE FEPASOMDAS .. . « < snss'cs cocucoccsséwdsdusebouseceveys onnusneenneaann 59 
PN GUOB. (oss vies vo ovens cocscecncenensdsposensveiescoceinseeinannenennn nnn 
WG, TRS OR TOAR, 5 icc osn< occdssecesecdcocecec opae accuses tlesssissbilenenaeniaane 65 
DR RII i oo ees vn wen ccsndiciie inpes Ra ecins cbvene 6 se0.2.n'0 yen anE 258 
OF! A ROTE AION, § as caninccecwsn'ehocssicovcanbeees'euosks a aessnuemaneeeeeeea 68 
PERN. 5. os cacienitnn'a wate uh ioe s sin panies in va'bn enue > ona 259 
DOs TEMENER on 560 cece ccndaccthenchdiwosden deeb dendeseosetasvecsatenene 72 
PEDO. osc decays suceee Ges chs dbase sities hic dehs'n4 = esses ankiye een 261 
19. Puocion....... 80 
Pc canvat vesvconecccscSenheduenwecudrscuesesesanheannnnnnne 264 
20. TImoLeon........ 82 
POON Wek ink bh.n cvaoe eoc'ds Se cadiwe’ess cu sendceineesosendpenieeennanae 265 
Ee METRO os oc cia'nn snes cin'nce cacccnes cpnssunsons cin cunebanenenee 85 
NN ionic Sicks<h conn die'de Deis risexcnceeadanayeNesweee soon seaman 266 
BN REET od aveviaiy vixens 60 den a 0sees coranesauses bibodegnetieeenennnn 87 
PR OROB ss onic nse s Syracuse s eiensaccecescccsenedntiloerus oan 266 
Be PA TUMEBAL, \ 5050's 005 c'0s'sa60's 00s oc 00cecec oct anbincecenhateneeenennnnne 89 
RNIN. 5 <4 6 xk x nn.dinee Xd 46 a0 «:400:0:0,5 dae siechennndids voce hence 267 
Be PA PORTIS CATO once cave eccccesconscnencedsenensii cwenulenin enna anne 
PU OLOB LS. neal bs ceca'cc coe vescccoaascdecceccns6onsics uleualienannennnnnnnn 269 
95, ‘T. Pomron1Us ATTIOUB..,.. 0..0000000<00sbsiss0csisdaonespmneeneeaee 9% 
PU CGO cn uen<omns odnap voven¢bvceas nnicp stu aschebielpeenaeenenn wasiiee 270 


LEXICON ......... 


HIsrorRIcAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX .........ccccccecccsecceessseeess OO4 
NE a a a veh Gidea cee SOG RR cele i dpeneiahonie PRY oe 397 


PRA FATIO. 





ARGUMENTUM. 


Auctor scripture genus, quo usus est, et rerum, quas per- 


secutus est, levitatem excusat morum Grecorum et ite: 


manorum diversitate. 0 4Ree 


I. Non dubito, fore plerosque, Attice, qui ei genus 
scripture leve et non satis digium stromortin: viturunm 


personis judicent, quum relatum legent, quis musicam 
docuerit Epaminondam ; aut in ejus virtutibus comme. 
morari, saltasse eum commode scienterque tibiis can- 
tasse. Sed hi erunt fere, qui, expertes litterarum 
Grecarum, nihil rectum, nisi quod ipsorum moribus 
conveniat, putabunt. Hi si didicerint, non eadem omni- 
bus esse honesta atque turpia, sed omnia majorum insti- 
tutis judicari, non admirabuntur, nos in Graiorum virtu- 
tibus exponendis mores eorum secutos. Neque enim 
Cimoni fuit turpe, Atheniensium summo viro, sororem 
germanam habere in matrimonio: quippe quum cives 
ejus eodem uterentur instituto. At id quidem nostris 
moribus nefas habetur. Magnis in laudibus tota fere fuit 
Grecia, victorem Olympiz citari; in scenam vero pro- 
dire et populo esse spectaculo, nemini in eisdem genti- 
bus fuit turpitudini. Que omnia apud nos partim 


; 
? . 


w 


4 


8 PREFATIO. 


infamia, partim humilia atque ab honestate remota 
6 ponuntur. Contra ea- pleraque nostris moribus sunt 
decora, que apud illos turpia putantur. Quem enim 
Romanorum pudet uxorem ducere in convivium? aut 
cujus non materfamilias primum locum tenet «dium 
7 atque in celebritate versatur? Quod multo fit aliter in 
.Grecia. Nam neque in convivium adhibetur, nisi pro- 
pinquorum ; neque sedet, nisi in interiore parte edium, 
que yuvouxwvirig appellatur, quo nemo accedit, nisi pro- 
8 pinqua cognatione conjunctus. Sed hic plura persequi, 
tum magnitudo voluminis prohibet, tum festinatio, ut ea 
°. :Pyplicem, qu, exorsus sum. Quare ad propositum 
vértiemus et ii hoc: exponemus libro de vita excellentium 


I. MILTIADES. 





ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP. 1. Dux colonorum in Chersonesum mittitur. Irri- 
detur a Lemniis. II. Chersoneso potitur. Lemnum capt 
et Cyclades. III. Pontis in Histro custos a Dario, qua 
Scythas bello petebat, constituitur. Dat consilium liber- 
tatis recuperande. Ab Histieo impeditur. IV. Suis est 
auctor, ut ingentibus copiis, a Dario ad puntendos Athe- 
nienses missis, obviam eant. V. Ante sociorum adven- 
tum vincit Darium. VI. Premium victorie. VII. 
Omittit oppugnationem Pari. Damnatur et in vinculis 
moritur. VIII. Vera ejus damnationis causa. 


I. Miltiades, Cimdnis filius, Atheniensis, quum et 
antiquitate generis, et gloria majorum, et sua modestia 
unus Omnium maxime floreret, eaque esset etate, ut jam 
non solum de eo bene sperare, sed etiam confidere 
-cives possent sui, talem futurum, qualem cogni- 515 
tum judicarunt : accidit, ut Athenienses Cherso- 4-©.n. 
nesum colonos vellent mittere. Cujus generis quum 
magnus numerus esset, et multi ejus demigrationis 
peterent societatem: ex his delecti Delphos deliberatum 
missi sunt, qui consulerent Apollinem, quo potissimum 
duce.uterentur. Nam[que] tum Thraces eas regiones 
tenebant, cum quibus armis erat dimicandum. His con- 
sulentibus nominatim Pythia precepit, ut Miltiadem sibi 
imperatorem sumerent: id si fecissent, incepta prospera 


2 


3 


lerent, sub sua retenturum potestatej: si amicis suis ~~ 


10 I. 2,3. (Miultiades.) 


futura. Hoc oraculi responso Miltiades cum delecta- 
manu classe Chersonesum profectus quum accessisset 
Lemnum, et incolas ejus insule sub potestatem redigere 
vellet Atheniensium, idque Lemnii sua sponte facerent, 
postulasset: illi irridentes responderunt, tum id se fac- 
turos, quum ille, domo navibus proficiscens vento aqui- 
lone, venisset Lemnum. Hic enim ventus, ab septen- 
trionibus oriens, adversum tenet Athenis proficiscenti- 
bus. Miltiades, morandi tempus non habens, cursum 
direxit, quo tendebat, pervenitque Chersonesum. 

II. Ibi brevi tempore barbarorum copiis disjectis, tota 
regione, quam petierat, potitus, loca castellis idonea com- 
munivit, multitudinem, quam secum duxerat, in agris 
collocavit, crebrisque excursionibus locupletavit. Neque 
minus in ea re prudentia, quam felicitate, adjutus est. 
Nam quum virtute militum hostium devicisset exercitus, 
summa equitate res constituit, atque ipse ibidem manere 
decrevit. Erat enim inter eos dignitate regia, quamyis 
carebat nomine ; neque id magis imperio, quam justitia, 
consecutus. Neque eo secius Atheniensibus, a quibus 
erat profectus, oflicia prestabat. Quibus rebus. fiebat, 
ut non minus eorum voluntate perpetuo imperium obti- 
neret, qui miserant, quam illorum, cum quibus erat pro- 
fectus. Chersoneso tali modo constituta, Lemnum rever- — 
titur, et ex pacto postulat, ut sibi urbem tradant. Illi — 
enim dixerant, quum, vento borea domo profectus, eo 
pervenisset, sese dedituros; se autem domum Chersonesi 
habere. Cares, qui tum Lemnum incolebant, etsi pre- 
ter’ opimionem res ceciderat, tamen, non dicto, sed 
secunda fortuna adversariorum capti, resistere ausi non 
sunt atque ex insula demigrarunt. Pari felicitate ceteras 
insulas, que Cyclades nominantur, sub Atheniensium 
redegit potestatem. 

Ill. Eisdem temporibus Persarum rex Darius, ex 

544 Asia in Europam exercitu trajecto, Scythis 
a.C.n. bellum inferre decrevit. Pontem fecit in Histro 
flumine, qua copias traduceret:. Ejus pontis, dum 
ipse abesset, custodes reliquit principes, quos secum 
ex Ionia et AXolide duxerat; quibus singulis ipsarum 
urbium perpetua dederat imperia. Sic enim facillime 
putavit se Greca lingua loquentes, qui Asiam inco-— 


I. 4. (Miltiades.). 11 


‘oppida tuenda tradidisset, quibus, se oppresso, nulla 
spes salutis relinqueretur. In hoc fuit tum numero: 
Miltiades, cui illa custodia crederetur. Hic quum crebri 3 
afferrent nuntil, male rem gerere Darium, premique ab 
Scythis, Miltiades hortatus est pontis custodes, ne a for- 
tuna datam occasionem liberande Greciz~dimitterent. 
Nam si cum his copiis, quas secum transportaverat, 4 
interisset Darius, non solum Europam fore tutam, sed 
etiam eos, qui Asiam incolerent Greci genere, liberos a 
Persarum futuros dominatione et periculo. Id et-facile 
effici posse ; ponte enim rescisso, regem vel hostium 
ferro, vel inopia paucis diebus interiturum. Ad hoc con- 5 
silium quum plerique accederent, Histieus Milesius, ne 
res conficeretur, obstitit, dicens: non idem ipsis, qui 
summas imperil tenerent, expedire et multitudini, quod 
Darii regno ipsorum niteretur dominatio; quo exstincto 
ipsos potestate expulsos civibus suis peenas daturos. 
Itaque adeo se abhorrere a ceterorum consilio, ut nihil 
putet ipsis utihus, quam confirmari regnum Persarum. 
Hujus quum sententiam plurimi essent secuti, Miltiades, 6 
non dubitans, tam multis consciis ad regis aures consilia 
sua perventura, Chersonesum reliquit, ac rursus Athenas 
demigravit. Cujus ratio etsi non valuit, tamen magno- 
pere est laudanda, quum amicior omnium libertati, quam 
sue fuerit dominationi. 

IV. Darius autem, quum ex Europa in Asiam redisset, 1 
hortantibus amicis, ut Greciam redigeret in suam potes- 
tatem, classem quingentarum navium comparavit, eique 
Datim prefecit et Artaphernem; hisque ducenta pedi- 
tum, decem milia equitum dedit: causam interserens, 
se hostem esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio ones 
Sardis expugnassent, suaque presidia interfecissent. Illi 2 
prefecti regii, classe ad Eubcam appulsa, celeriter Ere- 
trlam ceperunt, omnesque ejus gentis cives abreptos in 
Asiam ad regem miserunt. Inde ad Atticam accesse-— 
runt, ac suas copias In campum Marathona deduxerunt.. 
Is abest ab oppido circiter milia passuum decem. Hoe 3 
tumultu Athenienses tam propinquo tamque magno per- 
moti auxilium nusquam, nisi a Lacedemoniis, petiverunt, 
Phidippidemque cursorem ejus generis, qui %u2g0d eduor 
vocantur, Lacedemonem miserunt, ut nuntiaret, quam 
celeri opus esset auxilio, Domi autem creant decem pre- 4 


12 I. 5,6. (Miltiades.) 


tores, qui exercitui preessent, in eis Miltiadem. Inter 
quos magna fuit contentio, utrum meenibus se defende- - 
rent, an obviam irent hostibus, acieque decernerent. 
5fUnus Miltiades maxime nitebatur, ut primo quoque 
\tempore castra fierent. Id si factum esset, et civibus 
animum accessurum, quum viderent, de eorum virtute 
non desperari, et hostes eadem re fore tardiores, si 
animadverterent, auderi adversus se tam exiguis coplis 
dimicare. 
ly V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus auxilio 
“‘fuit preter Plateenses. Ea mille misit militum. Itaque 
horum adventu decem milia armatorum completa sunt: 
2 que manus mirabili flagrabat pugnandi cupiditate. Qua 
factum est, ut plus, quam college, Miltiades valuerit. 
Ejus auctoritate impulsi Athenienses copias ex urbe 
3 eduxerunt, locoque idoneo castra fecerunt. Deinde pos- 
tero die sub montis radicibus, acie-e regione instructa, 
nova arte, vi summa prelium commiserunt. Namque 
arbores multis locis erant strate, hoc consilio, ut ¢t 
montium tegerentur altitudine, et arborum tractu equi- 
tatus hostium impediretur, ne multitudine clauderentur. 
4 Datis, etsi non z2quum locum videbat suis, tamen, fretus 
numero copiarum suarum, confligere cupiebat: eoque 
magis, quod, priusquam Lacedzmonii subsidio venirent, 
dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum 
centum, equitum decem milia produxit, preeliumque 
5 commisit. In quo tanto plus virtute valuerunt Atheni- 
ao  enses, ut decemplicem numerum hostium pro- 
Sptbr. fligarint; adeoque perterruerunt, ut Perse non 
aon, ceStra, sed naves petierint. Qua pugna nihil 
'-_ adhue est nobilius; nulla enim umquam tam ex- 
igua manus tantas opes prostravit. 
1- VI. Cujus victoriz non alienum videtur quale pra- 
mium Miltiadi sit tributum, docere, quo facilius intelligi 
2 possit,eamdem omnium civitatum esse naturam. Ut enim 
populi nostri honores quondam fuerunt rari et tenues, 
ob eamque causam gloriosi; nunc autem effusi atque 
obsoleti: sic olim apud Athenienses fuisse reperimus. 
3 Namque hug Mailtiadi, qui Athenas totamque Greciam 
liberarat, iis honos tributus est in porticu, que 
Ilo:xiAy vocatur, quum pugna depingeretur Marathonia, © 
ut in decem pretorum numero prima ejus imago pone- 


eS 


I. 7,8. (Miltiades.). 3 


retur, isque hortaretur milites, preliumque committeret. 
Idem ille populus, posteaquam majus imperium est 
nactus, et largitione magistratuum corruptus est, tre- 
centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo decrevit. 

VII. Post hoc prelium classem septuaginta navium 
Athenienses eidem Miltiadi dederunt, ut insulas, que 
barbaros adjuverant, bello persequeretur. Quo imperio 
plerasque ad officium redire coégit, nonnullas vi expug- 
uavit. Ex his Parum insulam, opibus elatam, quum 
oratione reconciliare non posset, copias [e navibus] 
eduxit, urbem operibus clausit omnique commeatu pri- 
vavit; deinde vineis ac testudinibus constitutis, propius 
muros accessit. Quum jam in eo esset, ut oppido poti- 
retur, procul in continenti lucus, qui ex insula conspicie- 
batur, nescio quo casu, nocturno tempore incensus est. 
Cujus flamma ut ab oppidanis et oppugnatoribus est 
visa, utrisque venit in opinionem, signum.a classiariis 
regiis datum. Quo factum est, ut et Parii a deditione 
deterrerentur, et Miltiades, timens, ne classis regia ad- 
ventaret, incensis operibus, que statuerat, cum totidem 


navibus, atque erat profectus, Athenas magna cum offen-_ 


sione civium suorum rediret. Accusatus ergo prodi- 
tionis, quod, quum Parum expugnare posset, a rege cor- 
ruptus infectis rebus discessisset. Eo tempore eger 
erat vulneribus, que in oppugnando oppido acceperat. 
Itaque quoniam ipse pro se dicere non posset, verba 


fecit frater ejus Tisagodras. Causa cognita capitis abso- 


lutus, pecunia multatus est, eaque lis quinquaginta ta- 
lentis estimata est, quantus in classem sumtus factus 
erat. Hanc pecuniam quod solvere in presentia 4a 
non poterat, in vincula publica conjectus est % © 
ibique diem obiit supremum. 

VIII. Hic etsi crimine Pario est accusatus, tamen alia 
fuit causa damnationis. Namque Athenienses propter 
Pisistrati tyrannidem, que paucis annis ante fuerat, om- 
nium suorum civium potentiam extimescebant. Miltiades, 
multum in imperiis magistratibusque versatus, non vide- 
batur posse esse privatus, presertim quum consuetudine 
ad imperil cupiditatem trahi videretur. Nam Cherso- 
nesi omnes illus, quos habitarat, annos perpetuam ob- 
tinuerat dominationem, tyrannusque fuerat appellatus, 
sed justus.. Non erat enim vi consecutus, sed suorum 

. ines 


6 


] 


14 Il. 1. (Pkemzsiocles.) 


~oluntate, eamque potestatem bonitate retinebat. Om-+ 
nes autem et habentur et dicuntur tyranni, qui potestate 
sunt perpetua in ea civitate, que libertate usa est. Sed 
in Miltiade erat quum summa humanitas, tum mira com- 
munitas,* ut nemo tam humilis esset, cui non ad eum 
aditus pateret; magna auctoritas apud omnes civitates, 
nobile nomen, laus rei militaris maxima. Hee populus 
respiciens maluit eum innoxium plecti, quam se diutius 
esse in timore. 





Il THEMISTOCLES. 


ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP.I. Adolescens libervus vivit, Exheredatus reypubl. se. 


dedit. II. Clarus Corcyreo et Persico bello. Inter- 
pretatur oraculum de muris lignets in bello Persico I] 
ad:servandos eorum cives. III. Secundum prelium ad 
Artémisium. IV. Dolo Xerxem vincit juxta Sala- 
mina. V. Callido nuntio Xerxem decipit, quo Greciam 
liberat. VI. Pireei portum et muros Athenarum ex- 
struit. Lacedemoni repugnant. VII. Lacedemonios 
arte deludit, eosque reprehendit... VIII. Ostracismo in 
exsilium ejectus, varia fuga agitatur. IX. Ad Arta- 


wxerxem litteras dat salutis causa. X. Multis muneri- — 


bus ab eoornatur. Magnesite moritur. 


I. Themistécles, Nedcli filius, Atheniensis. Hujus 
vitia ineuntis adolescentiz magnis sunt emendata virtuti- 
pus, adeo ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur. 
Sed ab initio est ordiendum. Pater ejus Nedcles gene- 
_ rosus fuit. Is uxorem Acharnanam civem duxit, ex qua 

natus est Themistocles. Qui quum minus esset pro- 


batus parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat, et rem fami- 
liarem negligebat, a patre exheredatus est. Que con- — 
tumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam quum judi-— 


casset, sine summa industria non posse eam exstingui, 
totum se dedidit reipublice, diligentius amicis famaequ 


* Ar. comitas. 


‘< 
te 
: 3 ae 
: : vr 
a, 
oe A 
- * 


~~. 


IL os. ( Themistocles.) 15 


serviens. Multum in judiciis privatis versabatur; sepe 
in concionem populi prodibat; nulla res major sine eo 
gerebatur, celeriterque, qua opus erant, reperiebat. 
Neque minus in rebus gerendis promtus, quam excogi- 
tandis, erat, quod et de instantibus (ut ait Thucydides) 
verissime judicabat, et de futuris callidissime conjicie- 
bat. Que factum est, ut brevi tempore illustraretur. 

II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessende reipublice 
bello Corcyreo: ad quod gerendum pretor a populo 
factus non solum presenti bello, sed etiam reliquo tem- 
pore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam quum pecunia 
publica, gue ex metallis redibat, largitione magistra- 
tuum quotannis interiret, ille persuasit populo, ut ea pe- 
cunia classis centum navium edificaretur. Qua celeriter 
effecta, primum Corcyrzos fregit, deinde maritimos pre- 
dones consectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo tum 
divitiis ornavit, tum etiam peritissimos belli navalis fecit 
Athenienses. Id quante saluti fuerit universe Gre-. 
ciz, bello cognitum est Persico, quum Xerxes et mari 
et terra bellum universe inferret Europe cum 431 
tantis copiis, quantas neque antea, neque postea * ©™ 
habuit quisquam. Hujus enim classis mille et ducen- 
tarum navium longarum fuit, quam duo milia oneraria- 
rum sequebantur; terrestres autem exercitus septin- 
gentorum milium peditum, equitum quadringentorum 
milium fuerunt. Cujus de adventu quum fama in Gre- 
ciam esset perlata, et maxime Athenienses peti diceren- 
tur propter pugnam Marathoniam: miserunt Delphos 
consultum, quidnam facerent de rebus suis? Deliberan- 
tibus Pythia respondit, ut meenibus ligneis se munirent. 
Id responsum quo valeret, quum intelligeret nemo, 
Themistocles persuasit, consilium esse Apollinis, ut in 
- aves se suaque conferrent: eum enim a deo significari 
_ murum ligneum. Tali consilio probato, addunt ad supe- 
riores totidem naves triremes, suaque omnia, que moveri 
poterant, partim Salamina, partim Trezéna asportant ; 
arcem sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu, ac sacra 
procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidum relinguunt. 

III. Hujus consilium plerisque civitatibus displicebat, 
et in terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque missi 4 g 34 
sunt delecticum Leonida, Lacedeemoniorumrege, — 480 
qui'Thermopjlas oceuparent, longiusque barbaros *°™ 


16 II. 4,5. (Themistocles.) 


progredi non paterentur. Hi vim hostium non sustinue- 
runt, eoque loco omnes interierunt. At classis communis 
Grecie trecentarum navium, in qua ducente erant 
Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium, inter Eubeam 
continentemque terram, cum classiariis regis. conflixit. 
Angustias enim Themistocles querebat, ne multitudine 
circumiretur. Hic etsi pari preelio discesserant, tamen 
eodem loco non sunt ausi manere: quod erat periculum, 
ne, si pars navium adversariorum Eubceam superasset, 
ancipiti premerentur periculo. Quo factum est, ut 
ab Artemisio discederent, et exadversum Athenas apud 
Salamina classem suam constituerent. 
IV. At- Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, “protinus 
accessit astu, idque, nullis defendentibus, interfectis. 
-sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. 
4.99  Cujus fama perterriti classiarii quum manere non 
Jul. auderent, et plurimi hortarentur, ut domos suas 
quisque discederent, menibusque se defenderent: 
Themistocles unus restitit, et universos pares esse posse 
aiebat, dispersos testabatur perituros, idgue Eurybiadi, 
regi Lacedemoniorum, qui tum summe imperil preerat, 
fore affirmabat. Quem quum mints, quam vellet, move- 
ret, noctu de servis suis, quem habuit fdelinaiesaii ad 
regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret suis verbis: adversarios 
ejus in fuga esse: qui si discessissent, majore cum 
labore et longinquiore tempore beHum confecturum,quum 


singulos consectari cogeretur; quos si statim aggre- 


deretur, breyi universos oppressurum. Hoc eo valebat, 
ut ingratiisat depugnandum omnes cogerentur. Hac 
re audita barbarus, nihil doli subesse credens, postridie 
-alienissimo sibi loco, “contra opportunissimo hostibus, 
adeo angusto mari conflixit, ut ejus asain: 


‘gui, avium explicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est 


a magis consilio epee quam armis: Gree- 
cle. 


V. Hic etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas bibebas. 


reliquias copiarum, ut etiam cum his opprimere posset | 


hostes. Iterum ab eodem gradu depulsus est. Nam x 


Themistocles verens, ne bellare perseveraret, certiorem — 
eum fecit, id agi, ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto — 


fecerat, dissolveretur, ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur 5 jae 





idgue ei eto Itaque qua sex mensibus iter 


2 II. 6, 7. (Themistocles.) 17 


rat, eddem minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus 
est seque a Themistocle non superatum, sed conserva- 
tum judicavit. Sic unius viri prudentia Grecia liberata 
est, Europeeque succubuit Asia. Hee altera victoria, 
que cum Marathonio possit comparari tropeo. Nam 
pari modo apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima 
post hominum memoriam classis est devicta. 

VI. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit, nec minor in | 
pace. Quum enim Phalerico portu, neque magno — 47g 
neque bono, Athenienses uterentur: hujuis con- * ©-2- 
silio triplex Pireei* portus constitutus est, isque meeni- 
bus circumdatus, ut. ipsam urbem dignitate equipararet, 
utilitate superaret. Idem muros Atheniensium restituit 
precipuo periculo suo. Namque Lacedemonii, causam 
idoneam nacti propter barbarorum excursiones, qua 
negarent, oportére extra Peloponnesum ullam urbem © 

_habere, ne essent loca munita, quée hostes possidérent, 
Athenienses edificantes prohibére sunt conati. Hoc 
longe alio spectabat, atque videri volebant. Athenienses 
enim duabus victoriis, Marathoniaé et Salaminia, tantam 
gloriam apud omnes gentes erant consecuti, ut intellige- 
rent Lacedemonii, de principatu sibi cum his certamen 
fore. Quare eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. 
Postquam autem audierunt, muros instrui, legatos 
Athenas miserunt, qui id fieri vetarent. His presenti- 
bus desierunt, ac se de ea re legatos ad eos missuros 

‘dixerunt. Hane legationem suscepit Themistocles, et 
solus primo profectus est; reliqui legati ut tum exirent, 
quum satis altitudo muri exstructa videretur, precepit ; 
interim omnes, servi atque liberi, opus facérent, neque 
ulli loco parcerent, sive sacer, sive profanus, sive pri- 
vatus esset, sive publicus, et undique, quod idongxm 
_ad muniendum putarent, congererent. Quo factum est, 
ut Atheniensium muri ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent. 

Vil. Themistocles autem, ut Lacedzeménem venit, 
adire ad magistratus noluit, et dedit operam, ut quam lon- 
gissime tempus duceret, causam interponens, se collégas 
exspectare, quum Lacedwmonii quererentur, opts nihilo- 
minus fieri, eumque im ea re conari fallére. - Interim 
reliqui jegati sunt consecuti. A quibus quum audisset, 
non multum superesse munitionis, ad ephoros Lacede- 

* Pirei, Bremi. | . 
2% 


18 il .8. (Themistocles.) 


moniorum accessit, penes quos summum imperium erat, 
atque apud eos contendit, falsa his esse delata; quare 
zquum esse, illos viros bonos nobilesque mittere, quibus 
fides haberetur, qui rem explorarent; interea se obsi- 
dem retinérent. Gestus est ei mos, tresque legati, 
functi summis honoribus, Athenas missi sunt. Cum his 
collegas suos Themistocles jussit proficisci, eisque pre- 
‘dixit, ut ne prius Lacedemoniorum legatos dimitterent, 
quam ipse esset remissus.. Hos postquam Athenas per- 
venisse ratus est, ad magistratum senatumque Lacede- 
moniorum adiit, et apud eos liberrime professus: est: 

Athenienses suo consilio, quod communi jure gentium 
facere possent, deos publicos, suosque patrios ac penates, 
quo facilius ab hoste possent defendere, muris sepsisse ; 
neque in eo, quod inutile esset Gracie, fecisse. Nam 
illorum urbem ut propugnaculum oppositum esse bar- 
baris, apud quam jam bis classes regias fecisse naufra- 


gium. Lacedemonios autem male et injuste facere, — 


qui id potius intuerentur, quod ipsorum dominationi, 
quam quod universe Grecie utile esset. Quare, si 


suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas miserant,se 


remitterent, aliter illos numquam in patriam recepturi. 
VIII. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam. 
Namque ob eumdem timorem, quo damnatus erat Mil- 


tiades, testarum suffragiis e civitate  ejectus, Argos — 
habitat concessit. Hic + aum propter multas ejus 
virtutes magna cum digr .tate viveret, Lacedsemonii 
legatos Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, 


quod societatem cum rege Persarum ad Greeciam oppri- 


mendam fecisset. Hoc erimine absens proditionis- 
475 est damnatus. Ide ut audivit, quod non, satis — 


*C-n- tutum se Argis videbat, Coreyrant demigravit. — 


Ibi quum ejus principes civitatis animadvertisset timere, 
ne propter se bellum his Lacedsemonii et Athenienses 
indicerent: ad Admétum, Molossorum regem, cum 
quo ei hospitium fuerat, confugit, Huc quum venisset, 


et in presentia rex abesset, quo majore religione se _ 


receptum tueretur, filiam ejus parvulam arripuit, et cum 


ea se in sacrarium, quod summa colebatur cerimonia, . 


conjecit. Inde non prius egressus est, quam rex eum 


data dextra in fidem reciperet, quam preestitit, Nam 


quum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedemoniis exposceretur 
publice, supplicem non prodidit, monuitque, ut consu 


II. 9,10. (Themtstocles.) 19 


leret sibi; difficile enim esse, in tam propinquo loco 
tuto eum versari. Itaque Pydnam eum deduci jussit, 
et quod satis esset presidii, dedit. Hic in navem omni- 
bus ignotus nautis adscendit. Que quum tempestate 
maxima Naxum ferretur, ubi tum Atheniensium erat 
exercitus: sensit 'Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi 
esse pereundum. Hac necessitate coactus domino navis, 
qui sit, aperit, multa pollicens, si se conservasset. At 
ille, clarissimi viri captus misericordia, diem noctemque 
procul ab insula in salo navem tenuit in ancoris, neque 
uemquam ex ea exire passus est. Inde Ephesum per- 
hit, ibique Themistoclem exponit: cui ille pro meritis 
gratiam postea retulit. Me Preracas ty ce 
IX. Scio, plerosque ita scripsisse, Themistoclem, 
Xerxe regnante, in Asiam transisse. Sed ego potissi- 
mum ‘T’hucydidi credo, quod etate proximus, qui illorum 
temporum historiam reliquerunt, et ejusdem Civitatis 
fuit. Is autem ait, ad Artaxerxem eum venisse, atque 
his verbis epistolam misisse : T’hesnistocles veni ad te, qui 
plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intith, 
quum mihi necesse fuit, adversus patrem tuum bellare, 





patriamque meam defendere. idem multo plura bona 


[rursus| fect, postquam in tuto ipse, et ille in periculo esse 
cepit. Nam quum in Asiam reverti vellet, prelio apud 
Salamina facto, litteris eum certiorem feci, id agi, ut pons, 
quem in LHellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur, atque ab hosti- 
bus circumiretur: quo nuntio tle periculo est liberatus. 


Nune autem confugi ad te, exagitatus a cuncta Gregia, 


_tuam petens amicitiam: quam si ero adeptus, non minus 
me bonum amicum habebis, quam fortem inimicum. ille 
expertus est. Ea autem rogo, ut de his rebus, quas tecum 
collogut volo, annum mihi temporis des, eoque transacto ad 
te venire patiarisy, 
X. Hujus rex animi magnitudinem admirans, cupiens- 


que talem virum sibi conciliari, veniam dedit. Illeomne _ 
illud tempus litteris sermonique Persarum dedit: quibus - 


adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius dicatur apud 


regem verba fecisse, quam hi poterant, qui in Persfde 
erant nati. Hic quum multa regi esset pollicitus, gratis- 
simumque illud, si suis uti consiliis vellet, illum Greciam 
bello oppressurum; magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe 


donatus in Asiam rediit, domiciliumque’ Magnesie sibi 


f 


2 


a 


a. 


20 | III. 1. (Aristides.) 


constituit. Namque hanc urbem ei rex donarat, his 
quidem verbis: que ei panem preberet (ex qua regione 
quinquaginta talenta quotannis redibant) ; Lampsfcum 
autem, unde vinum sumeret; Myuntem, ex qua opso- 
nium haberet. Hujus ad nostram memoriam monu- 
menta manserunt duo: sepulcrum prope oppidum, in 
quo est sepultus ; statue in foro Magnesie. De cujus 
morte multimodis apud plerosque scriptum est: sed nos 
eumdem potissimum Thucydidem auctorem probamus, 
an quiillum ait Magnesie morbo mortuum, neque 
(al. eo negat, fuisse famam, venenum sua sponte sumsisgg, 
quum se, que regi ‘de Grecia opprimenda pole 
citus esset, prestare posse desperaret. Idem, ossa ejus 
clam in. Attica: ab amicis sepulta, quoniam legibus non 
concederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus, memorize 
prodidit. 





4i1- ARIS. TI D:E Ss, 


: ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP.I. ZEmulus Themistogiis +.multatur exsilo. IT. 
_ Ante tempus revocatur ; ns Sa Mardonium ; 
imperium Athemensibus conciliat.’ III. Airario preest ; 
pauper moritur. at | mon 








| ' Aristides, Lysimachi filius, Atheniensis, zequalis é 
‘fere fuit Themistocli. Itaque cum eo de principatu con- 
tendit: namque obtrectarunt inter sé! In his autem 


~ eognitum est, quanto antestaret eloquentia innocentie. 


Quamquam enim adeo excellebat Aristides abstinentia, 


ut unus post hominum memoriam, quod quidem 

(al. 482) nos audierimus, cognomine Justus sit appellatus . 
a. ORs tamen, a Themistocl collabefactus, testula ila 
exsilio decem annorum multatus est. Qui quidem quum 
intelhgeret, Teprimi concitatam multitudinem non posse, 


cedensque animadvertisset quemdam scribentem, ut patria - 


pelleretur, queesisse ab eo dicitur, quare id faceret, aut 


> 
We 


Ill. 2, 3. .(Aristides.) 21 


quid Aristides commisisset, cur tanta pena dignus duce- 
retur? Cui ille respondit, se ignorare Aristidem; sed 
sibi non placére, quod tam cupide elaborasset, ut preter 
ceteros Justus appellaretur. Hic decem annorum legi- 
timam penam non pertulit. Nam postquam Xerxes 
in Greciam descendit, sexto fere anno, quam erat ex- 
pulsus, populiscito in patriam restitutus est. 
II. Int€rfuit autem pugne navali apud Salamina, 
que facta est prius, quam pcena liberaretur. Idem 
pretor fuit Atheniensium apud Plat®as in prelio, quo 
-Mardonius fusus, barbarorumque exercitus interfectus 
est. Neque aliud est ullum hujus in re militari illustre 
n factum, quam hujus imperil memoria ; justitie vero, et 
equitatis, et innocentie multa: in primis, quod ejus 
eequitate. factum est, quum in communi classe esset 
Greciz simul cum Pausania,. duce Mardonius erat 
fugatus, ut summa imperii mafitimi ab Lacedemoniis 
transferretur ad Athenienses, -Namque ante id tempus 
et mari et terra duces erant Lacedemoni. Tum autem 
et intemperantia Pausaniaw, et justitia factum est Ari- 
stidis, ut omnes fere civitates Greciz ad Atheniensium 
societatem se applicarent, et adversus barbaros hos duces 
deligerent sibi. 3 bad 
III. Quos quo facilius repellerent, si forte bela 
stan: conarentur, ad classes edificandas exercitus- 
que comparandos quantum pecuniz queeque civitas daret, 
Aristides delectus est, qui constitueret, ejusque arbitrio 
guadringena et sexagena talenta quotannis Delum sunt 
~collata.. Id enim commune zrarium esse voluerunt, 
Quz omnis pecunia postero tempore Athenas translata 
est. Hic qua fuerit abstinentia, nullum est certius 
indicium, quam quod, quum tantis rebus preefuisset, in 
tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efferretur, vix reli- 
querit. Quo factum est, ut filize ejus publice alerentur, 
et de communi erario-dotibus datis collocarentur. De- 
cessit autem fere post annum quartum, quam 471 
Figenisiocies Athenis erat expulsus. 8. B.% 


22 IV. 1,2. (Pausanias.) 


IV. PAUSANIAS. 





ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP. I. Pugna ad Plateas. II. Byzantium expugnat, 
Xerxi favet, Grecia futurus proditor. III. Peregrinis 
moribus ipse se prodit, scytalaque domum revocatus 
Helotas sollicitat. IV. Litterarum commercium cum 
hoste ; perturbatus se ipse indicat. V. In Minerve 
templum confugit, ibi obstruitur et mox interit. 


I. Pausanias, Laggdemonius, magnus homo, sed 
varius in omni genere vite fuit. Nam ut virtutibus 
eluxit, sic vitiis est obrtitus. Hujus illustrissimum est 

ie prelium apud Plateas. Namque illo duce Mar- 
4.25  donius, satrapes regius, natione Medus, regis 
Suhr gener, in primis omnium™ Persarum et manu 
fortis et consilii plenus, cum ducentis milibus — 
peditum, quos viritim legerat, et viginti [milibus] equi- — 
tum, haud ita magna manu Grecie fugatus est, eoque — 
ipse dux cecidit prelio. Qua victoria elatus plurima 


miscere ceepit, et majora concupiscere. Sed primum in ~ 


eo est reprehensus, quod ex preda tripodem aureum ~ 
Delphis posuisset, epigrammate scripto, in quo erat hee 
sententia: suo ductu barbaros apud Plateas esse deletos, 
ejusque victorie ergo Apollini donum dedisse. Hos 
versus Lacedemonii exsculpserunt, neque aliud seripse- 
runt, quam nomina earum civitatum, quarum auxilio 
Perse erant victi. 
II. Post id prelium eumdem Pausaniam cum classe 
477 communi Cyprum atque Hellespontum miserunt, 
a.C-n- wut ex his regionibus barbarorum presidia depel- 
leret. Pari felicitate in ea re usus elatius se gerere 
ccepit, majoresque appetere res. Nam quum, Byzantio — 
expugnato, cepisset complures Persarum nobiles, aque — 
in his nonnullos regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remi- 
sit, simulans, ex vinculis publicis effugisse; et cum his 
Gongylum Eretriensem, qui litteras regi redderet, in in 


IV. 3. (Pausanias.) 23 


quibus hee fuisse scripta Thucydides memorize prodidit : 
Pausanias, dux Sparte, quos Byzantu ceperat, postquam 3 
propinguos tuos cognovit, tibi munert misit, seque tecum 
affinitate conjungi cupit: quare, si tibi videtur, des et 
filiam tuam nuptum. Id si feceris, et Spartam et ceteram 4 
Greciam sub tuam potestatem, se Gdjuvante, te redacturum 
pollicttur. His de rebus si quid geri volueris, certum 
hominem ad eum mittas face, cum quo colloguatur. Rex, 5 
tot hominum salute, tam sibi necessariorum, magnopere 
gavisus, confestim cum epistola Artabazum ad Pausa- 
niam mittit, in qua eum collaudat, ac petit, me cui rel 
parcat ad ea perficienda, que pollicétur. Si fecerit, nul- 
lius rei a so repulsam laturum. Hujus Pausanias volun- 6 
tate cognita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspi- 
cionem cecidit Lacedemoniorum. In quo facto domum 
revocatus, accusatus capitis, absolvitur ; multatur tamen 
pecunia: quam ob causam ad classem remissus non est. 
III. At ille post non multo sua sponte ad exercitum 1 
rediit, et ibi non callida, sed dementi ratione cogitata 
patefecit. Non enim mores patrios solum, sed etiam 
cultum vestitumque mutavit. Apparatu regio utebatur, 2 
veste Medica; satellites Medi et Aigyptil sequebantur ; 
epulabatur more Persarum luxuriosius, quam, qui ade- 
rant, perpeti possent; aditum petentibus conveniendi 3 
non dabat; superbe respondebat, [et] crudeliter impe- 
rabat. Spartam redire nolebat. Coldnas, qui locus in 
agro Troade est, se contulerat: ibi consilia quum pa- 
trie, tum sibi inimica capiebat. Id postquam Lacede- 4 
monii rescierunt, legatos ad eum cum scytala miserunt, 
- In qua more illorum erat scriptum: nisi domum rever- 
teretur, se capitis eum damnaturos. Hoc nuntio com- 5 
motus, sperans, se etiam tum pecunia et potentia instans 
periculum posse depellere, domum rediit. Huc ut venit, 
ab ephoris in vincula publica conjectus est. Licet enim 
legibus eorum cuivis ephoro hoc facere regi. Hine 
tamen se expedivit ; neque eo magis carebat suspicione. 
Nam opinio manebat, eum cum rege habere societatem. | 
“Est genus quoddam hominum, quod L[lote vocatur, 6 
quorum magna -multitudo agros Lacedemoniorum colit 
servorumque munere fungitur. Hos quoque sollicitare 
spe libertatis existimabatur. Sed quod harum rerum 7 
nullum erat apertum crimen, quo argui posset, non 


24 IV. 4,5. (Pausanias.) 


putabant, de tali tamque claro viro suspicionibus oportere 
judicari, et exspectandum, dum se ipsa res aperiret. 
IV. Interim Argiljus quidam, adolescentulus, quum 
epistolam ab eo ad Artabazum accepisset, eique in suspi- 
cionem venisset, aliquid in ea de se esse seriptum, quod — 
nemo eorum rediisset, qui super tali causa eodem missi_ 
erant, vincula epistole laxavit, signoque detracto cog- — 
novit, si pertulisset, sibi esse pereundum. LErant im 
eadem epistola, que ad ea pertinebant, que inter regem 
Pausaniamque convenerant. Has ille litteras ephoris — 
tradidit. Non est pretereunda gravitas Lacedzemo- 
niorum hoc loco. Nam ne hujus quidem indicio im- 
pulsi sunt, ut Pausaniam comprehenderent ; neque prius 
vim adhibendam putavérunt, quam se ipse_indicasset. 
Itaque huic indici, quid fieri vellent, precepetunt. Fa- 
num Nepftni est Terffri, quod violari nefas putant 
Greci, Eoille index confugit; in ara consedit. Hane 
juxta locum fecerunt sub terra, ex quo posset audiri, si 
quis quid loqueretur cum Argilio, Hue ex ephoris 
quidam descenderunt. Pausanias, ut audivit, Argilium 
confugisse in aram, perturbatus venit eo, Quem quum 
supplicem Dei videret in ara sedentem, quérit, cause 
quid sit tam repentino consilio. , Huic ille, quid ex lit- 
teris comperisset, aperit. Modo magis Pausanias per- ~ 
turbatus orare cepit, ne enuntiaret, nec se, meritum de 
illo optime, prodéret. Quod si eam veniam sibi dedis- 
set, tantisque implicatum rebus sublevasset, magno el — 
premio futurum. ies Pita oh | 
V. His rebus ephori cognitis satius putaverunt, in 
urbe eum comprehendi. Quo quum essent profecti, et 
Pausanias, placato Argilio, ut putabat, Lacedeemonem 
reverteretur: in itinere, quum jam in €o esset, ut com- 
prehenderetur, ex vultu cujusdam ephori, qui eum ad-— 
monere cupiebat, insidias sibi fier intellexit. Itaque 
paucis ante gradibus, quam qui sequebantur, in edem 
- Minerve, que yarxiomos vocatur, confugit. Hinc ne ~ 
exire posset, statim ephori valvas ejus dis obstruxe- 
runt, tectumque sunt demoliti, quo facilius sub divo 
interiret, Dicitur, eo tempore matrem Pausanise vixisse, — 
eamqne jam magno natu, postquam de scelere filii com- 
perit, in primis ad filium claudendum lapidem ad im- 
truitum sedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli 


V. 1. (Cimon.) 25 


gloriam turpi morte maculavit. Hie quumsemi-  4¢9 
animis de.templo elatus esset, confestim animam ®: ©: 
efflavit. Cujus mortui corpus quum eodem nonnulli. 
dicerent inferri oportere, quo hi, qui ad supplicium 
essent dati: displicuit pluribus, et procul ab eo loco 
infoderunt, quo erat mortuus.. Inde posterius [dei] 
Delphici responso erutus, atque eodem loco sepultus, 
ubi vitam posuerat. 





V. CIMON. 


ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP. I. Heres paternorum vinculorum ab uxore liberatur. 
I]. Ejus virtutes et res geste: Persas eodem die navali 
et terrestri prelio vincit. III. Ostracismo ejicitur. 
Revocatus pacem cum Lacedemonis conciliat. Citi 
moritur. IV. Laudatur ejus liberalitas. 


I. Cimon, Miltiaddis filius, Atheniensis, duro admodum 1 
initio usus est adolescentie. Nam quum pater 49 
ejus litem estimatam populo solvere non potuis- * © 
set, ob eamque causam in vinculis publicis decessisset : 
Cimon eadem custodia tenebatur, neque legibus Athe- 
niensium emitti poterat, nisi pecuniam, qua pater mul- 
tatus erat, solvisset. Habebat autem in matrimonio 
sororem germanam suam, nomine Elpinicen, non magis 
amore, quam more ductus. Nam Atheniensibus licet 
eodem patre natas uxores ducere. Hujus copjugii cu- 
pidus Callias quidam, non tam generosuss quam pecu- 
niosus, qui magnas pecunias ex metallis, fecerat, egit 
cum Cimdne, ut eam sibi uxorem daret: id si impe- | 
trasset, se pro illo pecuniam soluturum. Is quum talem 
conditionem aspernaretur, Elpinice negavit,se passuram, 
Miltiadis progeniem in vinculis publicis interire, quo- 
niam prohibere posset, seque Callie nupturam, si ea, 
que polliceretur, prestitisset. somata h 5 yl 

3 


26 V. 2, 3,4. (Czmon.) 


1 II. Tali modo custodia liberatus Cimon celeriter ad 
principatum pervenit. Habebat enim ggtis eloquentia, 
.-summam liberalitatem, magnam prudentiam tum juris 
civilis, tum rei militaris, quod cum patre a puero in 
exercitibus fuerat versatus. Itaque hic et populum 
urbanum in sua tenuit potestate, et apud exercitum 

2 plurimum valuit auctoritate. Primum imperator apud 


flumen  Strymona_ magnas copias Thracum fugavit, 
oppidum a hipdlim constituit, eoque decem milia 
Atheniensium in coloniam misit. Idem iterum apud 
Myecalen Cypriorum et Phenicum ducentarum navium 
3 classem devictam cepit; eodemque die pari fortuna in 
469 terrausus est. Namque hostium navibus captis, 
a.C.n.  statim ex classe copias suas eduxit, barbarorum 
4 [que] uno concursu maximam vim prostravit. Qua 
victoria magna preda potitus quum domum reverte- 
retur, quod jam nonnulle insule propter acerbitatem — 
imperii defecerant, bene animatas confirmavit, alienatas 
5 ad officium redire coégit. Scyrum, quam eo tempore 
Doldpes incolebant, quod contumacius se gesserant, 
vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insulaque ejecit, agros 
civibus divisit. ‘Thasios opulentia fretos suo adventu 
467 ~‘fregit. His ex canine Athenarum arx, S08 ad 
a. C.n. meridiem vergit, est ornata. cag mea 
1 III. Quibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime 
461  floreret, incidit in eamdem invidiam, quam pater 
YOM suns ceterique Atheniensium principes. Nam tes- 
tarum suffragiis, quod illi é¢rgaxcwov vocant, decem ~ 
2 annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti celerius 
Athenienses, quam ipsum, pcenituit. Nam quum ille 
animo forti invidie ingratorum civium cessisset, bellum- 
que Lacedezmonii Atheniensibus indixissent : confestim 
3 note ejus virtutis desiderium consecutum est. Itaque. 
post annum quintum, quam expulsus erat, in patriam — 
revocatus ‘est. Mlle, quod hospitio Lacedemoniorum _ 
utebatur, satius existimans, contendere Lacedemonem, © 
Sua sponte est profectus, pacemque inter duas Saale 
4 450. mas civitates conciliavit. Post, neque ita mult | 
aC. Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperatot missus, . 
449  quum ejus majorem partem insule devicisset, in — 
a C.n- morbum implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus. 
A oh Hune Athenienses non solum in bello, sed in 








VI. 1. (Lysander.)_ 27 


pace diu desideraverunt. Fuit enim tanta liberalitate, 
quum compluribus locis predia hortosque haberet, ut 
numquam in eis custodem imposuerit fructus servandi 
gratia, ne quis impediretur, quo minus ejus rebus, qui- 
bus quisque vellet, frueretur. Semper eum pedisequi 2 
cum nummis sunt secuti, ut, si quis opis ejus indigeret, 
hab@ret, quod statim daret, ne differendo videretur negare. 
Sepe, quum aliquem offensum fortuna videret minus 
bene vestitum, suum amiculum dedit. Quotidie sic cena 3 
el coquebatur, ut, quos invocatos vidisset in foro, omnes 
devocaret: quod facere nullum diem pretermittebat. 
Nulli fides ejus, nulli opera, nulli res familiaris defuit ; 
multos locupletavit; complures pauperes mortuos, qui, 
unde efferrentur, non reliquissent, suo sumtu extulit. 
Sic se gerendo minime est mirandum, si et vita ejus fuit 4 
secura, et mors acerba. 





VI. LYSANDER. 





ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP.I. Athenarum victor ; decemviros Grecie civitatibus 
imponit. II. Crudelis in Thasios. III. Reges tollere 
et oraculum corrumpere conatur ; accusatus absolvitur : 
‘occiditur a Thebanis. IV. Lysander Pharnabazi fraude 
se ipse accusat. 


|. Lysander, Lacedemonius, magnam reliquit sui 1 
famam, magis felicitate, quam virtute partam. Athe- 
nienses enim in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno 
bellum gerentes confecisse apparet. Id qua ratione 
consecutus sit, latet. Non enim virtute sui exercitus, 2 
sed immodestia factum est adversariorum, qui, quod 
 dicto audis es: imperatoribus suis non erant, dispalati 
in agris, relictis navibus, in hostium venerunt potesta- 
tem. Quo facto Athenienses se Lacedzemoniis dedide- 
runt. Hac victoria Lysander elatus, quum antea semper 3 


= 





28 VI. 2,3. (Lysander.) 


factiosus audaxque fuisset, sic sibi indulsit, ut ejus opera 
in maximum odium Grecie Lacedemon‘i pervenerint. 

4 Nam quum hanc causam Lacedzmonii dictitassent 
mense Sibi esse belli, ut Atheniensium impotentem domi- 

Decbr. nationem refringerent, postquam apud /#gos 

a. C. n. : : . 3 2 

flumen Lysander classis hostium est potitus, nihi" 
aliud molitus est, quam ut omnes civitates in sua teneret 
potestate, quum id se Lacedemoniorum causa facere 

5 simularet. Namque undique, qui Atheniensium rebus 
studuissent, ejectis, decem delegerat in unaquaque civi- 
tate, quibus summum imperium potestatemque omnium 
rerum committeret. Horum in numerum nemo admitte- 
batur, nisi qui aut ejus hospitio contineretur, aut se illius 
fore proprium fide confirmarat. 

1 II. Ita decemvirali potestate in omnibus urbibus con- 
stituta, ipsius nutu omnia gerebantur. Cujus de crude- 
litate ac perfidia satis est unam rem, exempli 
proferre, ne de eodem plura enumerando defatigemus 

2 lectores. Victor ex Asia quum reverteretur, Thasumque 
devertisset, quod ea civitas precipua fide fuerat erga 
Athenienses, proinde ac si iidem firmissimi solerent esse 
amici, qui constantes fuissent inimici, eam pervertere 

3 concupivit. Vidit autem, nisi in eo occultasset volun- 
tatem, futurum, ut Thasii dilaberentur, consulerentque 
rebus suis. Itaque f f Tf 

1 Il. + ¢ + decemviralem suam potestatem [sui] 
ab illo constitutam sustulerunt. Quo dolore incensus 
iniit consilia, reges Lacedemoniorum tollere. Sed 
sentiebat, id se sine ope deorum facere non posse, 
quod Lacedemonii omnia ad oracula referre consue- 

2 verant. Primum Delphos corrumpere est conatus. 
Quum id non potuisset, Dodénam adortus est. Hine 
quoque repulsus dixit, se vota suscepisse, que Jovi 
Hammoni solveret: existimans, se Afros facilius cor- 

3 rupturum. Hac spe quum profectus esset in Africam, 
multum eum antistites Jovis fefellerunt. Nam non 
solum corrumpi non potuerunt, sed etiam legatos La- 
cedem6na miserunt, qui Lysandrum accusarent, quod 

4 sacerdotes fani corrumpere conatus esset. Accusatus 

305 hoc crimine, judicumque absolutus sententiis, Or- 
a. C. 2. chomeniis missus subsidio, occisus est a Thebanis 
5 apud Haliartum. Quam vere de eo foret judicatum, 


VII. (Alcibiades.) 29 


oratio indicio fuit, que post mortem in domo ejus re- 
perta est, in qua suadet Lacedemoniis, ut, regia potes- 
tate dissoluta, ex omnibus dux deligatur ad bellum ge- 
rendum ; sed ita scripta, ut deorum videretur congruere 
sententie, quam ille se habiturum, pecunia fidens, non 
dubitabat. Hance ei scripsisse Cleon Halicarnasseus 
dicitur. 

IV. Atque hoc loco non est pretereundum factum 
Pharnabazi, satrapis regii. Nam quum Lysander pre- 
fectus classis in bello multa crudeliter avareque fecisset, 
deque his rebus suspicaretur ad cives suos esse perla- 
tum, petiit a Pharnabazo, ut ad ephoros sibi testimonium 
daret, quanta sanctitate bellum gessisset sociosque trac- 
tasset, deque ea re accurate scriberet: magnam enim 
ejus auctoritatem in ea re futuram. Huic ille liberaliter 
pollicetur ; librum gravem multis verbis conscripsit, in 
quo summis eum fert laudibus. Quem quum legisset 
probassetque, dum signatur, alterum pari magnitudine, 
[tanta similitudine,] ut discerni non posset, signatum 
subjecit, in quo accuratissime ejus avaritiam perfidiamque 
accusarat. Hine Lysander domum quum redisset, post- 
quam de suis rebus gestis apud maximum magistratum, 
quz voluerat, dixerat, testimonii loco librum a Pharna- 
bazo datum tradidit. Hunc, summoto Lysandro, quum 
ephori cognossent, ipsi legendum dederunt. Ita ille 
imprudens ipse suus fuit accusator. 





VII. ALCIBIADES. 





ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP.I. Excellens in virtutibus et vitiis. II. Juvenis 
educatio et mores. III. Dux contra Syracusanos. In 
Suspicionem civium suorum incidit. IV. Domum revo- 
catus aufugit. Lacedemoniis inservit, atqgue arma contra 
patriam capit. V. Lacedemoniis suspectus transit 
ad Persas ; Athenienstbus reconciliatur. VI. Insigm 
civium benevolentia recipitur. VII. In invidiam reecidit. 
In Thracia prospere pugnat. VIII. Cwibus Atticis 

3* 


30 ‘VIL. 1, 2,3. (Alcibiades.) 
bene consulit. IX. In Asiam transit. X. In Phrygia 
interficitur. XI. Alcibiadis laus et vituperatio. 


I. Alcibiades, Clinie filius, Atheniensis. In hoc 
natura, quid efficere possit, videtur experta. Constat 
enim inter omnes, qui de eo memorize prodideruni, 
nihil illo fuisse excellentius, vel in vitiis, vel in vir- 
tutibus. Natus in amplissima civitate, summo genere, 
omnium etatis sue multo formosissimus, ad omnes 
res aptus, consiliique plenus. Namque imperator fuit 
summus et mari et terra ; disertus, ut imprimis dicendo 
valeret, quod tanta erat commendatio oris atque ora- 
tionis, ut nemo ei dicendo posset resistere; deinde, 
quum tempus posceret, laboriosus, patiens, liberalis, 
‘splendidus non minus in vita, quam victu; affabilis, 
blandus, temporibus callidissime inserviens. Idem, 
simul ac se remiserat, neque causa suberat, quare animi 
laborem perferret, luxuriosus, dissolutus, libidinosus, 
intemperans reperiebatur, ut omnes admirarentur, in 
uno homine tantam esse dissimilitudinem, tamque di- 
versam naturam. 7 

II. Educatus est in domo Pericli (privignus enim 
ejus fuisse dicitur), eruditus a Socrate. Socerum habuit 
Hipponicum, omnium Greca lingua loquentium divitis- 
simum, ut, si ipse fingere vellet, neque plura bona 
‘reminisci, neque majora posset consequi, quam vel for- 
tuna vel natura tribuerat. 

III. Bello Peloponnesio hujus consilio atque auctori- 
tate Athenienses bellum Syracusanis indixerunt: ad 
quod gerendum ipse dux delectus est; duo preterea 
college dati, Nicias et Lamachus. Id quum appara- 
retur, prius quam classis exiret, accidit, ut una nocte 
omnes Herme, qui in oppido erant Athenis, dejice- 
rentur, preter unum, qui ante januam erat Ando- 
cidis. Itaque ille postea Mercurius Andocides voci- 
tatus est. Hoc quum appareret non sine magna mul- 
torum consensione esse factum, quod non ad priva- 
tam, sed ad publicam rem pertineret, magnus multitu- 
dini timor est injectus, ne qua repentina vis in civitate 
exsisteret, que libertatem opprimeret populi. Hoe 
maxime convenire in Alcibiadem videbatur, quod et po- 
tentior et major, quam privatus, existimabatur. Multos 


VII. 4. (Alcibiades.) 31 


enim liberalitate devinxerat, plures etiam opera forensi 
suos reddiderat. Quare fiebat, ut omnium oculos, quo- 
tiescumque in publicum prodisset, ad se converteret, 
neque ei par quisquam in civitate poneretur. Itaque 
non solum spem in eo habebant maximam, sed etiam 
timorem, quod et obesse plurimum et prodesse poterat. 
Adspergebatur etiam infamia, quod in domo sua facere 
mysteria dicebatur: quod nefas erat more Athenien- 
sium; idque non ad religionem, sed ad conjurationem 
pertinere existimabatur. 

IV. Hoc crimine in concione ab inimicis compella- 
batur. Sed instabat tempus ad bellum proficiscendi. 
Id ille intuens, neque ignorans civium suorum consue- 
tudinem, postulabat, si quid de se agi vellent, potius de 
presente questio haberetur, quam absens invidie cri- 
mine accusaretur. Inimici vero ejus quiescendum in 
presenti, quia noceri non posse intelligebant, et illud 
tempus exspectandum decreverunt, quo exisset, ut sic 
absentem aggrederentur: itaque fecerunt. Nam post- 
quam in Siciliam eum pervenisse crediderunt, absentem, 
quod sacra violasset, reum fecerunt. Qua de re quum 
ei nuntius a magistratu in Siciliam missus esset, ut do- 
mum ad causam dicendam rediret, essetque in magna 
spe provincie bene administrande; non parere noluit, 
et in triremem, que ad eum deportandum erat missa, 
adscendit. Hac Thurios in Italiam pervectus, multa 
secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia 
crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus, impen- 
dentem evitare tempestatem, clam se a custodibus sub- 
duxit, et inde primum Elidem, deinde Thebas venit. 
Postquam autem se capitis damnatum, bonis publicatis, 
audivit, et, id quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas sacerdo- 
tes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ejusque devo- 


qn 


2 


-tionis, quo testatior esset memoria, exemplum, in pila | 


lapidea incisum, esse positum in publico, Lacedemonem 
demigravit. Ibi, ut ipse predicare consueverat, non 
adversus patriam, sed inimicos suos bellum gessit, quod 
iidem hostes essent civitati. Nam quum intelligerent, 
se plurimum prodesse posse reipublice, ex ea ejecisse, 
plusque ire sue, quam utilitati communi paruisse. 
Itaque hujus consilio Lacedemonii cum Persarum rege 
amicitiam fecerunt; deinde Deceléam in Attica munie- 


32 VII. 5,6. (Alcibiades.) 


runt, presidioque ibi perpetuo posito in obsidione Athe- 
nas tenuerunt. Ejusdem opera [oniam a societate 
averterunt Atheniensium. Quo facto multo superiores 
bello esse cceperunt. 

V. Neque vero his rebus tam amici Alcibiadi sunt 
facti, quam timore ab eo alienati. Nam quum acerrimi 
viri prestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognos- 
cerent, pertimuerunt, ne caritate patriz ductus aliquando 
ab ipsis descisceret, et cum suls“in gratiam rediret. 
Itaque tempus ejus interficiendi querere instituerunt. 
Id Alcibiadi diutius celari non potuit: erat enim ea 
sagacitate, ut decipi non posset, preesertim quum animum 
attendisset ad cavendum. Itaque ad Tissaphernem, 
prefectum regis Darii, se contulit. Cujus quum in 
intimam amicitiam pervenisset, et Atheniensium, male 
gestis in Sicilia rebus, opes senescere, contra Lacede- 
moniorum crescere videret: initio cum Pisandro pre- 
tore, qui apud Samum exercitum habebat, per internun- 
tios colloquitur, et de reditu suo facit mentionem. LErat 
enim eodem, quo Alcibiades, sensu, populi potentiz non 
amicus, et optimatum fautor. Ab hoc destitutus primum 
per Thrasybilum, Lyci filium, ab exercitu recipitur, 
pretorque fit apud Samum: post, suffragante Thera- 
méne, populiscito restituitur, parique absens imperio 
preeficitur simul cum Thrasybilo et Theraméne. Horum 
in imperio tanta commutatio rerum facta est, ut Lace- 
dzmonii, qui paullo ante victores viguerant, perterriti 
pacem peterent. Victi enim erant quinque preeliis ter- 
restribus, tribus navalibus, in quibus ducentas naves 
triremes Amiserant, que capte in hostium venerant po- 
testatem. Alcibiades simul cum collegis receperat lo- 
niam, Hellespontum, multas preterea urbes Greeas, 
que in ora site sunt Asia, quarum expugnarant com- 
plures, in his Byzantium; neque minus multas consilio 
ad amicitiam adjunxerant, quod in captos clementia 
fuerant usi. Ita prada onusti, locupletato exercitu, 
maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. 

VI. His quum obviam universa civitas in Pireéum 
descendisset, tanta fuit omnium exspectatio visendi Alci- 
biadis, ut ad ejus triremem vulgus conflueret, proinde ac 
si solus advenisset. Sic enim populo erat persuasum, et 
adversas superiores, et presentes secundas res accidisse 


VII. 7. (Alcibiades.) 33 


ejus opera. Itaque et Sicilie amissum, et Lacedemo- 
niorum victorias culpze suze tribuebant, quod talem virum 
€ civitate Sona oh eque id sine causa arbitrari 
videbantur. Nam postquam exercitui preesse cceperat, 
neque terra, neque mari hostes pares.esse potuerant. 
“Hic ut e navi egressus est, quamquam Theraménes et 
Thrasybilus eisdem rebus prefuerantysimulque venerant 
in Pireéum: tamen illum unum omnes prosequebantur, 
et, id quod numquam antea usu venerat, nisi Olympize 


victoribus, coronis aureis eneisque vulgo donabatur. | 


Ille lacrimans talem benevolentiam civium suorum acci- 
piebat, reminiscens pristini temporis acerbitatem. Post- 
quam astu venit, concione advocata sic verba fecit, ut 
nemo tam ferus fuerit, quin ejus casum lacrimarit, ini- 
micumque his se ostenderit, quorum opera patria pulsus 
fuerat, proinde ac si alius populus, non ille ipse, qui 
tum flebat, eum sacrilegii damnasset. Restituta ergo 
huic sunt publice bona; iidemque illi Eumolpide sacer- 
dotes rursus resacrare sunt coacti, qui eum devoverant ; 
pileque ill, in quibus devotio fuerat scripta, in mare 
precipitate. > 

VIl. Hee Alcibiadi letitia non nimis fuit diuturna. 
Nam quum ei omnes essent honores decreti, totaque 
respublica domi bellique tradita, ut unius arbitrio gere- 
retur; et ipse postulasset, ut duo sibi college darentur, 
Thrasybulus et Adimantus, neque id negatum esset: 
classe jam in Asiam profectus, quod apud Cymenjninus 
ex sententia rem gesserat, in invidiam recidif# Nihil 
enim eum non efficere posse ducebant. Ex Wf, Nil 
ut omnia minus prospere gesta ejus culpe tribuerent, 
quum eum aut negligenter, aut malitiose fecisse loque- 
rentur: sicut tum accidit. Nam, corruptum a rege ca- 
pere Cymen noluisse, arguebant. Itaque huic maxime 
putamus malo fuisse nimiam opinionem ingenil atque 
virtutis. ‘Timebatur enim non minus, quam diligebatur, 
ne, secunda fortuna magnisque opibus elatus, tyranni- 
dem concupisceret. Quibus rebus factum est, ut absenti 
magistratum abrogarent, et alium in ejus locum substi- 
tuerent. Id ille ut audivit, domum reverti noluit, et se 
Pactyen contulit, ibique tria castella communivit, Bor- 
nos, Bysanthen, Neontichos ; manuque collecta primus 
Grecie civitatis in Thraciam introiit, gloriosius existi- 


34 VII. 8,9. (Alcibiades.) 


mans, barbarorum preda locupletari, quam Graiorum 
Qua ex re creverat quum fama, tum opibus, magnamque 
amicitiam sibi cum quibusdam regibus Thracie pepererat. 

VIII. Neque tamen a caritate patrie potuit recedere. 
Nam quum apud A%gos flumen Phildcles, pretor Atheni- 
ensium, classem constituisset suam, neque longe abesset 
Lysander, pretor Lacedemoniorum, qui in eo erat occu- 
patus, ut bellum quam diutissime duceret, quod ipsis 
pecunia a rege suppeditabatur, contra Atheniensibus 
exhaustis preter arma et naves nihil erat super: Alci- 
biades ad exercitum venit Atheniensium, ibique presente 
vulgo agere ceepit, si vellent, se coacturum Lysandrum 
aut dimicare, aut pacem petere: Lacedemonios eo nolle 
confligere classe, quod pedestribus copiis plus, quam 
navibus, valerent; sibi autem esse facile, Seuthen, regem 
Thracum, deducere, ut eos terra depelleret: quo facto 


-necessario aut classe conflicturos, aut bellum compositu- 


ros. Id etsi vere dictum Philécles animadvertebat, 
tamen postulata facere noluit, quod sentiebat, se, Alci- 
biade recepto, nullius momenti apud exercitum futurum, 
et, si quid secundi evenisset, nullam in ea re suam partem 
fore ; contra ea, si quid adversi accidisset, se unum ejus 
delicti futurum reum. Ab hoe discedens Alcibiades, 
quoniam, inquit, victorie patrie repugnas, illud moneo, 
juxta hostem castra habeas nautica: periculum est enim, 
ne immodestia militum nostrorum occasio detur Lysandro 
nostri opprimendi exercitus. Neque ea res illum fefellit. 
Nam lhysander, quum per speculatores comperisset, 
vulgum Atheniensium in terram predatum _exisse, na- 
vesque pene inanes relictas, tempus rei gerende non 
dimisit, eoque impetu totum bellum delevit. 

IX. At Alcibiades, victis Atheniensibus non satis 
tuta eadem loca sibi arbitratus, penitus in Thraciam se 
supra Propontidem abdidit, sperans, ibi facillime suam 
fortunam occuli posse. Falso. Nam Thraces, postquam 
eum cum magna pecunia venisse senserunt, insidias fece- 
runt: qui ea, que apportarat, abstulerunt, ipsum capere 
non potuerunt. Ille cernens, nullum locum sibi tutum 
in Grecia propter potentiam Lacedemoniorum, ad 
Pharnabazum in Asiam translit: quem quidem adeo sua 
cepit humanitate, ut eum nemo in amicitia antecederet. 
Namque ei Grunium dederat in Phrygia castrum, ex que 


VII. 10. (Alczbiades.) 35 


quinquagena talenta vectigalis capiebat. Qua fortuna 4 
Alcibiades non erat contentus, néque Athenas victas 
Lacedemoniis servire poterat pati. Itaque ad patriam 
liberandam omni ferebatur cogitatione. Sed videbat, id 5 
sine rege Persarum non posse fieri: ideoque eum amicum 
sibi cupiebat adjungi; neque dubitabat, facile se conse- 
cuturum, si modo ejus conveniendi habuisset potestatem. 
Nam Cyrum fratrem ei bellum clam parare, Lacedemo- 
niis adjuvantibus, sciebat ; id si aperuisset, magnam se 
initurum gratiam videbat. 

X. Hee quum moliretur, peteretque a Pharnabazo, 1 
ut ad regem mitteretur, eodem tempore Critias ceterique 
tyranni Atheniensium certos homines ad Lysandrum in 
Asiam miserunt, qui eum certiorem facerent, nisi Alci- 
biadem sustulisset, nihil earum rerum fore ratum, quas 
ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare, si,suas res gestas 
manere vellet, illum persequeretur. filis Laco rebus 2 
commotus statuit accuratius sibi agendum cum Pharna- 
bazo. Huic ergo renuntiat, que regi cum Lacedemoniis 
essent, irrita futura, nisi Alcibiadem vivum aut mortuum 
tradidisset. Non tulit hoc satrapes, et violare clemen- 3 
tlam, quam regis opes minui maluit. Itaque misit 
Susamithren et Bageum ad Alcibiadem interficiendum, 
quum ille esset in Phrygia, iterque ad regem compararet. 
Missi clam vicinitati, in qua tum Alcibiades erat, dant 4 
negotium, ut eum interficiant. Illi quum [eum] ferro 
aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt circa 
casam eam, in qua quiescebat, eamque succenderunt : 
ut incendio conficerent, quem manu superari posse diffi- 
debant. Ille autem ut sonitu flamme est excitatus, etsi 5 
gladius ei erat subductus, familiaris sui subalare telum 
eripuit. Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hos- 
pes, qui numquam discedere voluerat. Hunc sequi se 
jubet, et id, quod in presentiavestimentorum fuit, arri- 
puit. His in ignem ejectis, flamme vim transiit. Quem 6 
ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, telis eminus 
missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnabazum re- 
tulerunt. At mulier, que cum eo vivere consuerat, 
muliebri sua veste contectum edificii incendio mortuum 
cremavit, quod ad vivum interimendum erat comparatum. 
Sic Alcibiades, annos circiter quadraginta natus, go, 
diem obiit supremum. a. C. n. 


36 VIL. 1. (Thrasybulus.) 


XI. Hunc infamatum a plerisque tres gravissimi histo- 
ricisummis laudibus extulerunt: ‘Thucydides, qui ejusdem 
etatis fuit; ‘Theopompus, qui post aliquanto natus, et 
Timeus: qui quidem duo maledicentissimi, nescio quo 
modo, in illo uno laudando conscierunt. Namque ea, 
que supra diximus, de eo predicarunt, atque hoc am- 
plius: quum Athenis, splendidissima civitate, natus esset, 
omnes splendore ac dignitate superasse vite ; postquam 
inde expulsus Thebas venerit, adeo studiis eorum inser- 
visse, ut nemo eum labore corporisque viribus posset 
eequiparare (omnes enim Beeotii magis firmitati corporis, 
quam ingenii acumini inserviunt) ; eumdem apud Lace- 
demonios, quorum moribus summa virtus in patientia 
ponebatur, sic duritiz se dedisse, ut parsimonia victus 
atque cultus omnes Lacedemonios vinceret; venisse ad 
Persas, apud quos summa laus esset fortiter venari, luxu- 
riose vivere: horum sic imitatum consuetudinem, ut illi 
ipsi eum in his maxime admirarentur. Quibus rebus effe- 
cisse,ut,apud quoscumque esset, princeps poneretur, habe- 
returque carissimus. Sed satisde hoc; reliquos ordiamur. 





VIII. THRASYBULUS. 


ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP.I. Patriam a tyrannis liberat. II. Phylen confugit ; 
Munychiam occupat ; parcit civibus. III. Pace facta 
legem fert oblivionis. IV. Corona& oleaginad ornatur. 
Ad Ciliciam a barbaris*interficitur. 


I. Thrasybilus, Lyci filius, Atheniensis. Si per 
se virtus sine fortuna ponderanda sit, dubito, an hune 
primum omnium ponam. Illud sine dubio: neminem 
huic prefero fide, constantia, magnitudine animi, in 
patriam amore. Nam quod multi voluerunt, pauci potue- 
runt, ab uno tyranno patriam liberare ; huic contigit, ut 
a triginta oppressam tyrannis ex servitute in libertatem 


\ 


VIII. 2. (Thrasybulus.) 37 


vindicaret. Sed, nescio quo modo, quum eum nemo 
anteiret his virtutibus, multi nobilitate precucurrerunt. 
Primum Peloponnesio bello multa hic sine Alcibiade 
gessit, ille nullam rem sine hoc: que ilile universa natu- 
rali quodam bono fecit lucri. Sed illa tamen omnia 
communia imperatoribus cum militibus et fortuna, quod 
in preelii concursu abit res a consilio ad vires vimque 
pugnantium. Itaque jure suo nonnulla ab imperatore 
miles, plurima vero fortuna vindicat, seque hic plus 
valuisse, quam ducis prudentiam, vere potest predicare. 
Quare illud magnificentissimum factum proprium est 


4 


5 


Thrasybuli. Nam quum triginta tyranni, prepo- yo, o 


siti a Lacedemoniis, servitute oppressas tenerent a. C. n 
Athenas, plurimos cives, quibus in bello parserat fortuna, 
partim patria expulissent, partim interfecissent, plurimo- 
rum bona publicata inter se divisissent: non solum 
princeps, sed et [jamPsolus initio bellum his indixit. 
Il. Hic enim quum Phylen confugisset, quod est cas- 
tellum in Attica munitissimum, non plus habuit secum, 
quam triginta de suis. Hoc initium fuit salutis Actezo- 
rum, hoc robur libertatis clarissime civitatis. Neque 
vero hic non contemtus est primo a tyrannis, atque ejus 
solitudo. Que quidem res et illis contemnentibus per- 
niciei, et huic despecto saluti fuit. Hc enim illos ad 
persequendum segnes, hos autem, tempore ad compa- 
randum dato, fecit robustiores. Quo magis preceptum 
illud omnium in animis esse debet: ‘ Nihil in bello opor- 
tere contemni;’ nec sine causa dici: ‘ Matrem timidi flere 


non solere.’ Neque tamen pro opinione ‘l'hrasybuli . 


aucte sunt opes. Nam jam tum illis temporibus fortius 
boni pro libertate loquebantur, quam pugnabant. Hine 
in Pireéum transiit, Munychiamque munivit. Hanc bis 
tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, ab eaque turpiter repulsi 
protinus in urbem, armis impedimentisque amissis, refu- 
gerunt. Usus est ‘Thrasybulus non minus prudentia, 
quam fortitudine. Nam cedentes violari vetuit; cives 
enim civibus parcere equum censebat. Neque quisquam 
est vulneratus, nisi qui prior impugnare voluit. Nemi- 
nem jacentem veste spoliavit; nil attigit, nisi arma, 
quorum indigebat, et que ad victum pertinebant. In 
secundo preelio cecidit Critias, dux tyrannorum, quump 
quidem exadversus Thrasybulum fortissime pugnaret. ) 


38 IX. (Conon.) 


III. Hoc dejecto Pausanias venit Atticis auxilio, rex 
Lacedemoniorum. Is inter Thrasybulum et eos, qui 
urbem tenebant, fecit pacem his conditionibus: ne qui 
preter triginta tyrannos et decem, qui postea pretores 
creati superioris more crudelitatis erant usi, afficerentur 
exsilio ; neve bona publicarentur; reipublice procuratio 
populo redderetur. Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasybuli, 

403 quod, reconciliata pace, quum plurimum in civi- 
a C.n. tate posset, legem tulit: ne quis ante actarum 
rerum accusaretur, neve multaretur; eamque illi obli- 
vionis appellarunt. Neque vero hanc tantum ferendam 
curavit, sed etiam, ut valeret, effecit. Nam quum qui- 
dam ex his, qui simul cum eo in exsilio fuerant, cedem 
facere eorum vellent, cum quibus in gratiam reditum erat 
publice, prohibuit, et id, quod pollicitus erat, preestitit. 

IV. Huic pro tantis meritis honoris corona a populo 
data est, facta duabus virgulis @lcaginis, quam quod 
amor civium, non vis expresserat, nullam habuit invidiam, 
magnaque fuit gloria. Bene ergo Pittaicus ille, qui 
septem sapientum numero est habitus, quum ei Mytile- 
nei multa milia jugerum agri munera darent, Nolite, 
oro vos, inquit, id mihi dare, quod multi invideant, plures 
etiam concupiscant. Quare ex istis nolo amplius, quam 
centum jugera, que et meam animi equitatem et vestram 
voluntatem indicent. Nam parva munera diutina, locu- 
pletia non propria esse consueverunt. Illa igitur corona 
contentus ‘Thrasybulus neque amplius requisivit, neque 
quemquam honore se antecessisse existimavit. Hic 
sequenti tempore, quum pretor classem ad Ciliciam 
appulisset, neque satis diligenter in castris ejus ageren- 

390 ~—«stur' vigiliee, a barbaris, ex oppido noctu eruptione 
a.C.n. facta, in tabernaculo interfectus est. 





Ix. CONON. 


ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP. I. Peloponnesio bello bene meretur de repbl. II. 
Exsul Persis usui est adversus Lacedemonios. IIT 


ee ee a 


IX. 1, 2,3. (Conon.) 39 


Accusaturus Tissaphernen per litteras agit cum Arta- 
wxerxe. IV. Vineit Lacedemonios ad Cnidum. Grecia 
liberatur et Atheniensium muri reficiuntur. Y. A Tiri- 
bazo in vincula conpicitur. . 


I. Conon, Atheniensis, Peloponnesio bello accessit 
ad rempublicam, in eoque ejus opera magni fuit. Nam 
et pretor pedestribus exercitibus preefuit, et preefectus 
classis res magnas mari gessit. Quas ob causas preci- 
puus ei honos habitus est. Namque omnibus unus 
insulis preefuit: in qua potestate Pheras cepit, coloniam 
Lacedemoniorum. Fuit etiamextremo Pelopon- 495 
nesio bello praetor, quum apud A%gos flumen copie * ©- 2 
Atheniensium a Lysandro sunt devicte. Sed tum 
abfuit, eoque pejus res administrata est. Nam et prudens 
rei militaris, et diligens erat imperii. Itaque nemini 
erat his temporibus dubium, si affuisset, illam Athenien- 
ses calamitatem accepturos non fuisse. 

Il. Rebus autem afflictis, quum patriam obsideri audis- 
set, non quesivit, ubi ipse tuto viveret, sed unde _ ggg 
preesidio posset esse civibus suis. Itaque contulit ® © ™ 
se ad Pharnabazum, satrapen loniz et Lydiw, eumdem- 
que generum regis et propinquum: apud quem ut multum 
gratia valeret, multo labore multisque effecit periculis. 
Nam quum Lacedemonii, Atheniensibus devictis, in 
societate non manerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant, 
Agesilaumque bellatum misissent in Asiam, maxime 
impulsi a Tissapherne, qui ex intimis regis ab amicitia 
ejus defecerat, et cum Lacedemoniis coierat societatem : 
hune adversus Pharnabazus habitus est imperator; re 
quidem vera exercitui prefuit Conon, ejusque omnia ar- 
bitrio gesta sunt. Hic multum ducem summum, Agesi- 
laum, impedivit, seepeque ejus consiliis obstitit; neque 
vero non fuit apertum, si ille non fuisset, Agesilaum 
Asiam Tauro tenus regi fuisse erepturum. Qui postea- 
quam domum a suis civibus revocatus est, quod Beeotii 
et Athenienses Lacedzmoniis bellum indixerant, Conon 
nihilo secius apud prefectos regis versabatur, hisque 
omnibus maximo erat usul. 

III. Defecerat a rege Tissaphernes, neque id tam Ar- 
taxerxi, quam ceteris, erat apertum. Multis enim mag- 
nisque meritis apud regem, etiam quum in officio non 


] 


3 


4 


40 IX. 4. (Coneé.2.) 


maneret, valebat. Neque id mirandum, si non facile 
ad credendum adducebatur, reminiscens, ejus se opera 
Cyrum fratrem superasse. Hujus accusandi gratia 
Conon a Pharnabazo ad regeni missus, posteaquam venit, 
primum ex more Persarum ad chiliarchum, qui secun- 
dum gradum imperii tenebat, Tithrausten accessit, seque 
ostendit cum rege colloqui velle. Nemo enim sine hoc 
admittitur. Huic ille, nulla, inquit, mora est; sed tu 
delibera, utrum colloqui malis, an per litteras agere, que 
cogitas. Necesse est enim, si in conspectum veneris, vene- 
rari te regem (quod seogxuveiv illi vocant). Hoe si tibi 
grave est, per me nihilo secius editis mandatis conficies, 
quod studes. ‘Tum Conon, mihi vero, inquit, non est 
grave, quemvis honorem habere regi ; sed vereor, ne civitati 
mee sit opprobrio, si, quum ex ea sim profectus, que cete- 
ris gentibus imperare consueverit, potius barbarorum, quam 
illius, more fungar. Itaque, que [huic] volebat, scripta 
tradidit. 
IV. Quibus cognitis, rex tantum auctoritate ejus 
304  motus est, ut et Tissaphernem hostem judicave- 
a. C. n. rit, et Lacedemonios bello persequi jusserit, et 
el permiserit, quem vellet, eligere ad dispensandam pecu- 
niam. Idarbitrium Conon negavit sui esse consilii, sed 
ipsius, qui optime suos nosse deberet; sed se snadere, 
Pharnabazo id negotii daret. Hine magnis muneribus 
donatus ad mare est missus, ut Cypriis, et Phenicibus, 
ceterisque maritimis civitatibus naves longas imperaret, 
classemque, qua proxima estate mare tueri posset, com- 
pararet: dato adjutore Pharnabazo, sicut ipse voluerat. 
Id ut Lacedzemonlis est nuntiatum, non sine cura rem 
administrarunt, quod majus bellum imminere arbitra- 
bantur, quam si cum barbaro solum contenderent. Nam 
ducem fortem prudentemque regiis opibus preefuturum, 
ac secum dimicaturum videbant, quem neque consilio, 
neque copiis superare possent. Hac mente magnam 
394 contrahunt classem; proficiscuntur Pisandro duce. 
a C.n. Ffos Conon apud Cnidum adortus magno preelio 
fugat, multas naves capit, complures deprimit. Qua 
victoria non solum Athene, sed etiam cuncta Gre- 
cia, que sub Lacedemoniorum fuerat imperio, liberata 
est. Conon cum parte navium in patriam venit, muros 
dirutos a Lysandro, utrosque et Pireéi et Athenarum, 


X. (Dion.) 4i 


reficiendos curat, pecunizque quinquaginta ta- 393 
lenta, que a Pharnabazo acceperat, civibus suis * © ® 
donat. 

VY. Accidit huic, quod ceteris mortalibus, ut inconsi- 
deratior in secunda, quam in adversa esset fortuna. 
Nam classe Peloponnesiorum devicta quum ultum se 
injurias patrie putaret, plura concupivit, quam efficere 
potuit. Neque tamen ea non pia et probanda fuerunt, 
quod potius patrize opes augeri, quam regis maluit. 
Nam quum magnam auctoritatem sibi pugna illa navali, 
quam apud Cnidum fecerat, constituisset, non solum 
inter barbaros, sed etiam omnes Grecie civitates, clam 
dare operam ccepit, ut loniam et Aoliam restitueret 
Atheniensibus. Id quum minus diligenter esset cela- 
tum, ‘Tiribazus, qui Sardibus preerat, Condnem evocavit, 
simulans, ad regem eum se mittere velle magna 493 
de re. Hujus nuntio parens quum venisset, in ® ©. 2. 
vincula conjectus est, in quibus aliquamdiu fuit. Inde 
nonnulli eum ad regem abductum, ibique perisse scrip- 
tum reliquerunt. Contra ea Dinon historicus, cui nos 
plurimum de Persicis rebus credimus, effugisse, scripsit: 
illud addubitat, utrum iribazo sciente, an imprudente 
sit factum. ) 





X. DION. 





ARGUMENTUM. 
CAP. I. Dionysiorum affinis et intimus. ITI. Platonis 


discipulus et amicus. III. Simultas Dionis et Dionysii 
junoris. IV. Corinthum devehitur. Ejus filius pes- 
sime educatur. V. Syracusarum potitus tyrannum ad 
pactiones adigit. VI. Heraclidis cede populum a se 


alienat. VII. Tyrannus vulgo appellatur non ferendus.. 


VIII. Callicratis consilio decipitur. IX. Domi sue 
die festo occiditur. X. Tumultus post ejus mortem et 
desiderium mortut. 

4* 


3 


42 X. 1,2. (Dion.) 


I. Dion, Hipparini filius, Syracusanus, nobili genere 
natus, utraque implicatus tyrannide Dionysiorum. Nam- 
que ille superior Aristomachen, sororem Dionis, habuit 
in matrimonio, ex qua duos filios, Hipparinum et Ny- 
seum, procreavit, totidemque filias, nomine Sophrosynen 
et Areten: quarum priorem Dionysio filio, eidem, cui 
regnum reliquit, nuptum dedit, alteram, Areten, Dioni. 
Dion autem preter nobilem propinquitatem generosam- 
que majorum famam multa alia ab natura habuit bona, 
in his ingenium docile, come, aptum ad artes optimas ; 
magnam corporis dignitatem, que non minimum com- 
mendatur ; magnas preterea divitias a patre relictas, 
quas ipse tyranni muneribus auxerat. Erat intimus 
Dionysio priori, neque minus propter mores, quam affi- 
nitatem. Namque etsi Dionysii crudelitas ei displice- 
bat, tamen salvum propter necessitudinem, magis etiam 
suorum causa, studebat. Aderat in magnis rebus ejus- 
que consilio multum movebatur tyrannus, nisi qua in re 
major ipsius cupiditas intercesserat. Legationes vero 
[omnes], que essent illustriores, per Dionem adminis- 
trabantur ; quas quidem ille diligenter obeundo, fideliter 
administrando, crudelissimum nomen tyranni sua huma- 
nitate tegebat. Hunc a Dionysio missum Carthaginien- 
ses suspexerunt, ut neminem umquam Greca lingua 
loquentem magis sint admirati. 

II. Neque vero hec Dionysium fugiebant. Nam, 
quanto esset sibi ornamento, sentiebat. Quo fiebat, ut 
uni huic maxime indulgeret, neque eum secus diligeret 
ac filium: qui quidem, quum, Platonem Tarentum ve- 
nisse, fama in Siciliam esset perlata, adolescenti negare 
non potuerit, quin eum arcesseret, quum Dion ejus au- 
diendi, cupiditate flagraret. Dedit ergo huic veniam 
magnaque eum ambitione Syracusas perduxit. Quem 
Dion adeo admiratus est atque adamavit, ut se totum ei 

365  traderet. Neque vero minus Plato delectatus est 
a.C.n. Dione. Itaque quum a Dionysio [tyranno] cru- 
deliter violatus esset, quippe quem venumdari jussisset, 
tamen eodem rediit, ejusdem Dionis precibus adductus. 
Interim in morbum incidit Dionysius. Quo quum gravi 
conflictaretur, quesivit a medicis Dion, quemadmodum 
se haberet? simulque ab his petiit, si forte majori esset 
periculo, ut sibi faterentur: nam velle se cum eo collo- 


X. 3,4. (Dion.) 43 


qui de partiendo regno; quod sororis sue {filios ex illo 
natos partem regni putabat debere habere. Id medici 
non tacuerunt, et ad Dionysium filium sermonem retule- 
runt. Quo ille commotus, ne agendi esset Dioni potes- 
tas, patri soporem medicos dare coégit. Hoc eger 
sumto, ut somno sopitus, diem obiit supremum. 

Ill. Tale initium fuit Dionis et Dionysii smultatis, 
eaque multis rebus aucta est. Sed tamen primis tem- 
poribus aliquamdiu simulata inter eos amicitia mansit. 
Quumgque Dion non desisteret obsecrare Dionysium, ut 
Platonem Athenis arcesseret, et ejus consillis uteretur ; 
ille, qui in aliqua re vellet patrem imitari, morem [ei] 
gessit. Eodemque tempore Philistum, historicum, Syra- 
cusas reduxit, hominem amicum non magis tyranno, 
quam tyrannidi. Sed de hoc in eo [meo] libro plura 
sunt exposita, qui de historicis [Grecis] conscriptus est. 
Plato autem tantum apud Dionysium auctoritate potuit, 
valuitque eloquentia, ut ei persuaserit tyrannidis facere 
finem, libertatemque reddere Syracusanis : a qua volun- 
tate Philisti consilio deterritus aliquanto crudelior esse 
ceepit. 

1V. Qui quidem quum a Dione se superari videret 
ingenio, auctoritate, amore populi, verens, ne, si 358 
eum secum haberet, aliquam occasionem sui * © ® 
daret opprimendi, navem ei triremem dedit, qua Co- 
rinthum deveheretur: ostendens, se id utriusque facere 
causa, ne, quum inter se timerent, altertiter alterum pre- 
occuparet. Id quum factum multi indignarentur, mag- 
neque esset invidie tyranno; Dionysius omnia, que 
moveri poterant Dionis, in navis imposuit, ad eumque 
misit. Sic enim existimari volebat; id se non odio 
hominis, sed sue salutis fecisse causa. Postea vero 
quam audiyit, eum in Peloponneso manum comparare 
sibique bellum facere conari: Areten, Dionis uxorem, 
alii nuptum dedit, filiumque ejus sic educari jussit, ut 
indulgendo turpissimis imbueretur cupiditatibus. Nam 
puero, priusquam pubes esset, scorta adducebantur ; 
vino epulisque obruebatur, neque ullum tempus sobrio 
relinquebatur. Is usque eo vite statum commutatum 
ferre non potuit, postquam in patriam rediit pater (nam- 
que appositi erant custodes, qui eum a pristino victu 


44 X. 5,6. (Dion.) 


deducerent), ut se de superiore parte edium dejecerit, 
atque ita interierit. Sed illuc revertor. 
_ V. Postquam Corinthum pervenit Dion et eodem per- 
357 fugit Heraclides, ab eodem expulsus Dionysio, 
a. C.2- qui prefectus fuerat equitum; omni ratione bel- 
lum comparare ceperunt. Sed non multum proficie- 
bant, quod multorum annorum tyrannis magnarum 
opum putabatur. Quam ob causam pauci ad societatem 
periculi perducebantur. Sed Dion, fretus non tam suis 
copiis, quam odio tyranni, maximo animo duabus one- 
rariis navibus quinquaginta annorum imperium, muni- 
tum quingentis longis navibus, decem equitum, centum 
peditum milibus, profectus oppugnatum, (quod omnibus 
gentibus admirabile est visum) adeo facile perculit, ut 
post diem tertium, quam Siciliam attigerat, Syracusas 
introierit. Ex quo intelligi potest, nullum esse impe- 
rium tutum, nisi benevolentia munitum. Eo tempore 
aberat Dionysius, et in Italia classem opperiebatur, ad- 
versariorum ratus neminem sine magnis copiis ad se 
venturum. Quee res eum fefellit. Nam Dion iis ipsis, 
qui sub adversarii fuerant potestate, regios spiritus 
repressit, totiusque ejus partis Siciliz potitus est, quee 
sub Dionysii potestate fuerat ; parique modo urbis Syra- 
cusarum, preter arcem et insulam adjunctam oppido ; 
eoque rem perduxit, ut talibus pactionibus pacem tyran-. 
nus facere vellet: Siciliam Dion obtineret, Italiam 
Dionysius, Syracusas Apollocrates, cui maximam fidem 
uni habebat [ Dion]. 

VI. Has tam prosperas tamque inopinatas res conse- 
cuta est subita commutatio, quod fortuna sua mobilitate, 
quem paullo ante extulerat, demergere est adorta. Pri- 
mum in filio, de quo commemoravi supra, suam vim 
exercuit. Nam quum uxorem reduxisset, que alii fuerat 
tradita, filumque vellet revocare ad virtutem a perdita 
luxuria, accepit gravissimum parens vulnus morte filii, 
Deinde orta dissensio est inter eum et Heraclidem, qui, 
quod principatum non. concedebat, factionem compa- 
ravit. Neque is minus valebat apud optimates, quorum 
consensu preerat classi, quum Dion exercitum pedes- 
trem teneret. Non tulit hoc animo equo Dion, et ver- 
sum illum Homeri retulit ex secunda rhapsodia, in quo 


ar 


X. 7,8. (Dion.) 45 


hec sententia est: Non posse bene geri rempublicam 
multorum imperiis. Quod dictum magna invidia con- 
secuta est. Namque aperuisse videbatur, omnia in sua 
potestate esse velle.. Hanc ille non lenire obsequio, sed 
acerbitate opprimere studuit, Heraclidemque, quum Sy- 
racusas venisset, interficlendum curavit. 

VII. Quod factum omnibus maximum timorem in- 
jecit. Nemo enim, illo interfecto, se tutum putabat. 
Ille autem, adversario remoto, licentius eorum bona, 
quos sciebat adversus se sensisse, militibus dispertivit. 
Quibus divisis, quum quotidiani maximi fierent sumtus, 
celeriter pecunia deesse ccepit, neque, quo manus porri- 
geret, suppetebat, nisi in amicorum possessiones. Id 
hujusmodi erat, ut, quum milites reconciliasset, amit- 
teret-optimates. Quarum rerum cura frangebatur, et 
insuetus male audiendi non equo animo ferebat, de se 
ab iis male existimari, quorum paullo ante in celum 
fuerat elatus laudibus. Vulgus autem, offensa in eum 
militum voluntate, liberius loquebatur, et tyrannum non 
ferendum dictitabat. 

VIII. Hee ille intuens, quum, quemadmodum sedaret, 
nesciret, et, quorsum evaderent, timeret ; Callicrates qui- 
dam, civis Atheniensis, qui simul cum eo ex Pelopon- 
neso in Siciliam venerat, homo et callidus et ad fraudem 
acutus, sine ulla religione ac fide, adit ad Dionem, et 
ait: eum [in] magno periculo esse propter offensionem 
populi et odium militum, quod nullo modo evitare posset, 
nisi alicui suorum negotium daret, qui se simularet illi 
imimicum. Quem si invenisset idoneum, facile omnium 
animos cogniturum, adversariosque sublaturum, quod 
inimici ejus dissidenti suos sensus aperturi forent. 
Tali consilio probato excepit has partes ipse Callicrates, 
etse armatimprudentia Dionis. Ad eum interficiendum 
socios conquirit ; adversarios ejus convenit, conjurationem 
confirmat. Res, multis consciis que gereretur, elata 
defertur ad Aristomachen, sororem Dionis, uxoremque 
Areten. Ile timore perterrite conveniunt, cujus de 
periculo timebant. At ille negat, a Callicrate fieri sibi 
insidias, sed illa, que agerentur, fieri precepto suo. 
Mulieres nihilo secius Callicratem in edem Proserpine 
deducunt, ac jurare cogunt, nihil ab illo periculi fore 
Dioni. Ille hac religione non modo non deterritus, sed 


5 


] 


eo 


46 X. 9,10. (Dion.) 


ad maturandum concitatus est, verens ne prius consilium 
aperiretur suum, quam conata perfecisset. 

IX. Hac mente proximo die festo, quum a conventu 

355 se remotum Dion domi teneret, atque in conclavi 
a.C.n. edito recubuisset, consciis loca munitiora oppidi 
tradit ; domum custodiis sepit; a foribus qui non disce- 
dant, certos preficit; navem triremem armatis ornat, 
Philostratoque, fratri suo, tradit, eamque in portu agitari 
jubet, ut si exercere remiges vellet: cogitans, si forte 
consiliis obstitisset fortuna, ut haberet, quo fugeret ad 
salutem. Suorum autem e numero Zacynthios adole- 
scentes quosdam eligit, quum audacissimos, tum viribus 
maximis; hisque dat negotium, [ut] ad Dionem eant 
inermes, sic ut conveniendi ejus gratia viderentur venire. 
Hi propter notitiam sunt intromissi. At illi, ut limen 
ejus intrarunt, foribus obseratis, in lecto cubantem in- 
vadunt, colligant ; fit strepitus, adeo ut exaudiri posset 
foris. Hic, sicut ante [sepe] dictum est, quam invisa 
sit singularis potentia, et miseranda vita, qui se metui, 
quam amari malunt, cuivis facile intellectu fuit. Nam- 
que illi ipsi custodes, si propitia fuissent voluntate, fori- 
bus effractis servare eum potuissent, quod illi inermes, 
telum foris flagitantes, vivum tenebant. Cui quum 
succurreret nemo, Lyco quidam Syracusanus per fenes- 
tras gladium dedit, quo Dion interfectus est. 

X. Confecta cede, quum multitudo visendi gratia 
introisset, nonnulli ab insciis pro noxiis conciduntur. 
Nam celeri rumore dilato, Dioni vim allatam, multi 
concurrerant, quibus tale facinus displicebat. Hi, falsa 
suspicione ducti, immerentes ut sceleratos occidunt. 
Hujus de morte ut palam factum est, mirabiliter vulgi 
mutata est voluntas. Nam qui vivum eum tyrannum 
vocitarant, iidem liberatorem patric tyrannique expul- 
sorem predicabant. Sic subito misericordia odio suc- 
cesserat, ut eum suo sanguine, si possent, ab Acheronte 
cuperent redimere. Itaque in urbe, celeberrimo loco, 
elatus publice, sepulcri monumento donatus est. Diem 
obiit circiter annos quinquaginta quinque natus, quartum 
post annum, quam ex Peloponr eso in Siciliam redierat, 


XI. 1, 2. (Iphicrates.) 47 


XI. IPHICRATES. 


ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP. J. Disciplina militari nobilis. II. Ejus expedt- 
tiones bellice : ad Corinthum, adversus Thracas, Aigyp- 
tios, atque Arcadas. III. Iphicratis mores corporisque 
forma. 


I. Iphicrates, Atheniensis, non tam magnitudine 1 
rerum gestarum, quam disciplina militari nobilitatus est. 
Fuit enim talis dux, ut non solum etatis sue cum primis 
compararetur, sed ne de majoribus natu quidem quis- 
quam anteponeretur. Multum vero in bello est versa- 2 
tus; spe exercitibus prefuit; nusquam culpa [sua] 
male rem gessit; semper consilio vicit, tantumque eo 
valuit, ut multa in re militari partim nova attulerit, 
partim meliora fecerit. Namque ille pedestria arma 3 
mutavit, quum ante illum imperatorem maximis clypeis, 
brevibus hastis, minutis gladiis uterentur. Ille e con- 4 
trario peltam pro parma fecit (a quo postea wsAracrat 
pedites appellantur), ut ad motus concursusque essent 
leviores. Haste modum duplicavit; gladios longiores 
fecit. Idem genus loricarum mutavit, et pro sertis atque 
geneis linteas dedit. Quo facto expeditiores milites red- 
didit. Nam pondere detracto, quod zque corpus tegeret 
et leve esset, curavit. 

Il. Bellum cum Thracibus gessit; Seuthen, socium 1 
Atheniensium, in regnum restituit. Apud Co- 393 
rinthum tanta severitate exercitui prefuit, ut © 
nullz umquam in Grecia neque exercitatiores copie, 
neque magis dicto audientes fuerint duci; in eamque 2 
consuetudinem adduxit, ut, quum preelii signum ab im- 
peratore esset datum, sine ducis opera sic ordinate con- 
sisterent, ut singuli ab peritissimo imperatore dispositi 
viderentur. Hoc exercitu moram Lacedemoniorum 3 
intercepit: quod maxime tota celebratum est Grecia. 
Iterum eodem bello omnes copias eorum fugavit. Quo 


48 XII. (Chabrias.) 


fartn magnam adeptus est gloriam. Quum Artaxerxes 
372  Augyptio regi bellum inferre voluit, Iphicratem 
a.C.n. ab Atheniensibus petivit ducem, quem preeficeret 
exercitul conductitio, cujus numerus duodecim milium 
fuit. Quem quidem sic omni disciplina militari erudivit, 
ut, quemadmodum quondam Fabiani milites Romani 
appellati sunt, sic Iphicratenses apud Grecos in summa 
laude fuerint. Idem, subsidio Lacedzmoniis profectus, 
309 1 Epaminonde retardavit impetus. Nam nisi ejus 
a.C.n. adventus appropinquasset, non prius Thebani 
Sparta abscessissent, quam captam incendio delessent. 
III. Fuit autem et animo magno et corpore, impera- 
toriaque forma, ut ipso adspectu cuivis injiceret admira- 
tionem sui; sed in labore remissus nimis, parumque 
patiens, ut Theopompus memorize prodidit ; bonus vero 
is civis, fideque magna. Quod quum in allis rebus 
ne declaravit, tum maxime in Amynte Macedonis 
364 ~ =iberis tuendis. Namque Eurydice, mater Per- 
a. C. n ; a fests : ‘ 
dicce et Philippi, cum his duobus pueris, Amynta 
mortuo, ad Iphicratem confugit, ejusque opibus defensa 
est. Vixit ad senectutem, placatis in se suorum civium 
animis. Causam capitis semel dixit, bello sociali, 
simul cum Timotheo, eoque judicio est absolutus. 
Menesthea filium reliquit, ex Thressa natum, 
Coti regis filia. Is quum interrogaretur, utrum pluris 
patrem matremne faceret; matrem, inquit. Id quum 
omnibus mirum videretur: at, ille, merito, inquit, facio. 
Nam pater, quantum in se fuit, Thracem me creavit, con- 
tra ea mater Atheniensem. 


357 
a. C. n. 





XII. CHABRIAS. 


ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP. I. Thebanis auaxilio mittitur ; novo pugnands genere 
magnam adipiscitur gloriam. II. Ejus bellain Aigypto ; 
in Cypro; classi Aigyptie preest. III, Domum revo- 
catur ; propter invidiam plerumque abest. IV. In bello 
sociali perit, desertus a suis. 


XII. 1, 2,3. (Chabrias.) 49 


I. Chabrias, Atheniensis. Hic quoque in summis 
habitus est ducibus, resque multas memoria dignas gessit. 
Sed ex his elucet maxime inventumejusinprelio, 377 
quod apud Thebas fecit, quum Beotiis subsidio * © # 
venisset. Namque in eo victoria fidente summo duce 
Agesilao, fugatis jam ab eo conductitiis catervis, reliquam 
phalangem loco vetuit cedere, obnixoque genu scuto, 
projecta hasta impetum excipere hostium docuit. Id 
novum Agesilaus contuens progredi non est ausus, suos- 
que jam incurrentes tuba revocavit. Hoc usque eo tota 
Grecia fama celebratum est, ut illo statu Chabrias sibi 
statuam fieri voluerit, que publice ei ab Atheniensibus 
in foro constituta est. Ex quo factum est, ut postea 
athléte ceterique artifices his statibus in statuis ponendis 
uterentur, quibus victoriam essent adepti. 

Il. Chabrias autem multa in Europa bella administra- 
vit, qaum dux Atheniensium esset; in Afgypto 362 
sua sponte gessit. Nam Nectanabin adjutum *°™ 
profectus, regnum ei constituit. Fecit idem Cypri, 
sed publice ab Atheniensibus Evagore adjutor 377 
datus ; neque prius inde discessit, quam totam ®©-n] 
insulam bello devinceret: qua ex re Athenienses mag- 
nam gloriam sunt adepti. Interim bellum inter 3.) 
Aiigyptios et Persas conflatumest. Athenienses ® ©. 2 


cum Artaxerxe societatem habebant ; Lacedemonii cum 


figyptiis, a quibus magnas predas Agesilaus, rex 
eorum, faciebat. [d intuens Chabrias, quum in re nulla 
Agesilao cederet, sua sponte eos adjutum profectus 
gyptiz classi prefuit, pedestribus copiis Agesilaus. 
iil. Tum prefecti regis Persie legatos miserunt 
Athenas questum, quod Chabrias adversum regem 


_ bellum gereret cum A‘gyptiis. Athenienses diem certam 


_ Chabriz prestituerunt, quam ante domum nisi redisset, 


capitis se illum dammnaturos denuntiarunt. Hoc ille 
nuntio Athenas rediit, neque ibi diutius est moratus, 
quam fuit necesse. Non enim libenter erat ante oculos 
civium suorum: quod et vivebat laute, et indulgebat 
sibi liberalius, quam ut invidiam vulgi posset effugere. 
Est enim hoc ‘commune yitium in magnis liberisque 
sivitatibus, ut invidia gloria comes sit, et libenter de his 
Bcahant, ‘quos eminere videant altius; neque animo 


quo pauperes alienam opulentium intuuntur fortunam. 
a 5 


2 


50 XIII. 1. (Timotheus.) 


Itaque Chabrias, quoad ei licebat, plurimum aberat 
Neque vero solus ille aberat Athenis libenter, sed 
omnes fere principes fecerunt idem; quod tantum se 
ab invidia putabant abfuturos, quantum a conspectu 
suorum recessissent. Itaque Conon plurimum Cypri 
vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia, Timotheus Lesbi, Chares 
in Sigéo. Dissimilis quidem Chares horum et factis et 
moribus ; sed tamen Athenis et honoratus et potens. 
IV. Chabrias autem periit bello sociali tali modo. 
Oppugnabant Athenienses Chium. Erat in classe Cha- 
brias privatus, sed omnes, qui in magistratu erant, auc- 


toritate anteibat, eumque magis milites, quam qui pre- | 


erant, adspiciebant. Que res ei maturavit mortem. 
Nam dum primus studet portum intrare, gubernatorem- 
que jubet eo dirigere navem, ipse sibi perniciei fuit. 
Quum enim eo penetrasset, cetere non sunt secute. 
Quo facto circumfusus hostium concursu quum fortissime 
pugnaret, navis, rostro percussa, cepit sidere. Hine 
refugere quum posset, si se in mare dejecisset, quod 
suberat classis Atheniensium, que exciperet natantes ; 
perire maluit, quam armis abjectis navem relinquere, 
in qua fuerat vectus. Id ceteri facere noluerunt, qui 
338 nando in tutum pervenerunt. At ille, prestare 
a.C.n- honestam mortem existimans turpi vite, com- 
minus pugnans telis hostium interfectus est 


% 





XIII. TIMOTHEUS. 





? ARGUMENTUM. 
CAP. I. Ejus virtutes et facta bellica. II. Ipsi, Lace- 


demoniorum victori, statua ponitur. III. Senex Me- 
nestheo pretori in consilium datur. A Charete, pretore, 
accusatus damnatur. IV. Filius eyus Conon muros 
reficere cogitur. Singularis amicitie testimonium Jaso- 
nis erga Timotheum. 


I. Timothéus, Cononis filius, Atheniensis. Hic a 


XIII. 2,3. (Timotheus.) 51 


patre aceeptam gloriam multis auxit virtutibus. Fuit 
enim disertus, impiger, laboriosus, rei militaris peritus, 
neque minus civitatis regende. Multa hujus sunt pre- 
clare facta, sed hec maxime illustria. Olynthios et 
Byzantios bello subegit. Samum cepit, in qua  a¢4 
oppugnanda superiore bello Athenienses mille et 357 
ducenta talenta consumserant. Id ille sine ulla * “ ™ 
publica impensa populo restituit: adversus Cotum bella 
gessit, ab eoque mille et ducenta talenta preede in publi- 
cum retulit. Cyzicum obsidione liberavit. Ariobarzani 
simul cum Agesilao auxilio profectus est: a quo quum 
Laco pecuniam numeratam accepisset, ille cives suos 
agro atque urbibus augeri maluit, quam id sumere, cujus 
partem domum suam ferre posset. Itaque accepit Cri- 
thoten et Sestum. 

III. Idem classi prefectus circumvehens Peloponne- 
sum, Laconicen populatus, classem eorum fugavit ; 
Corcyram sub imperium Atheniensium redegit; 376 
sociosque idem adjunxit Epirdtas, Athamanas, * © ™ 
Chaodnas, omnesque eas gentes, que mare illud adjacent. 
Quo facto Lacedemonii de diutina contentione destite- 
runt, et sua sponte Atheniensibus imperii mariti- —_ 374 
mi principatum concesserunt ; pacemque his legi- ® % ™ 
bus constituerunt, ut Athenienses mari duces essent. 


Que victoria tante fuit Atticis letitie, ut tum primum ~ 


are Paci publice sint facte, eique dez pulvinar sit insti- 
tutum. Cujus laudis ut memoria maneret, Timotheo 
publice statuam in foro posuerunt. Qui honos huic uni 
ante id tempus contigit: ut, quum patri populus statuam 
posuisset, filio quoque daret. Sic juxta posita recens 
filii veterem patris renovavit memoriam. 

III. Hic quum esset magno natu, et magistratus 
gerere desisset, bello Athenienses undique premi sunt 
cepti. Defecerat Samus ; descierat Hellespontus ; Phi- 
lippus jam tum valens Macédo multa moliebatur: cui 
oppositus Chares quum esset, non satis in eo presidii 
putabatur. Fit Menestheus pretor, filius Iphicratis, 
gener Timothei, et, ut ad bellum proficiscatur, decerni- 
tur. Huic in consilium dantur duo usu sapien- 357 
tiaque prestantes, quorum consilio uteretur, pater * © ™ 
et socer: quod in his tanta erat auctoritas, ut magna 
spes esset, per eos amissa posse recuperdri. Hi quum 


2 


52 XIU. 4. (Ttmotheus.) 


Samum profecti essent, et eodem Chares, adventu [illo- 
rum] cognito, cum suls copiis proficisceretur, ne quid 
absente se gestum videretur: accidit, quum ad insulam 
appropinquarent, ut magna tempestas oriretur; quam 
evitare duo veteres imperatores utile arbitrati suam clas- 
sem suppresserunt. At ille, temeraria usus ratione, non 
cessit majorum natu auctoritati, et, ut si in sua navi esset 
fortuna, quo contenderat, pervenit, eodemque ut seque- 
rentur, ad Timotheum et I[phicratem nuntium misit. 
Hinc, male re gesta, compluribus amissis navibus, eodem, 
unde erat profectus, se recepit, litterasque Athenas pub- 
lice misit, sibi proclive fuisse, Samum capere, nisi a 
Timotheo et Iphicrate desertus esset. [Ob eam remin 
crimen vocabantur.| Populus acer, suspicax, mobilis, 
' adversarius, invidus etiam potentiz, domum revocat; 
accusantur proditionis. Hoc judiciodamnatur Timotheus, 
lisque ejus estimatur centum talentis. Ile, odio ingra- 
tz civitatis coactus, Chalcidem se contulit. 

IV. Hujus post mortem quum populum judicii sui 
peniteret, multe novem partes detraxit, et decem talenta 
Cononem, filium ejus, ad muri quamdam partem reficien- 
dam jussit dare. In quo fortune varietas est animad- 
versa. Nam quos avus Conon muros ex hostium preda 
patrie restituerat, eosdem nepos, cum summa ignominia 
familie, ex sua re familiari reficere coactus est. ‘Timo- 
thei autem moderate sapientisque vite quum pleraque 
possimus proferre testimonia, uno erimus contenti, quod 
ex eo facile conjici poterit, quam carus suis fuerit. Quum 
Athenis adolescentulus causam diceret, non solum amici 
privatique hospites ad eum defendendum convenerunt, 
sed etiam in eis Jason tyrannus, qui illo tempore fuit 
omnium potentissimus. Hic quum in patria sine satelli- 
tibus se tutum non arbitraretur, Athenas sine ullo pre-. 
sidio venit, tantique hospitem fecit, ut mallet se capitis 
periculum adire, quam Timotheo de fama dimicanti 
deesse. Hunc adversus tamen Timotheus postea populi 
jussu bellum gessit, patrieque sanctiora jura, quam hos- 
pitii, esse duxit. Hzc extrema fuit etas imperatorum 
Atheniensium, Iphicratis, Chabria, Timothei; neque 
post illorum obitum quisquam dux in illa urbe fuit 
dignus memoria. 


XIV 1. (Datames.) 53 


XIV. DATAMES. 





ARGUMENTUM. 


CAP. I. Inter barbarorum duces facile clarissimus. In 
bello, contra Cadusios gesto, magni fuit ejus opera, quo 
factum est, ut paterna et traderetur provincia. LI. 
Thyum dynasten Paphlagonie vivum capit. III. Cap- 
tum ad regem adducit. Copiis ad bellum Aigyptium 
preficitur. IV. Revocatur. Aspim Cappadocem capit. 
V. Aulicorum insidias edoctus, Cappadociam et P aphla- 
goniam sili occupat. VI. In bello adversus Pisidas 
amittit filium. Proditores et hostes Pisidas superat. 
VII. A filio natu maximo proditur. VIII. Ducem 
Persarum, contra se missum, vincit. IX. Regis insidias 
callide vitat. .X. Mithridatis dolo capitur. XI. In 
colloquio per fraudem occiditur. 


I. Venio nunc ad fortissimum virum maximique 
‘consilii omnium barbarorum, exceptis duobus Carthagi- 
niensibus, Hamilcare et Hannibale. De quo hoc plura 
referemus, quod et obscuriora sunt ejus gesta pleraque, 
et ea, que prospere el cesserunt, non magnitudine copia- 
rum, sed consilii, quo tum omnes superabat, acciderunt ; 
quorum nisi ratio explicata fuerit, res apparere non 
poterunt. Datames, patre Camissare, natione Care, 
matre Scythissa natus, primum militum numero fuit 
apud Artaxerxem eorum, qui regiam tuebantur. Pater 
ejus Camissares, quod et manu fortis, et bello strenuus, 
et regi multis locis fidelis erat repertus, habuit provin- 
ciam partem Cilicie juxta Cappadociam, quam incolunt 
Leucosyri. Datdmes, militare munus fungens, primum, 
qualis esset, apparuit in bello, quod rex adversus Cadu- 
sios gessit. Namque hic, multis milibus’ regiorum 
interfectis, magni fuit ejus opera. Quo factum est, ut, 
quum in eo bello cecidisset Camissares, paterna ei tra- 
deretur provincia. 

5* 


a: 


54 XIV. 2,3. (Datames.) 


II. Pari se virtute postea prebuit, quum Autophra-- 
dates jussu regis bello persequeretur eos, qui defecerant. 
Namque hujus opera hostes, quum castra jam intrassent, 
profligati sunt, exercitusque reliquus conservatus [regis] 
est; qua ex re majoribus rebus presse ceepit. Erat eo 
tempore ‘Thyus dynastes Paphlagonie, antiquo genere 
natus a Pyleméne illo, quem Homerus Troico bello a 
Patroclo interfectum ait. Is regi dicto audiens non erat. 
Quam ob causam bello eum persequi constituit, eique rei 
prefecit Datamem, propinqguum Paphlagonis ; namque 
ex fratre et sorore erant nati. Quam ob causam Da- 
tames primum experiri voluit, ut sine armis propinquum 
ad officium reduceret. Ad quem quum venisset sine 
presidio, quod ab amico nullas vereretur insidias, pene 
interiit. Nam Thyus eum clam interficere voluit. Erat 
mater cum Datame, amita Paphlagonis. Ea, quid 
ageretur, resciit, fillumque monuit. Ile fuga periculum 
evitavit, bellumque indixit Thyo. In quo quum ab 
Ariobarzane, prefecto Lydiz et Loniz totiusque Phrygiz, 
desertus esset, nihilo segnius perseveravit, vivumque 
Thyum cepit cum uxore et liberis. 

III. Cujus facti ne prius fama ad regem, quam ipse, 
perveniret, dedit operam. Itaque omnibus insclis, eo, 
ubi erat rex, venit, posteroque die Thyum, hominem 
maximi corporis terribilique facie, quod et niger, et 
capillo longo barbaque erat promissa, optima veste texit, 
quam satrape regil gerere consueverant; ornavitque 
etiam torque, et armillis aureis, ceteroque regio cultu; 
ipse agresti duplici amiculo circumdatus hirtaque tunica, 
gerens In capite galeam venatoriam, dextra manu clavam, 
sinistra copulam, qua vinctum ante se Thyum agebat, ut 
si feram bestiam captam duceret. Quem quum omnes 
prospicerent propter novitatem ornatiis ignotamque for- 
mam, ob eamque rem magnus esset concursus: fuit non 
nemo, qui agnosceret Thyum, regique nuntiaret. Primo 
non accredidit. Itaque Pharnabazum misit exploratum. 
A quo ut rem gestam comperit, statim admitti jussit, 
magnopere delectatus quum facto, tum ornatu, impri- 
mis, quod nobilis rex in potestatem inopinanti venerat. 
Itaque magnifice Datamem donatum ad exercitum misit, 
qui tum contrahebatur duce Pharnabazo et 'Tithrauste ad 
bellum A.gyptium, pariqie eum, atque illos, imperio esse 


XIV..4, 5. (Datames.) 55 


jussit. Postea vero quam Pharnabazum rex revocavit, 
ili summa imperil tradita est. 

IV. Hic quum maximo studio compararet exercitum, 
Egyptumque proficisci pararet, subito a rege litter 
suni ei miss, ut Aspim aggrederetur, qui Cataoniam 
tenebat: que gens jacet supra Ciliciam, confinis Cap- 
padocie. Namque Aspis, saltuosam regionem castellis- 
que munitam incolens, non solum imperio regis non 
parebat, sed etiam finitimas regiones vexabat, et, qu 
regi portarentur, abripiebat. Datames, etsi longe aberat 
ab his regionibus, et a majore re abstrahebatur, tamen 
regis voluntati morem gerendum putavit. Itaque cum 
paucis, sed viris fortibus navem conscendit, existimans, 
id quod accidit, facilius se imprudentem parva manu 
oppressurum, quam paratum quamvis magno exercitu. 
Hac delatus in Ciliciam, egressus inde, dies noctesque 
iter faciens, T'aurum transiit, eoque, quo studuerat, venit; 
queerit, quibus locis sit Aspis; cognoscit, haud longe 
abesse, profectumque eum venatum. Quem dum specu- 
latur, adventus ejus causa cognoscitur. Pisidas cum lis, 
quos secum habebat, ad resistendum Aspis comparat. 
Id Datames ubi audivit, arma sumit, suosque sequi jubet; 
ipse equo concitato ad hostem vehitur. Quem procul 
Aspis conspiciens ad se ferentem pertimescit, atque a 
conatu resistendi deterritus sese dedit. Hunc Datames 
vinctum ad regem ducendum tradit Mithridati. 

V. Hee dm geruntur, Artaxerxes, reminiscens, a 
quanto bello ad quam parvam rem principem ducum 
misisset, se ipse reprehendit, et nuntium ad exercitum 
Acen misit, quod nondum Datamem profectum putabat, 
qui diceret, ne ab exercitu discederet. Hic, priusquam 
perveniret, quo erat profectus, in itinere convenit, qui 
Aspim ducebant. Qua celeritate quum magnam bene- 
volentiam regis Datames consecutus esset, non minorem 
invidiam aulicorum excepit, qui illum unum pluris, quam 
se omnes, fieri videbant. Quo facto cuncti ad eum 
opprimendum consenserunt. Hec Pandates, gaze cus- 
tos regiz, amicus Datami, perscripta ei mittit, in quibus 
docet: eum magno fore periculo, si quid illo imperante 
in Augypto adversi accidisset. _Namque eam esse con- 
suetudinem regiam, ut casus adversos hominibus tri- 
buant, secundos fortune suze: quo fieri, ut facile impel- 


a 


56 XIV. 6. (Datames.) 


lantur ad eorum perniciem, quorum ductu res male 
geste nuntientur. I[llum hoc majore fore in discrimine, 
quod, quibus rex maxime obediat, eos habeat inimicissi- 

5 mos. ‘Talibus ille litteris cognitis, qauum jam ad exer- 
citum Acen venisset, quod non ignorabat, ea vere scripta, 
desciscere a rege constituit. Neque tamen quicquam 

6 fecit, quod fide sua esset indignum. Nam Mandréclem 
Magnétem exercitui preefecit; ipse cum suis in Cappa- 
dociam discedit, conjunctamque huic Paphlagoniam oceu- 

362 pat, celans, qua voluntate esset in regem; clam 
a. C.n. cum Ariobarzane facit amicitiam, manum compa- 
rat, urbes munitas suis tuendas tradit. 

1 VI. Sed hee propter hiemale tempus minus prospere 
procedebant. Audit, Pisidas quasdam copias adversus 
se parare. Filium eo Arsidéum cum exercitu mittit. 
Cadit in preelio adolescens. Proficiscitur eo pater non 
ita cum magna manu, celans, quantum vulnus accepisset, 
quod prius ad hostem pervenire cupiebat, quam de re 
male gesta fama ad suos perveniret, ne cognita filii 

2 morte animi debilitarentur militum. Quo contenderat, 
pervenit, hisque locis castra ponit, ut neque circumiri 
multitudine adversariorum posset, neque impédiri, quo 

3 minus ad dimicandum manum haberet expeditam. Erat 
cum eo Mithrobarzanes, socer ejus, preefectus equitum. 
Is, desperatis generi rebus, ad hostes transfugit. Id 
Datames ut audivit, sensit, si in turbam exisset, ab 
homine tam necessario se relictum, futurum, ut ceteri 

4 consilium sequerentur. In vulgus edit: suo jussu Mithro- 
barzanem profectum pro perfuga, quo facilius receptus 
interficeret hostes. Quare relinqui eum non par esse, 
et omnes confestim sequi. Quod si animo strenuo fecis- 
sent, futurum, ut adversarii non possent resistere, quum 

5 et intra vallum et foris cederentur. Hac re probata, 
exercitum educit,’ Mithrobarzanem persequitur; qui 
tantum quod ad hostes pervenerat, Datames signa inferri 

6 jubet. Piside, nova re commoti, in opinionem addu- 
cuntur, perfugas mala fide compositoque fecisse, ut 
recepti essent majori calamitati. Primum eos adoriun- 
tur. Illi quum, quid ageretur, aut quare fieret, ignora- 
rent, concti sunt, cum eis pugnare, ad quos transierant, 
ab hisque stare, quos reliquerant. Quibus quum neutri 

7 parcerent, celeriter sunt concisi. Reliquos Pisidas resis- 


XIV. 7,8. (Datames.) 57 


tentes Datames invadit: primo impetu pellit, fugientes 
persequitur, multos interficit, castra hostium capit. 
Tali consilio uno tempore et proditores perculit, et 
hostes profligavit, et, quod ad perniciem fuerat cogita- 
tum, id ad salutem convertit. Quo neque acutius ullius 
imperatoris os, pepe neque celerius factum usquam 
legimus. 

VII. Ab hoc tamen viro Scismas, maximo natu filius, 
desciit, ad regemque transiit, et de defectione patris detu- 
lit. Quo nuntio Artaxerxes commotus, quod intelligebat 
sibi cum viro forti ac strenuo negotium esse, qui, quum 
cogitasset, facere auderet, et prius cogitare, quam conari, 
consuesset, Autophradatem i in Cappadociam mittit. Hic 
ne intrare posset, saltum, in quo Cilicie porte sunt 
site, Datames preoccupare studuit. Sed tam subito 
copias contrahere non potuit. A qua re depulsus, cum 
ea manu, quam contraxerat, locum delegit talem, ut 
neque circumiretur ab hostibus, neque preteriret adver- 
sarius, quin ancipitibus locis premeretur, et, si dimicare 
[cum] eo vellet, non multum obesse multitudo hostium 
sue paucitati posset. 

VIII. Hee etsi Autophradates videbat, tamen statuit 
congredi, quam cum tantis copiis refugere, aut tam diu 
uno loco sedere. Habebat barbarorum equitum viginti, 
peditum centum milia, quos illi Cardacas appellant, ejus- 


demque generis tria funditorum: preterea Cappadécum 


octo, Armeniorum decem, Paphlagdnum quinque, Phry- 
gum decem, Lydorum quinque, Aspendiorum et Pisida- 
rum circiter tria, Cilicum duo, Captianorum totidem, 
ex Grecia conductorum tria [milia]: levis armature 
maximum numerum. Has adversus copias spes omnis 
consistebat Datami in se locique natura: namque hujus 
partem non habebat vicesimam militum. Quibus fretus 
conflixit, adversariorumque multa milia concidit, quum 
de ipsius exercitu non amplius hominum mille cecidisset. 
Quam ob causam postero die. tropeum posuit, quo loco 
pridie pugnatum erat. Hine quum castra movisset, 
semperque inferior copiis, superior omnibus preeliis disce- 
deret, quod numquam manum consereret, nisi quum 
adversarios locorum  ngustiis clausisset (quod perito 
regionum callideque cogitanti sepe accidebat): Auto- 
phradates, quum bellum duci majore regis calamitate, 


58 XIV. 9, 10. (Datames.) 


quam adversariorum, videret, ad pacem amicitiamque 
hortatus est, ut cum rege in gratiam rediret. Quam 
ille etsi fidam non fore putabat, tamen conditionem 
accepit seque ad Artaxerxem legatos missurum dixit. 
Sic bellum, quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat, 
sedatum. Autophradates in Phrygiam se recepit. 

IX. At rex, quod implacabile odium in Datamem sus- 
ceperat, postquam bello eum opprimi non posse animad- 
vertit, insidiis interficere studuit; quas ille plerasque 
vitavit. Sicut, quum nuntiatum esset, quosdam sibi 
insidiari, qui in amicorum erant numero (de quibus, 
quod inimici detulerant, neque credendum, neque negli- 
gendum putavit), experiri voluit, verum falsumne esset 
relatum. Itaque eo profectus est, quo itinere futuras 
insidias dixerant. Sed elegit corpore et statura similli- 
mum sui, eique vestitum suum dedit, atque eo loco ire, 
quo ipse consueverat, jussit. Ipse autem ornatu vestitu- 
que militari inter corporis custodes iter facere ceepit. 
At insidiatores, postquam in eum locum agmen pervenit, 
decepti ordine atque vestitu, in eum faciunt impetum, 
qui suppositus erat. Predixerat autem his Datames, 
cum quibus iter faciebat, ut parati essent facere, quod 
ipsum vidissent. Ipse, ut concurrentes insidiatores 
animadvertit, tela in eos conjecit. Hoc idem quum 
universi fecissent, priusquam pervenirent ad eum, quem 
aggredi volebant, confixi ceciderunt. 

X. Hic tamen tam callidus vir extremo tempore captus 
est Mithridatis, Ariobarzanis filii, dolo. Namque is 
pollicitus est regi, se eum interfecturum, si el rex per- 
mitteret, ut, quodcumque vellet, liceret impune facere, 
fidemque de ea re, more Persarum, dextra dedisset. 
Hanc ut accepit a rege missam, copias parat, et absens 
amicitiam cum Datame facit, regis provincias vexat, 
castella expugnat, magnas predas capit, quarum partem 
suis dispertit, partem ad Datamem mittit; pari modo 
complura castella ei tradit. Hee diu faciendo persuasit 
homini, se infinitum adversus regem suscepisse bellum, 
quum nihilo magis, ne quam suspicionem illi preberet 
insidiarum, neque colloquium ejus petivit, neque in con- 
spectum venire studuit. Sic absens amicitiam gerebat, 
ut non beneficiis mutuis, sed odio communi, quod erga 
regem susceperant, contineri viderentur. 


XV. . (Epaminondas.) 59 


XI. Id quum satis se confirmasse arbitratus est, cer- 
tiorem facit Datamem, tempus esse, majores exercitus 
parari, et bellum cum ipso rege suscipi; deque ea re, 
si ei videretur, quo loco vellet, in colloquium veniret. 
Probata re, colloquendi tempus sumitur, locusque, quo 
conveniretur. Huc Mithridates cum uno, cui maximam 
habebat fidem, ante aliquot dies venit, compluribusque 
locis separatim gladios obruit, eaque loca diligenter 
notat. Ipso autem colloquendi die utrique, locum qui 
explorarent, atque ipsos scrutarentur, mittunt. Deinde 
0 sunt congressi. Hic quum aliquamdiu in colloquio 
uissent, et diversi discessissent, jamque procul Datames 
abesset: Mithridates, priusquam ad suos perveniret, ne 
quam suspicionem pareret, in eumdem locum revertitur, 
atque ibi, ubi telum erat impositum, resedit, ut si [a] 
lassitudine cuperet acquiescere, Datamemque revocavit, 
simulans, se quiddam in colloquio esse oblitum.  Inte- 
rim telum, quod latebat, protulit nudatumque vagina 
veste texit, ac Datami venienti ait, digredientem se ani- 
madvertisse, locum quemdam, qui erat in conspectu, ad 
castra ponenda esse idoneum. Quem quum digito de- 
monstraret, et ille conspiceret, aversum ferro transfixit, 
priusque, quam quisquam posset succurrere, interfecit. 
Ita ille vir, qui multos consilio, neminem perfidia cepe- 
rat, simulata captus est amicitia. 7 





XV. EPAMINONDAS. 





I. Epaminondas, Polymni filius, Thebanus. De hoc 
priusquam scribamus, hc precipienda videntur lecto- 
ribus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant ; neve ea, que 
ipsis leviora sunt, pari modo apud ceteros fuisse arbi- 
trentur. Scimus enim, musicen nostris moribus abesse 
a principis persona; saltare vero etiam in vitiis poni: 
que omnia apud Grecos et grata, et laude digna du- 
cuntur. Quum autem exprimere imaginem consuetu- 
dinis atque vite velimus Epaminonde, nihil videmur 


2 


3 


4 


Xv 


60 XV. 2,3. (Epaminondas.) 


de' ere pretermittere, quod pertineat ad eam declaran- 
dem. Quare dicemus primum de genere ejus; deinde, 
‘,uibus disciplinis et a quibus sit eruditus; tum de mo- 
ribus ingeniique facultatibus, et si qua alia digna me- 
moria erunt; postremo de rebus gestis, que a plurimis 
omnium anteponuntur virtutibus. 

IJ. Natus igitur patre, quo diximus, honesto genere, 
pauper jam a majoribus relictus; eruditus autem sic, 
ut nemo Thebanus magis. Nam et citharizare, et can- 
tare ad chordarum sonum doctus est a Dionysio, qui 
non minore fuit in musicis gloria, quam Damon aut 
Lamprus, quorum pervulgata sunt nomina; [carmina] 
cantare tibiis ab Olympiodoro, saltare a Calliphrone. 
At philosophiz preceptorem habuit Lysim, Tarentinum, 
Pythagoreum: cui quidem sic fuit deditus, ut adoles- 


-cens tristem et severum senenr omnibus equalibus suis 


in familiaritate anteposuerit, neque prius eum a se di- 
miserit, quam in doctrinis tanto antecesserit condiscipulos, 
ut. facile intelligi posset, pari modo superaturum omnes 
in ceteris artibus. Atque hee ad nostram consuetudi- 
nem sunt levia, et potius contemnenda; at in Grecia 
utique olim magne laudi erant. Postquam ephebus 
factus est, et palestree dare operam ceoepit, non tam 
magnitudini virium servivit, quam velocitati. Illam 
enim ad athletarum usum, hance ad belli existimabat 
utilitatem pertinere. [taque exercebatur plurimum ~ 
currendo et luctando ad eum finem, quoad stans com- 
plecti posset atque contendere. In armis plurimum 
studii consumebat. 

III. Ad hane corporis firmitatem plurima etiam animi 
bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, prudens, gravis, 
temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis manu, 
animo maximo ; adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco qui- 
dem mentiretur. Idem continens, clemens, patiensque 
admirandum in modum, non solum populi, sed etiam 
amicorum ferens injurias; inprimisque commissa ce- 
lans: quod interdum non minus prodest, quam diserte 
dicere ; studiosus audiendi: ex hoe enim facillime disci 
arbitrabatur. Itaque quum in circulum venisset, in 
quo aut de republica disputaretur, aut de philosophia 
sermo haberetur, numquam inde prius discessit, quam 
ad finem sermo esset adductus. Paupertatem adeo fa- 


XV. 4. (Epaminondas.) 61 


cile perpessus est, ut de republica nihil preter gloriam 
ceperit. Amicorum in se tuendo caruit facultatibus ; 
fide ad alios sublevandos szpe sic usus est, ut possit ju- 
dicari, omnia ei cum amicis fuisse communia. Nam 
quum aut civium suorum aliquis ab hostibus esset cap- 
tus, aut virgo amici nubilis propter paupertatem collo- 
cari non posset, amicorum concilium habebat, et, quan- 
tum quisque daret, pro facultatibus imperabat. Eam- 
que summam quum fecerat, priusquam acciperet pecu- 
niam, adducebat eum, qui querebat, ad eos, qui con- 
ferebant, eique ut ipsi numerarent, faciebat; ut ille, 
ad quem ea res perveniebat, sciret, quantum cuique 
deberet. 

IV..Tentata autem ejus est abstinentia a Diomedonte, 
Cyziceno. Namque is rogatu Artaxerxis Epaminondam 
pecunia corrumpendum susceperat. Hic magno cum 
pondere auri Thebas venit, et Micythum adolescentulum 
quingue talentis ad suam perduxit voluntatem, quem 
tum Epaminondas plurimum diligebat. Micythus Epa- 
minondam convenit, et causam adventus Diomedontis 
ostendit. At ille Diomedonte coram, JVihi/, inquit, opus 
pecunia est. Nam si ea rex vull, que Thebanis sint 
utilia, gratis facere sum paratus ; sin autem contraria, 
non habet auri atque argenti satis. Namque orbis terra- 
rum divitias accipere nolo pro patria caritate. Tu quod 
me incognitum tentasti, tuique similem existimasti, non 
miror, tibique ignosco; sed egredere propere, ne alios 
corrumpas, quum me non potueris. Tu, Micythe, argen- 
tum huic redde ; nisi id confestim facis, ego te tradam 
magistratui. Hune Diomedon quum rogaret, ut tuto 
exire, suaque, que attulisset, liceret efferre: Istud qui- 
dem, inquit, faciam ; neque tua causa, sed mea, ne, si ti- 
bi sit pecunia adempta, aliquis dicat, id ad me ereptum per- 
venisse, quod delatum accipere noluissem. A quo quum 
quesisset, quo se deduci vellet, et ille, Athenas, dixisset ; 
presidium dedit, ut [eo] tuto perveniret. Neque vero 
id satis habuit, sed etiam, ut inviolatus in navem ascen- 
deret, per Chabriam Atheniensem, de quo supra men- 
tionem fecimus, effecit. Abstinentiz erit hoc satis tes- 
timonium. Plurima quidem proferre possemus; sed 
modus adhibendus est, quoniam uno hoc volumine vitam 
excellentium virorum complurium concludere constitui- 


62 XV. 5,6. (Epaminondas.) 


mus, quorum separatim multis millibus versuum com- 
plures scriptores ante nos explicarunt. 

V. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo ei Thebanus par es- 
set eloquentia: neque minus concinnus in brevitate re- 
spondendi, quam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Habuit 
obtrectatorem Meneclidam quemdam, indidem Thebis, 
et adversarium in administranda republica, satis exerci- 
tatum in dicendo, ut Thebanum scilicet. Namque illi 
genti plus inest virium, quam ingenii. Is, quod in re 
militari florere Epaminondam videbat, hortari solebat 
Thebanos, ut pacem bello anteferrent, ne illius impera- 
toris opera desideraretur. Huic ille, Fad/is, inquit, ver- 
bo cives tuos, quod hos a bello avocas : otii enim nomine 
servitutem concilias. Nam paritur pax bello.  Itaque 
qui ea diutina volunt frui, bello exercitati esse debent. 
Quare si principes Gracie esse vultis, castris est vobis 
utendum, non palestra. Idem ille Meneclidas quum 
huic objiceret, quod liberos non haberet, neque uxorem 
duxisset ; maximeque insolentiam, quod sibi Agamem- 
nonis belli gloriam videretur consecutus: at, ille, desine, 
inquit, Meneclida, de uxore mihi exprobrare : nam nullius 
in ista re minus uti consilio volo. | (Habebat enim Mene- 
clidas suspicionem adulterii.) uod autem me Ag- 
amemnonem @mulari putas, falleris. Namque ille cum 
universa Gracia vix decem annis unam cepit urbem ; ego 
contra ex una urbe nostra dieque uno totam Greciam, 
‘Lacedemoniis fugatis, liberavi. 

VI. Idem quum in conventum venisset Arcadum, 
petens, ut societatem cum Thebanis et Argivis facerent : 
contraque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui elo- 
quentia omnes eo prestabat tempore, postularet, ut po- 
tius amicitiam sequerentur Atticorum, et in oratione 
sua multa invectus esset in Thebanos et Argivos, in 
eisque hoc posuisset; animadvertere debere Arcadas, 
quales utraque civitas cives procreasset, ex quibus de 
ceteris possent judicare: Argivos enim fuisse Orestem 
et Alcmzonem, matricidas; Thebis Gidipum natum, 
qui, quum patrem suum interfecisset, ex matre liberos 
procreasset: hic in respondendo Epaminondas, quum de 
ceteris perorasset, postquam ad illa duo opprobria per- 
venit, admirari se dixit stultitiam rhetoris Attici, qui 
non animadverterit, innocentes illos natos; domi scelere 


XV. 7, 8. (Epaminondas.) 63 


admisso, quum patria essent expulsi, receptos esse ab 
Atheniensibus. Sed maxime ejus eloquentia eluxit 
Sparte, legati ante pugnam Leuctricam. Quo quum 
omnium sociorum convenissent legati, coram frequentis- 
simo legationum conventu sic Lacedemoniorum tyran- 
nidem coarguit, ut non minus illa oratione opes eorum 
concusserit, quam Leuctrica pugna.. Tum enim per- 
fecit, quod post apparuit, ut auxilio sociorum Lacede- 
monii privarentur. 

VII. Fuisse patientem suorumque injurias ferentem 
civium, quod se patriz irasci nefas esse duceret, hec 
sunt testimonia. Quum eum propter invidiam cives 
preeficere exercitui noluissent, duxque esset delectus 
belli imperitus, cujus errore eo esset deducta res [mili- 
tum], ut omnes de salute pertimescerent, quod locorum 
angustiis clausi ab hostibus obsidebantur: desiderari 
ceepta est Epaminonde diligentia. Erat enim ibi pri- 
vatus numero militis. A quo quum peterent opem, 
nullam adhibuit memoriam contumelie, et exercitum, 
obsidione liberatum, domum reduxit incolumem. Neque 
vero hoc semel fecit, sed sepius. Maxime autem fuit 
illustre, qaum in Peloponnesum exercitum duxisset ad- 
versus Lacedzmonios, haberetque collegas duos, quorum 
alter erat Pelopidas, vir fortis ac strenuus. Hic quum 
criminibus adversariorum omnes in invidiam venissent, 
ob eamque rem imperium his esset abrogatum, atque in 
eorum locum alii pretores successissent: Epaminondas 
populiscito non paruit, idemque ut facerent, persuasit 
collegis, et bellum, quod susceperat, gessit. Namque 
animadvertebat, nisi id fecisset, totum exercitum propter 
preetorum imprudentiam inscientiamque belli periturum. 
Lex erat Thebis, que morte multabat, si quis imperium 
diutius retinuisset, quam lege preefinitum foret. Hance 
Epaminondas quum reipublice conservande causa latam 
videret, ad perniciem civitatis conferre noluit ; et qua- 
tuor mensibus diutius, quam populus jusserat, gessit 
imperium. , 

VIII. Postquam domum reditum est, college ejus 
hoe crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille permisit, ut 
omnem causam in se transferrent, suaque opera factum 
contenderent, ut legi non obedirent. Qua defensione 
illis periculo liberatis, nemo Epaminondam responsurum 


2 


64 XV. 9, 10. (Epaminondas.) | 


putabat, quod, quid diceret, non haberet. At ille in ju- 
dicium venit: nihil eorum negavit, que adversarii cri- 
mini dabant, omniaque, que college dixerant, confessus 
est, neque recusavil, quo minus legis poenam subiret ; 
sed unum ab iis petivit, ut in periculo suo inscriberent: 
Epaminondas a Thebanis morte multatus est, quod eos 
coégit apud Leuctra superare Lacedemonios, quos ante se 
imperatorem nemo Beotiorum ausus fuit adspicere in 
acie ; quodque uno prelio non solum Thebas ab interitu 
retraxit, sed etiam universam Greciam in libertatem vin- 
dicavit, eoque res utrorumque perduxit, ut Thebani Spar- 
tam oppugnarent, Lacedemonii satis haberent, si salvi 
esse possent ; neque prius bellare destitit, quam Messena 
constituta urbem eorum obsidione clausit. Hee quum 
dixisset, risus omnium cum hilaritate coortus est: neque 
quisquam judex ausus est de eo ferre suffragium. Sic 
a judicio capitis maxima discessit gloria. 

IX. Hie extremo tempore imperator apud Mantineam 
quum acie instructa audacius instaret hostes, cognitus a 
Lacedzmoniis, quod in unius pernicie ejus patriz sitam 
putabant salutem, universi in unum impetum fecerunt, 
neque prius abscesserunt, quam magna cede [facta 
multisque occisis] fortissime ipsum Epaminondam pug- 
nantem, sparo eminus percussum, coneidere viderunt. 
Hujus casu aliquantiim retardati sunt Beeotii; neque 
tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repugnantes pro- 
fligarunt. At Epaminondas quum animadverteret, mor-— 
tiferum se vulnus accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod 
ex hastili in corpore remanserat, extraxisset, animam 
statim emissurum: usque eo yetinuit, quoad renuntiatum 
est, vicisse Beeotios. Id postquam audivit; satis, inquit, 
vixi : invictus enim morior. ‘Tum ferro extracto con- 
festim exanimatus est. 

X. Hic uxorem numquam duxit. In quo quum re- 
prehenderetur, quod liberos non relinqueret, a Pelopida, 
qui filium habebat infamem, maleque eum in eo patrize 
consulere diceret: vide, inquit, ne tu pejus consulas, qua 
talem ex te natum relicturus sis. Neque vero stirps mihe 
potest deesse. Namque ex me natam relinqguo pugnam 
Leuctricam, que non modo mihi superstes, sed etiam im- 
mortalis sit necesse est. Quo tempore, duce Pelopida, 
exsules Thebas occuparunt, et presidium Lacedemoni- 


XVI. 1. (Pelopidas.) 65 


orum ex arce expulerunt, Epaminondas, quamdiu facta 
est cedes civium, domo se tenuit: quod neque malos 
defendere volebat, neque impugnare, ne manus suorum 
_ sanguine cruentaret. Namque omnem civilem victori- 
am funestam putabat. Idem, postquam apud Cadmeam 
cum Lacedemoniis pugnari cceptum est, in primis stetit. 
Hujus de virtutibus vitaque satis erit dictum, si hoc 4 
unum adjunxero, quod nemo eat infitias, Thebas et ante 
Epaminondam natum, et post ejus interitum, perpetuo 
alieno paruisse imperio; contra ea, quamdiu ille pre- 
fuerit reipublice, caput fuisse totius Grecie. Ex quo 
 intelligi potest, unum hominem pluris, quam civitatem, 
_ fuisse. 





XVI. PELOPIDAS. 





I. Pelopidas, Thebanus, magis historicis, quam vulgo, 1 
notus. Cujus de virtutibus dubito quemadmodum ex- 
ponam, quod vereor, ne, si res explicare incipiam, non 
vitam ejus enarrare, sed historiam videar scribere ; si 
tantummodo summas attigero, ne rudibus litterarum 
Grecarum minus lucide appareat, quantus fuerit ille 
vir. Itaque utrique rei occurram, quantum potero, et 
medebor quum satietati, tum ignorantia lectorum. Phoe- 2 
bidas, Lacedzemonius, quum exercitum Olynthum du-- 
ceret, iterque per Thebas faceret, arcem oppidi, que 
Cadmea nominatur, occupavit impulsu perpaucorum 
Thebanorum, qui, adversarie factioni quo facilius re- 
sisterent, Laconum rebus studebant: idque suo privato, 
non publico, fecit consilio. Quo facto eum Lacedemo- 3 
nii ab exercitu removerunt pecuniaque multarunt: ne- 
que eo magis arcem Thebanis reddiderunt, quod sus- 
ceptis inimicitiis satius ducebant eos obsideri, quam li- 
berari. Nam post Peloponnesium bellum Athenasque 
devictas cum Thebanis sibi rem esse existimabant, et 
eos esse solos, qui adversus. resistere auderent. Hac 4 
mente amicis suis summas potestates dederant, alterius- 

6* 


66 XVI. 2,3. (Pelopidas.) 


que factionis principes partim interfecerant, alios in ex- 
silium ejecerant: in quibus Pelopidas hic, de quo scri- 
bere exorsi sumus, pulsus patria carebat. | 

II. Hi omnes fere Athenas se contulerant, non, quo — 
sequerentur otium, sed ut, quemque ex proximo locym 
fors obtulisset, eo patriam recuperare niterentur. Itaque 
quum tempus est visum rei gerende, communiter cum 
his, qui Thebis idem sentiebant, diem delegerunt ad 
inimicos opprimendos civitatemque liberandam eum, 
quo maximi magistratus simul consueverant epulari. 
Magne seepe res non ita magnis copiis sunt geste; sed 
profecto numquam ab tam tenui initio tante opes sunt — 
profligate. Nam duodecim adolescentuli coierunt ex 
his, qui exsilio erant multati, qaum omnino non essent 
amplius centum, qui tanto se offerrent periculo. Qua 
paucitate perculsa est Lacedemoniorum potentia. Hi 
enim non magis adversariorum factioni, quam Sparta- 
nis, eo tempore bellum intulerunt, qui principes erant 
totius Greeciz; quorum imperii majestas, neque ita 
multo post, Leuctrica pugna, ab hoc initio perculsa, 
concidit. Illi igitur duodecim, quorum erat dux Pelo- 
pidas, quum Athenis interdiu exissent, ut vesperascente 
ceelo Thebas possent pervenire, cum canibus venaticis 
exierunt, retia ferentes, vestitu agresti, quo minore sus- 
picione facerent iter. Qui quum tempore ipso, quo 
studuerant, pervenissent, domum Charonis devenerunt, 
a quo et tempus et dies erat datus. 

III. Hoc loco libet interponere, etsi sejunctum ab re 
proposita est, nimia fiducia quante calamitati soleat 
esse. Nam magistratuum Thebanorum statim ad aures 
pervenit, exsules in urbem devenisse. Id illi, vino epu- 
lisque dediti, usque eo despexerunt, ut ne querere qui- 
dem de tanta re laborarint. Accessit etiam, quod magis 
aperiret eorum dementiam. Allata est enim epistola 
Athenis ab Archia, [hierophante,] uni ex his, Archiz, 
qui tum maximum magistratum Thebis obtinebat, in 
qua omnia de profectione exsulum perscripta erant. 
Que quum jam accubanti in convivio esset data, sicut 
erat signata, sub pulvinum subjiciens, in crastinum, in- 
quit, differo res severas. At illi omnes, quum jam nox 
processisset, vinolenti ab exsulibus, duce Pelopida, sunt 
interfecti. Quibus rebus confectis, vulgo ad arma li- 


XVI. 4,5. (Pelopidas.) 87 


bertatemque vocato, non solum qui in urbe erant, sed 
etiam undique ex agris concurrerunt, presidium Lace. 
dzmoniorum ex arce pepulerunt, patriam obsidione li- 
beraverunt, auctores Cadmez occupande partim occi- 
derunt, partim in exsilium ejecerunt. 

IV. Hoc tam turbido tempore, sicut supra docuimus, 
Epaminondas, quoad cum civibus dimicatum est, domi 
quietus fuit. Itaque hec liberandarum Thebarum pro- 
pria laus est Pelopide: ceteree fere omnes communes 
cum Epaminonda. Namque Leuctrica pugna, impera- 
tore Epaminonda, hic fuit dux delectee manus, que pri- 
ma phalangem prostravit Laconum. Omnibus preterea 
periculis affuit. Sicut Spartam quum oppugnavit, alte- 
rum tenuit cornu: quoque Messena celerius restituere- 
tur, legatus in Persas est profectus. Denique hee fuit 
altera persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda ita, ut proxi- 
ma esset Epaminonde. 

V. Conflictatus autem est cum adversa fortuna. Nam 
et initio, sicut ostendimus, exsul patria caruit, et, qauum 
Thessaliam in potestatem Thebanorum cuperet redigere, 
legationisque jure satis tectum se arbitraretur, quod 
apud omnes gentes sanctum esse consuesset, a tyranno 
Alexandro Pherzeqsimul cum Ismenia comprehensus in 
vincula conjectus est. Hunc Epaminondas recuperavit, 
bello persequens Alexandrum. Post id factum num- 
quam is animo placari potuit in eum, a quo erat viola- 
tus. . Itaque persuasit Thebanis, ut subsidio Thessalize 

roficiscerentur, tyrannosque ejus expellerent. Cujus 

Ili quum ei summa esset data, eoque cum exercitu 
profectus esset, non dubitavit, simul ac conspexit hostem, 
confligere. In quo preelio Alexandrum ut animadvertit, 
incensus ira equum in eum concitavit, proculque de- 
gressus a suis conjectu telorum confossus concidit. At- 
que hoc secunda victoria accidit: nam jam inclinate 
erant tyrannorum copie. Quo facto omnes Thessalize 
civitates interfectum Pelopidam coronis aureis et statuis 
eeneis, liberosque ejus multo agro donarunt. 


1 


68 XVIL 1,2. \(Agesilaus.) 


XVII. AGESILAUS. 





I. Agesilaus, Lacedemonius, quum a ceteris scripto. 
ribus, tum eximie a Xenophonte Socratico collaudatus 
est: eo enim usus est familiarissime. Hie primum de 


- regno cum Leotychide, fratris filio, habuit contentio- 


nem. Mos est enim a majoribus Lacedzmoniis traditus, 
ut duos haberent semper reges, nomine magis, quam 
imperio, ex duabus familiis Procli et Eurysthenis, qui 
principes ex progenie Herculis Sparte reges fuerunt. 
Harum ex altera in alterius familie locum fieri non li- 
cebat. Itaque utraque suum retinebat ordinem. Pri- 
mum ratio habebatur, qui maximus natu esset ex liberis 
ejus qui regnans decessisset. Sin is virilem sexum non 
reliquisset, tum deligebatur, qui proximus esset propin- 
quitate. Mortuus erat Agis rex, frater Agesilai. Fi- 
lium reliquerat Leotychidem, quem ille natum non 
agnorat, eumdem moriens suum egse dixerat. Is de 
honore regni cum Agesilao, suo patruo, contendit: ne- 
que id, quod petivit, consecutus est. Nam Lysandro 
suffragante, homine, ut ostendimus supra, factioso et 
his temporibus potente, Agesilaus antelatus est. 

II. Hic simulatque imperii potitus est, persuasit La- 
cedzemoniis, ut exercitum emitterent in Asiam, bel- 
lumque regi facerent: docens, satius esse in Asia, quam 
in Europa dimicari. Namque fama exierat, Artaxerx- 
em comparare classes pedestresque exercitus, quos in 
Greciam mitteret. Data potestate, tanta celeritate usus 
est, ut prius in Asiam cum copiis pervenerit, quam regii 
satrape eum scirent profectum. Quo factum est, ut 
omnes imparatos imprudentesque offenderet. Id ut 
cognovit Tissaphernes, qui summum imperium tum in- 
ter preefectos habebat regios, inducias a Lacone petivit, 
simulans, se dare operam, ut Lacedsmoniis cum rege 
conveniret; re autem vera ad copias comparandas: 
easque impetravit trimestres. Juravit autem uterque, 
se sine dolo inducias conservaturum. In qua pactione 


XVII. 3,4. (Agestlaus.) 69 


summa fide mansit Agesilaus; contra ea Tissaphernes 
nihil aliud, quam bellum comparavit. Id etsi sentiebat 
Laco, tamen jusjurandum servabat, multumque in eo 
se consequi dicebat, quod Tissaphernes perjurio suo et 
homines suis rebus abalienaret, et deos sibi iratos red- 
deret ; se autem conservata religione confirmare. exer- 
citum, quum animadverteret, deorum numen facere se- 
cum, hominesque sibi conciliari amiciores, quod his 
studere consuessent, quos conservare fidem viderent. 
III. Postquam induciarum preteriit dies, barbarus, 
non dubitans, quod ipsius erant-plurima domicilia in 
Caria, et ea regio his temporibus multo putabatur locu- 
pletissima, eo potissimum hostes impetum facturos, om- 
nes suas copias eo contraxerat. At Agesilaus in Phry- 
sa se convertit, eamque prius depopulatus est, quam 
issaphernes usquam se moveret. Magna prada mili- 
tibus locupletatis, Ephesum hiematum exercitum re- 
duxit, atque ibi officinis armorum institutis, magna in- 
dustria bellum apparavit. Et quo studiosius armarentur 
insigniusque ornarentur, preemia proposuit, quibus do- 
narentur, quorum egregia in ea re fuisset industria. 
Fecit idem in exercitationum generibus, ut, qui ceteris 
preestitissent, eos magnis afficeret muneribus. His igi- 
tur rebus effecit, ut et ornatissimum et exercitatissimum 
haberet exercitum. Huic quum tempus esset visum, 
copias extrahere ex hibernaculis, vidit, si, quo esset iter 
facturus, palam pronuntiasset, hostes non credituros, 
aliasque regiones presidiis occupaturos, nec dubitaturos, 
aliud esse facturum, ac pronuntiasset. Itaque quum 
ille Sardeis iturum se dixisset, Tissaphernes eamdem 
Cariam defendendam putayit. In quo quum eum opinio 
fefellisset, victumque se vidisset consilio ; sero suis pre- 
sidio profectus est. Nam quum illo venisset, jam Age- 
silaus, multis locis expugnatis, magna erat preeda_poti- 
tus. Laco autem, quum videret, hostes equitatu supe- 
rare, numquam in campo sui fecit potestatam, et his 
locis manum conseruit, quibus plus pedestres copie va- 
lerent. Pepulit ergo, quotiescumque congressus est, 
multo majores adversariorum copias, et sic in Asia 
versatus est, ut omnium opinione victor duceretur. | 
IV. Hic quum jam animo meditaretur proficisci in 
Persas, et ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit 


5 


to 


70 XVII. 5. (Agestlaus.) 


ephorum missu, bellum Athenienses et Boeotios indixisse 
2 Lacedemoniis: quare venire ne dubitaret. In hoe non 
minus ejus pietas suspicienda est, quam virtus bellica: 
qui, quum victori preesset exercitui maximamque ha- 
beret fiduciam regni Persarum potiundi, tanta modestia 
dicto audiens fuit jussis absentium magistratuum, ut si 
privatus in comitio esset Spartee. Cujus exemplum uti- 
nam imperatores nostri sequi voluissent! Sed illuc re- 
3 deamus. Agesilaus opulentissimo regno preposuit bo- 
nam existimationem, multoque gloriosius duxit, si insti- 
tutis patriee paruisset, quam si bello superasset Asiam. 
4 Hac igitur mente Hellespontum copias trajecit, tantaque 
usus est celeritate, ut, quod iter Xerxes anno vertente 
5 confecerat, hic transierit triginta diebus. Quum jam 
haud ita longe abesset a Peloponneso, obsistere ei conati 
sunt Athenienses et Beotii, ceterique eorum socii, apud 
6 Coroneam: quos omnes gravi preelio vicit. Hujus vie- 
toric vel maxima fuit laus, quod, quum plerique ex fuga 
se in templum Minerve conjecissent, queerereturque ab 
eo, quid his fieri vellet, etsi aliquot vulnera acceperat 
eo preelio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui adversus 
arma tulerant, tamen antetulit ire religionem, et eos 
7 vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Grecia fecit, 
ut templa deorum sancta haberet ; sed etiam apud bar- 
baros summa religione omnia simulacra arasque con- 
8 servavit. Itaque predicabat, mirari se, non sacrilego- 
rum numero haberi, qui supplicibus eorum nocuissent ; 
aut non gravioribus peenis affici qui religionem minue- 
rent, quam qui fana spoliarent. 
1 Vz. Post hoc preelium collatum est omne bellum cirea 
2 Corinthum, ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hic 
quum una pugna decem millia hostium, Agesilao duce, 
cecidissent, eoque facto opes adversariorum debilitatee 
viderentur : tantum abfuit ab insolentia gloriz, ut com- 
miseratus sit fortunam Greciz, quod tam multi a se 
Victi vitio adversariorum concidissent: namque illa 
multitudine, si sana mens esset, Greecize supplicium 
3 Persas dare potuisse. Idem quum adversarios intra 
mcenia compulisset, et, ut Corinthum oppugnaret, multi 
hortarentur, negavit, id suze virtuti convenire: se enim 
eum esse dixit, qui ad officium peccantes redire cogeret, 
4 non, qui urbes nobilissimas expugnaret Grecie. Nam 


: 


XVII. 6,7,8. (Agesilaus.) 71 


2, inquit, eos exstinguere voluerimus, qui nobiscum ad- 
versus barbaros steterunt, nosmetipsi nos expugnaverimus, 
illis quiescentibus. Quo facto sine negotio, quum volue- 
rint, nos oppriment. 

VI. Interim accidit illa calamitas apud Leuctra La- 
cedemoniis: quo ne proficisceretur, quum a plerisque 
ad exeundum premeretur, ut si de exitu divinaret, exire 
noluit. Idem, quum Epaminondas Spartam oppugnaret, 
essetque sine muris oppidum, talem se imperatorem 
preebuit, ut eo tempore omnibus apparuerit, nisi ille 
fuisset, Spartam futuram non fuisse. In quo quidem 
discrimine celeritas ejus consilii saluti fuit universis. 
Nam quum quidam adolescentuli, hostium adventu per- 
territi, ad Thebanos transfugere vellent, et locum extra 
urbem editum cepissent ; Agesilaus, qui perniciosissi- 
mum fore videret, si animadversum esset, quemquam 
ad hostes transfugere conari, cum suis eo venit, atque, 
ut si bono animo fecissent, laudavit consilium eorum, 
quod eum locum occupassent, et se id quoque fieri de- 
bere animadvertisse. Sic adolescentulos simulata lau- 
datione recuperavit, et adjunctis de suis comitibus locum 
tutum reliquit. Namque illi, aucto numero eorum, qui 
expertes erant consilii, commovere se non sunt ausi, eo- 
que libentius, quod latere arbitrabantur, que cogitarant. 

VII. Sine dubio post Leuctricam pugnam leities 
monii se numquam refecerunt, neque pristinum imperi- 
um recuperarunt: quum interim Agesilaus non destitit, 
quibuscumque rebus posset, patriam juvare. Nam 
quum precipue Lacedzemonii indigerent pecunia, ille 
omnibus, qui a rege defecerant, presidio fuit: a quibus 
magna donatus pecunia patriam sublevavit. Atque in 
hoe illud inprimis fuit admirabile, qaum maxima. mune- 
ra ei ab regibus, et dynastis, civitatibusque conferrentur, 
quod nihil umquam [in] domum suam contulit, nihil de 
victu, nihil de vestitu Laconum mutavit. Domo eadem 
fuit contentus, qua Eurysthenes, progenitor majorum 
suorum, fuerat usus: quam qui intrarat, nullum signum 
libidinis, nullum luxuriz videre poterat ; contra ea plu- 
rima patientize atque abstinentie. Sic enim erat in- 
structa, ut nulla in re differret cujusvis inopis atque 
privati. 

VII. Atque hic tantus vir, ut naturam fautricem 


1 


72 XVIII. 1. (Humenes.) 


habuerat in tribuendis animi virtutibus, sic maleficam 
nactus est in corpore fingendo. Nam et statura fuit 
humili, et corpore exiguo, et claudus altero pede. Quee 
res etiam nonnullam afferebat deformitatem: atque ig- 
noti, faciem ejus quum intuerentur, contemnebant ; qui 
autem virtutes noverant, non poterant admirari satis. 
Quod ei usu venit, quum annorum octoginta subsidio 
Tacho in Aigyptum iisset, et in acta cum suis accubuis- 
set sine ullo tecto; stratumque haberet tale, ut terra 
tecta esset stramentis, neque huc amplius, quam pellis 
esset injecta; eodemque comites omnes accubuissent 
vestitu humili atque obsoleto, ut eorum ornatus non — 
modo in his regem neminem significaret, sed hominis 
non beatissimi suspicionem preberet. Hujus de adventu 
fama quum ad regios esset perlata, celeriter munera eo 
cujusque generis sunt allata. His querentibus Agesi- 
laum vix fides facta est, unum esse ex his, qui tum.ac- 
cubabant. Qui quum regis verbis, que attulerant, de- 
dissent, ille praeter vitulina et hujusmodi genera opsonii, 
quee presens tempus desiderabat, nihil accepit; un- 
guenta, coronas, secundamque mensam servis dispertiit ; 
cetera referri jussit. Quo facto eum barbari magis 
etiam contemserunt, quod eum ignorantia bonarum re- 
rum illa potissimum sumpsisse arbitrabantur. Hic quum 
ex AXgypto reverteretur, donatus a rege Nectanabide 
ducentis viginti talentis, que ille muneri populo suo 
daret, venissetque in portum, qui Menelai vocatur, ja- 
cens inter Cyrenas et ASgyptum, in morbum implicitus 
decessit. Ibi eum amici, quo Spartam facilius perferre 
possent, quod mel non habebant, cera circumfuderunt, 
atque ita domum retulerunt.: 





XVIII. EUMENES. 





1. Eumenes, Cardianus. Hujus si virtuti par data 
esset fortuna, non ille quidem major, sed multo illustrior 
atque etiam honoratior :. quod magnos homines virtut> 


XVIII. 2. (Humenes.) 73 


metimur, non fortuna. Nam quum etas ejus incidisset 2 
in ea tempora, quibus Macedones florerent, multum ei 
detraxit inter hos viventi, quod aliene erat civitatis ; 
neque aliud huic defuit; quam generosa stirps. Etsi 3 
ille domestico summo genere erat: tamen Macedones 
eum sibi aliquando: anteponi indigne ferebant; neque 
tamen non patiebantur. Vincebat.enim omnes cura, 
vigilantia, patientia, calliditate et celeritate ingenii. Hic 4 
peradolescentulus ad amicitiam accessit Philippi, Amyn- 
te filii, brevique tempore in intimam pervenit familiari- 
tatem. Fulgebat enim jam in adolescentulo indoles 
virtutis, Itaque eum habuit ad manum scribe loco: 5 
quod multo apud Graios honorificentius est, quam apud 
Romanos. Nam apud nos, revera sicut sunt, mercena- 
rii scribes existimantur ; at apud illos e contrario nemo 
ad id officium admittitur, nisi honesto loco, et fide et in- 
dustria cognita: quod necesse est omnium consiliorum 
eum esse participem. Hunc locum tenuit amicitie apud 6 
Philippum annos septem. [Illo interfecto, eodem gradu 
fuit apud Alexandrum annos tredecim. Novissimo 
tempore preefuit etiam alterzee equitum ale, que Hete- 
rice appellabatur. Utrique autem in consilio semper 
affuit, et omnium rerum habitus est particeps. 

If. Alexandro Babylone mortuo, quum regna singulis 1 
familiaribus dispertirentur, et summa rerum tradita es- 
set tuenda eidem, cui Alexander moriens annulum suum 
dederat, Perdiccze: ex quo omnes conjecerant, eum 2 
regnum ei commendasse, quoad liberi ejus in suam tu- 
telam pervenissent : (aberant enim Craterus et Antipater, 
gui antecedere hunc videbantur: mortuus erat Hephes- 
tio, quem unum Alexander, quod facile intelligi posset, 
plurimi fecerat ;) hoc tempore data est Eumeni Cappa- 
docia, sive potius dicta. Nam tum in hostium erat po- 
testate. Hunc sibi Perdiccas adjunxerat magno studio, 3 
quod in homine fidem et industriam magnam videbat: 
non dubitans, si eum pellexisset, magno usui fore sibi 
in his rebus, quas apparabat. Cogitabat enim, quod fere 
omnes in magnis imperiis concupiscunt, omnium partes 
corripere atque complecti. Neque vero hoc ille solus 4 
fecit, sed ceteri quoque omnes, qui Alexandri fuerant 
amici. Primus Leonnatus Macedoniam preoccupare 
destinaverat. Hic multis magnisque pollicitationibus 

7 


ae XVIII... 3,4. (Humenes.) 


persuadere Eumeni studuit, ut Perdiccam desereret, ac 

5 secum faceret societatem. Quum perducere eum non 
posset, interficere conatus est; et fecisset, nisi ille clam 
noctu ex presidiis ejus effugisset. 

1 III. Interim conflata sunt illa bella, que ad interne- 
‘cionem post Alexandri mortem gesta sunt, omnmesque 
concurrerunt ad Perdiccam opprimendum. Quem etsi 
infirmum videbat, quod unus omnibus resistere cogeba- 
tur, tamen amicum non deseruit, neque salutis, quam 

« fidei, fuit cupidior. Prefecerat eum Perdiccas ei parti 
Asie, que inter Taurum montem jacet atque Helles- 
pontum, et illum unum opposuerat Europeis adversa- 
riis; ipse Augyptum oppugnatum adversus Ptolemzeum 

3 erat profectus. Humenes quum neque magnas copias, 
neque firmas haberet, quod et inexercitate, et non multo 
ante erant contracte; adventare autem dicerentur Hel- 
lespontumque transisse Antipater et Craterus magno 
cum exercitu Macedonum, viri quum claritate, tum-usu 

4 belli praestantes: (Macedones vero milites ea tune erant 
fama, qua nunc Romani feruntur: etenim semper habiti 
sunt fortissimi, qui summam imperii potirentur:) Hu- 
menes intelligebat, si copie sue cognossent, adversus 
quos ducerentur, non modo non ituras, sed simul cum 

5 nuntio dilapsuras. Itaque hoc ejus fuit prudentissimum 
consilium, ut deviis itineribus milites duceret, in quibus 
vera audire non possent, et his persuaderet, se contra 

6 quosdam barbaros proficisci. Itaque tenuit hoe propo- 
situm, et prius in aciem exercitum eduxit preliumque 
commisit, quam milites sui scirent, cum quibus arma 
conferrent. Effecit etiam illud locorum preeoccupatione, 
ut equitatu potius dimicaret, quo plus valebat, quam 
peditatu, quo erat deterior. 

1 IV. Quorum acerrimo concursu quum magnam par- 
tem diei esset pugnatum, cadit Craterus dux, et Neopto- 
lemus, qui secundum locum imperii tenebat. Cum hoe 

2 concurrit ipse Eumenes. Qui qiium inter se complexi 
in terram ex equis decidissent, ut facile intelligi posset, 
inimica mente contendisse, animoque magis etiam pug- 
nasse, quam corpore, non prius distracti sunt, quam al- 
terum anima reliquerit. Ab hoc aliquot plagis Hume-— 
nes vulneratur, neque eo magis ex preelio excessit, sed 

3 acrius hostes institit. Hic equitibus profligatis, inter- 


XVII. 5. (Humenes.) 75 


fecto duce Cratero, multis preeterea et maxime nobilibus 
captis, pedester exercitus, quod in ea loca erat deductus, 
ut invito Eumene elabi non posset, pacem ab eo petiit. 
Quam quum impetrasset, in fide non mansit, et se, simul 
ac potuit, ad Antipatrum recepit. EZumenes Craterum, 
ex acie semivivum elatum, recreare studuit. Quum id 
non posset, pro hominis dignitate, proque pristina amici- 
tia (namque illo usus erat, Alexandro vivo, familiariter) 
amplo funere extulit, ossaque in Macedoniam uxori ejus 
ac liberis remisit. 

‘V. Hee dum apud Hellespontum geruntur, Perdiccas 
apud flumen Nilum interficitur a Seleuco et Antigono ; 
rerumque summa ad Antipatrum defertur. Hic, qui 
deseruerant, exercitu suffragium ferente, capitis absen- 
tes damnantur: in his Eumenes. Hac ille perculsus 
plaga non succubuit, neque eo secius bellum adminis- 
travit. Sed exiles res animi magnitudinem, etsi non 
franigebant, tamen minuebant. Hunc persequens An- 
tigonus, quum omni genere copiarum abundaret, seepe 
in itineribus vexabatur: neque umquam ad manum 
accedere licebat, nisi his locis, quibus pauci multis pos- 
sent resistere. Sed extremo tempore, quum consilio 
capi non posset, multitudine cireumventus est. Hine 
tamen, multis suis amissis, se expedivit, et in castellum 
Phrygiz, quod Nora appellatur, confugit. In quo quum 
circumsederetur, et vereretur, ne uno loco manens 
equos militares perderet, quod spatium non esset agitan- 
di: callidum fuit ejus inventum, quemadmodum stans 
jumentum concalefieri exercerique posset, quo libentius 
et cibo uteretur, et a corporis motu non removeretur. 
Substringebat caput loro altius quam ut prioribus pedi- 
bus plane terram posset attingere ; deinde post verberi- 
bus cogebat exsultare, et calces remittere. Qui motus 
non minus sudorem excutiebat, quam si in spatio decur- 
reret. Quo factum est, quod omnibus mirabile est visum, 
ut «que jumenta nitida ex castello educeret, quum 
complures menses in obsidione fuisset, ac si in campes- 
tribus ea locis habuisset. In hac conclusione, quoties- 
cumque voluit, apparatum et munitiones Antigoni alias 
incendit, alias disjecit. Tenuit autem se uno loco, 
quamdiu fuit hiems. Quod castrum subsidia habere 
non poterat, et ver appropinquabat, simulata deditione, 


7 


76 XVIII. 6,7, 8. (Humenes.) 


dum de conditionibus tractat, preefectis Antigoni impo. 
suit, seque ac suos omnes extraxit incolumes. 

VI. Ad hune Olympias, mater que fuerat Alexandri, 
quum litteras et nuntios misisset in Asiam, consultum, 
utrum repetitum Macedoniam veniret (nam tum in Epiro 
habitabat) et eas res occuparet: huic ille primum sua- 
sit, ne se moveret, et exspectaret, quoad Alexandri filius 
regnum adipisceretur ; sin aliqua cupiditate raperetur 
in Macedoniam, omnium injuriarum oblivisceretur, et 
in neminem acerbiore uteretur imperio. -Horum illa 
nihil fecit. Nam et in Macedoniam profecta est, et ibi 
crudelissime se gessit. Petiit autem ab Eumene absen- 
te, ne pateretur, Philippi domus et familiz inimicissimos 
stirpem quoque interimere, ferretque opem liberis Al- 
exandri. Quam veniam si daret, quam primum exer- 
citus pararet, quos sibi subsidio adduceret. Id quo fa- 
cilius faceret, se omnibus preefectis, qui in officio mane- 
bant, misisse litteras, ut ei parerent, ejusque consiliis 
uterentur. His rebus Eumenes permotus satius duxit, 
si ita tulisset fortuna, perire bene meritis referentem 
gratiam, quam ingratum vivere. 

VII. Itaque copias contraxit, bellum adversus Anti- 
gonum comparavit. ‘Quod una erant Macedones com- 
plures nobiles, in his Peucestes, qui corporis custos 
fuerat Alexandri, tum autem obtinebat Persidem, et 
Antigenes, cujus sub imperio phalanx erat Macedonum: 
invidiam verens, quam tamen effugere non potuit, si po- 
tius ipse alienigena summi imperii potiretur, quam alii 
Macedonum, quorum ibi erat multitudo, in principiis 
nomine Alexandri statuit tabernaculum, in eoque sellam 
auream cum sceptro ac diademate jussit poni, eoque 
omnes quotidie convenire, ut ibi de summis rebus con- 
silia caperentur; credens, minore se invidia fore, si 
specie imperii nominisque simulatione Alexandri bellum 
videretur administrare. Quod et fecit. Nam quum 
non ad Eumenis principia, sed ad regia conveniretur, 
atque ibi de.rebus deliberaretur, quodammodo latebat, 

uum tamen per eum unum gererentur omnia. 

VIII. Hic in Paretacis cum Antigono conflixit, non 
acie instructa, sed in itinere: eumque male acceptum 
in Mediam hiematum coégit redire. Ipse in finitima 
regione Persidis hiematum copias divisit, non ut voluit, 


XVIII 9. (Humenes.) 77 


sed ut militum cogebat voluntas. Namque illa phalanx 
Alexandri Magni, que Asiam peragrarat deviceratque 
Persas, inveterata quum gloria, tum etiam licentia, non 
parere se ducibus, sed imperare postulabat: ut nunc 
veterani faciunt nostri. Itaque periculum est, ne faci- 
ant, quod illi fecerunt sua intemperantia nimiaque li- 
centia, ut omnia perdant, neque minus eos, cum quibus 
steterint, quam adversus quos fecerint. Quod si quis 
illorum veteranorum legat facta, paria horum cognoscat, 
neque rem ullam, nisi tempus, interesse judicet. Sed 
ad illos revertar. Hiberna sumserant non ad usum 
belli, sed ad ipsorum luxuriam, longeque inter se dis- 
cesserant. Hoc Antigonus quum comperisset, intelli- 
geretque, se parem non esse paratis adversariis, statuit 
aliquid sibi consilii novi esse capiendum. Due erant 
vie, qua ex Medis, ubi ille hiemabat, ad adversariorum 
hibernacula posset perveniri. Quarum brevior per loca 
deserta, que nemo incolebat propter aque inopiam, ce- 
terum dierum erat fere decem; illa autem, qua omnes 
commeabant, altero tanto longiorem habebat anfractum, 
sed erat copiosa omniumque rerum abundans. Hac si 
proficisceretur, intelligebat, prius adversarios rescituros 
de suo adventu, quam ipse tertiam partem confecisset 
itineris ; sin per loca sola contenderet, sperabat, se im- 
prudentem hostem oppressurum. Ad hanc rem confi- 
ciendam imperavit quam plurimos utres atque etiam 
culleos comparari ; post hec pabulum ; preterea ciba- 
ria cocta dierum decem, utque quam minime fieret ignis 
in castris. Iter, quod habebat, omnes celat. Sic para- 
tus, qua constituerat, proficiscitur. 

IX. Dimidium fere spatium confecerat, quum ex 
fumo castrorum ejus suspicio allata est ad Eumenem, 
_hostem appropinquare. Conveniunt duces; queritur, 
quid opus sit facto. Intelligebant omnes, tam celeriter 
copias ipsorum contrahi non posse, quam Antigonus af- 
futurus videbatur. Hic omnibus titubantibus, et de re- 
bus summis desperantibus, Eumenes ait, si celeritatem 
velint adhibere, et imperata facere, quod’ ante non fece- 
rint, se rem expediturum. Nam quod diebus quinque 
hostis transisse posset, se effecturum, ut non minus toti- 
dem dierum spatio retardaretur: quare circumirent, 


2 


4 


7 


suasque quisque copias contraheret. Ad Antigoni au- 3 


7* 


78 XVII. 10, 11. (Eumenes.) 


tem refrenandum impetum tale capit consilium. Certos 
mittit homines ad infimos montes, qui obvii efant itineri 
adversariorum, hisque precepit, ut prima nocte, quam 
latissime possint, ignes faciant quam maximos, atque 
hos secunda vigilia minuant, tertia perexiguos reddant: 
et assimulata castrorum consuetudine suspicionem inji- 
ciant hostibus, his locis esse castra, ac de eorum adventu 
esse preenuntiatum; idemque postera nocie faciant. 
Quibus imperatum erat, diligenter preceptum curant. 
Antigonus, tenebris obortis, ignes conspicatur: eredit, 
de suo adventu esse auditum, et adversarios illue suas 
contraxisse copias. Mutat consilium, et, quoniam im- 
prudentes adoriri non posset, flectit iter suum, et illum 
anfractum longiorem copiose vie capit, ibique diem 
unum opperitur ad lassitudinem sedandam militum ac 
reficienda jumenta, quo integriore exercitu decerneret. 

X. Hic Eumenes callidum imperatorem vicit consi- 
lio, celeritatemque impedivit ejus ; neque tamen multum 
profecit. Nam invidia ducum, cum quibus erat, perfi- 
diaque Macedonum veteranorum, quum superior preelio 
discessisset, Antigono est deditus, quum exercitus ei ter 
ante separatis temporibus jurasset, se eum defensurum, 
nec umquam deserturum. Sed tanta fuit nonnullorum 
virtutis obtrectatio, ut fidem amittere mallent, quam 
eum non prodere. Atque hune Antigonus, quum ei 
fuisset infestissimus, conservasset, si per suos esset lici- 
tum, quod ab nullo se plus adjuvari posse intelligebat 
in his rebus, quas impendere jam apparebat omnibus. 
Imminebant enim Seleucus, Lysimachus, Ptolemzeus, 
opibus jam valentes, cum quibus ei de summis rebus 
erat dimicandum. Sed non passi sunt hi, qui circa 
erant: quod videbant, Eumene recepto, omnes pre illo 
parvi futuros. Ipse autem Antigonus adeo erat incen- 
sus, ut, nisi magna spe maximarum rerum, leniri non 

sset. 

XI. Itaque quum eum in custodiam dedisset, et pre- 
fectus custodum quesisset, quemadmodum servari vel- 
let? ut acerrimum, inquit, leonem, aut ferocissimum ele- 

phantum. Nondum enim statuerat, conservaret eum, 
nec ne. Veniebat autem ad'Eumenem utrumque genus _ 
hominum: et qui propter odium fructum oculis ex ejus 


* *,? 


casu capere vellent, et qui propter veterem amicitiam 


XVIII. 12,13. (Humenes.) 79 


colloqui consolarique cuperent ; multi etiam, qui ejus 
formam cognoscere studebant, qualis esset, quem tam- 
diu tamque valde timuissent, cujus in pernicie positam 
spem habuissent victorie. At Eumenes, quum diutius 
in vinculis esset, ait Onomarcho, penes quem summa 
imperii erat custodiz, se mirari, quare jam tertium diem 
sic teneretur: non enim hoc convenire Antigoni pru- 
dentiz, ut sic deuteretur victo; quin aut interfici, aut 
missum fieri juberet. Hic quum ferocius Onomarcho 
loqui videretur, guid ? tu, inquit, animo si isto eras, cur 
non in prelio cecidisti potius, quam in potestatem inimict 
venires ? Huic Eumenes, utinam quidem istud evenisset ! 
sed eo non accidit, quod numquam cum fortiore sum con- 
gressus. Non enim cum quoquam arma contuli, quin is 
mihi succubuerit. Non enim virtute hostium, sed amico- 
rum perfidia decidi. [Neque id falsum. Nam et dig- 
nitate fuit honesta, et viribus ad laborem ferendum fir- 
mis, neque tam magno corpore, quam figura venusta. | 

XII. De hoc Antigonus quum solus constituere non 
auderet, ad consilium retulit. Hic quum primo pertur- 
bati admirarentur, non jam de eo sumtum esse supplici- 
um, a quo tot annos adeo essent male habiti, ut seepe ad 
desperationem forent adducti; quique maximos duces 
interfecisset; denique in quo uno esset tantum, ut, 
quoad ille viveret, ipsi securi esse non possent, interfec- 
to, nihil habituri negotii essent: postremo, si illi redderet 
salutem, queerebant, quibus amicis esset usurus? sese 
enim cum Eumene apud eum non futuros. Hic, cog- 
nita consilii voluntate, tamen usque ad septimum diem 
deliberandi sibi spatium reliquit. Tum autem, quum 
jam vereretur, ne qua seditio exercitus oriretur, vetuit 
ad eum quemquam admitti, et quotidianum victum amo- 
veri jussit. Nam negabat, se ei vim allaturum, qui 
aliquando fuisset amicus. Hic tamen non amplius, 
quam triduum, fame fatigatus, quum castra moverentur, 
‘msciente Antigono, jugulatus est a custodibus. 

XIII. Sic Eumenes annorum quinque et quadraginta, 
quum ab anno vicesimo, ut supra ostendimus, septem 
annos Philippo apparuisset, et tredecim apud Alexan- 
drum eumdem locum obtinuisset, in his unum equitum 
ale preefuisset, post autem Alexandri Magni mortem 
imperator exercitus duxisset, summosque duces partim 


3 


1 


80 XIX. 1,2. (Phocion.) 


repilisset, partim interfecisset, captus non Antigoni 
virtute, sed Macedonum perjurio, talem habuit exitum 
vite. In quo quanta fuerit omnium opinio eorum, qui 
post Alexandrum Magnum reges sunt appellati, ex hoc 
facillime potest judicari, quod nemo, Eumene vivo, rex 
appellatus est, sed preefectus; iidem post hujus occasum 
statim regium ornatum nomenque sumserunt, neque, 
quod initio predicarant, se Alexandri liberis regnum 
servare, preestare voluerunt, et, uno propugnatore sub- 
lato, quid sentirent, aperuerunt. Hujus sceleris princi- 
pes fuerunt Antigonus, Ptolemeeus, Seleucus, Lysima- 
chus, Cassander. Antigonus autem Eumenem mortuum 
propinquis ejus sepeliendum tradidit. Hi militari ho- 
nesto funere, comitante toto exercitu, humavyerunt, 
ossaque ejus in Cappadociam ad matrem atque uxorem 
liberosque ejus deportanda curarunt. 





XIX. PHOCION. 





I. Phocion, Atheniensis, etsi seepe exercitibus preefuit 
summosque magistratus cepit, tamen multo ejus notior 
integritas vite, quam rei militaris labor. Itaque hujus 
memoria est nulla, illius autem magna fama: ex quo 
cognomine Bonus est appellatus. Fuit enim perpetuo 
pauper, quum divitissimus esse posset propter frequentes 
delatos honores potestatesque summas, que ei a populo 


dabantur. Hic quum a rege Philippo munera magne 


pecunie repudiaret, legatique hortarentur accipere, si- 
mulque admonerent, si ipse his facile careret, liberis 
tamen suis prospiceret, quibus difficile esset in summa 
paupertate tantam paternam tueri gloriam: his ille, 
st met similes erunt, idem hic, inquit, agellus illos alet, 
qui me ad hanc dignitatem perduxit ; sin dissimiles sunt 
Suturi, nolo meis impensis illorum ali augerique luxuriam. 

If. Idem quum prope ad annum octogesimum pros- 
pera pervenisset fortuna, extremis temporibus magnum 


2 in odium pervenit suorum civium. Primo, quod cum 


XIX. 3,4. (Phocion.) 81 


Demade de urbe tradenda Antipatro consenserat ; ejus- 
que consilio Demosthenes cum ceteris, qui bene de re- 
publica meriti existimabantur, populiscito in exsilium 
erant expulsi. Neque in eo solum offenderat, quod pa- 
trie male consuluerat, sed etiam, quod amicitiz fidem 
non prestiterat. Namque auctus adiutusque a Demos- 
thene eum, quem tenebat, adscenderat gradum, quum 
adversus Charetem eum subornaret: ab eodem in judi- 
ciis, quum capitis causam diceret, defensus aliquoties, 
liberatus discesserat. Hunc non solum in periculis non 
defendit, sed etiam prodidit. Concidit autem maxime 
uno crimine, quod, quum apud eum summum esset im- 
perium populi, et, Nicanorem, Cassandri prefectum, 
insidiari Pireeo Atheniensium, a Dercyllo moneretur, 
idemque postularet, ut provideret, ne commeatibus civi- 
tas privaretur, huic, audiente populo, Phocion negavit 
esse periculum, seque ejus rei obsidem fore pollicitus 
est. Neque ita multo post Nicanor Pireeo est potitus. 
Ad quem recuperandum quum populus armatus con- 
currisset, ille non modo neminem ad arma vocavit, sed 
ne armatis quidem preesse voluit. [Sine quo Athenee 
omnino esse non possunt. | 

III. Erant eo tempore Athenis due factiones, quarum 
una populi causam agebat, altera optimatum. In hac 
erat Phocion et Demetrius Phalereus. Harum utraque 
Macedonum patrociniis nitebatur. Nam populares Po- 
lysperchonti favebant ; optimates cum Cassandro sen- 
tiebant. Interim a Polysperchonte Cassander Macedonia 
pulsus est. Quo facto populus superior factus statim 
duces adversariz factionis capitis damnatos patria pepu- 
lit; in his Phocionem et Demetrium Phalereum: deque 
ea re legatos ad Polysperchontem misit, qui ab eo pete- 
rent, ut sua decreta confirmaret. Huc eodem profectus 
est Phocion. Quo ut venit, causam apud Philippum 
regem verbo, re ipsa quidem apud Polysperchontem 
jussus est dicere: namque is tum regis rebus preerat. 
Hic ab Agnonide accusatus, quod Pireeum Nicanori 
prodidisset, ex consilii sententia in custodiam conjectus, 
Athenas deductus est, ut ibi de eo legibus fieret judicium. 

IV. Hue ubi perventum est, quum propter etatem 
pedibus jam non valeret, vehiculoque portaretur, magni 
concursus sunt facti, quum alii, reminiscentes veteris 


82 XX. 1. (Timoleon:) 


famee, etatis misererentur; plurimi vero ira exacue- 
rentur propter proditionis suspicionem Pireei, maxime- 
que, quod adversus populi commoda in senectute stete- 
rat. Qua de re ne perorandi quidem ei data est facultas, 
et dicendi causam. Inde judicio, legitimis quibusdam 
confectis, damnatus, traditus est undecim viris, quibus 
ad supplicium more Atheniensium publice damnati tradi 
solent. Hic quum ad mortem duceretur, obvius ei fuit 
Emphyletus, quo familiariter fuerat usus. Is quum la- 
crimans dixisset: 0 guam indigna prepeteris, Phocion ! 
huic ille, at non inopinata, inquit: hunc enim exitum ple- 
rique clari viri habuerunt Athenienses. In hoc tantum 
fuit odium multitudinis, ut nemo ausus sit eum liber 
sepelire. Itaque a servis sepultus est. 


- 





XX. TIMOLEON 





I. Timoleon, Cormnthius. Sine dubio magnus omnium 
judicio hic vir exstitit. Namque huic uni contigit, quod 
nescio an ulli, ut et patriam, in qua erat natus, oppres- 
sam a tyranno liberaret, et a Syracusis, quibus auxilio 
erat missus, inveteratam servitutem depelleret, totamque 
Siciliam, multos annos bello vexatam a barbarisque op- 
pressam, suo adventu in pristinum restitueret. Sed in 
his rebus non simplici fortuna conflictatus est, et, id 
quod difficilius putatur, multo sapientius tulit seeundam, 
quam adversam fortunam. Nam quum frater ejus Ti- 
mophanes, dux a Corinthiis delectus, tyrannidem per 
milites mercenarios occupasset, particepsque regni pos- 
set esse: tantum abfuit a societate sceleris, ut antetule- 
rit suorum civium libertatem fratris saluti, et parere 
legibus, quam imperare patrie, satius duxerit. Hace 
mente per haruspicem, communemque affinem, cui so- 
ror, ex eisdem parentibus nata, nupta erat, fratrem ‘ty- 
rannum interficiendum curavit. Ipse-non modo manus 
non attulit, sed ne adspicere quidem fraternum sangui- 
nem voluit. Nam, dum res conficeretur, procul in pree- 


XX. 2,3. (Timoleon.) 83 


sidio fuit, ne quis satelles posset succurrere. Hoc pre- 
clarissimum ejus facinus non pari modo probatum est 
ab omnibus. Nonnulli enim lesam ab eo pietatem pu- 
tabant, et invidia laudem virtutis obterebant. Mater 
vero post id factum neque domum ad se filium admisit, 
neque adspexit, quin eum fratricidam impiumque detes- 
tans compellaret. Quibus rebus adeo ille est commotus, 
ut nonnumquam vite finem facere voluerit, atque ex 
ingratorum hominum conspectu morte decedere. 

II. Interim Dione Syracusis interfecto, Dionysius 
rursus Syracusarum potitus est: cujus adversarii opem 
a Corinthiis petierunt, ducemque, quo in bello uterentur, 
postularunt. Hue Timoleon missus incredibili felici- 
tate Dionysium tota Sicilia depulit. Quum interficere 
posset, noluit, tutoque ut Corinthum perveniret, ef- 
fecit: quod utrorumque Dionysiorum opibus Corinthii 
seepe adjuti fuerant, cujus benignitatis memoriam vole- 
bat exstare ; eamque preclaram victoriam ducebat, in 
qua plus esset clementiz, quam crudelitatis ; postremo, 
ut non solum auribus acciperetur, sed etiam oculis cer- 
neretur, quem et ex quanto regno ad quam fortunam 
detrusisset. Post Dionysii decessum cum Hiceta bella- 
vit, qui adversatus fuerat Dionysio: quem non odio ty- 
rannidis dissensisse, sed cupiditate, indicio fuit, quod 
ipse, expulso Dionysio, imperium dimittere noluit. Hoc 
superato, Timoleon maximas copias Carthaginiensium 
apud Crimissum flumen fugavit, ac satis habere coégit, 
si liceret Africam obtinere, qui jam complures annos 

ssionem Sicilize tenebant. Cepit etiam Mamercum, 
talicum ducem, hominem bellicosum et potentem, qui 
tyrannos adjutum in Siciliam venerat. 

III. Quibus rebus confectis quum propter diuturnita- 
tem belli non solum regiones, sed etiam urbes desertas 
videret, conquisivit, quos potuit, primum Siculos; de- 
inde Corintho arcessivit colonos, quod ab his initio Sy- 
racuse erant condite. Civibus veteribus sua restituit ; 
novis bello vacuefactas possessiones divisit; urbium 
meenia disjecta fanaque deserta refecit ; civitatibus leges 
libertatemque reddidit ; ex maximo bello tantum otium 
tote insule conciliavit, ut hic conditor urbium earum, 
non illi, qui initio deduxerant, videretur. Arcem Sy- 
racusis, quam munierat Dionysius ad urbem obsidendam, 


84 XX. 4,5. (Timoleon.) 


a fundamentis disjecit ; cetera tyrannidis propugnacula 
demolitus est, deditque operam, ut quam minime multa 
vestigia servitutis manerent. Quum tantis esset opibus, 
ut etiam invitis imperare posset ; tantum autem haberet 
amorem omnium Siculorum, ut nullo recusante regnum 
obtineret: maluit se diligi, quam metui. Itaque, quum 
primum potuit, imperium deposuit, et privatus Syracu- 
sis, quod reliquum vite fuit, vixit. _Neque vero id im- 
perite fecit. Nam quod ceteri reges imperio potuerunt, 
hic benevolentia tenuit. Nullus honos huic defuit ; 
neque postea res ulla Syracusis gesta est publice, de 
qua prius sit decretum, quam Timoleontis sententia 
cognita.. Nullius umquam consilium non modo ante- 
latum, sed ne comparatum quidem est. Neque id magis 
benevolentia factum est, quam prudentia. 

IV. Hic quum etate jam provectus esset, sine ullo 
morbo lumina oculorum amisit. Quam calamitatem ita 
moderate tulit, ut neque eum querentem quisquam au- 
dierit, neque eo minus privatis publicisque rebus inter- 
fuerit. Veniebat autem in theatrum, quum ibi concili- 
um populi haberetur, propter valetudinem vectus ju- 
mentis junctis, adque ita de vehiculo, que videbantur, 
dicebat ; neque hoc illi quisquam tribuebat superbie. 
Nihil enim umquam neque insolens, neque gloriosum 
ex ore ejus exiit. Qui quidem, quum suas laudes au- 
diret preedicari, numquam aliud dixit, quam se in ea re 
maximas diis gratias agere atque habere, quod, quum 
Siciliam recreare constituissent, tum se potissimum du- 
cem esse voluissent. Nihil enim rerum humanarum 
sine deorum numine geri putabat. Itaque suze domi 
sacellum Avdrowariag constituerat, idque sanctissime co- 
lebat. 

V. Ad hanc hominis excellentem bonitatem mirabiles 
accesserunt casus. Nam prcelia maxima natali die 
suo fecit omnia: quo factum est; ut ejus diem natalem 
festum haberet universa Sicilia. Huic quidam Lames- 
tius, homo petulans et ingratus, vadimonium quum vel- 
let imponere, quod cum-illo se lege agere diceret, et 
complures concurrissent, qui procacitatem hominis ma- 
nibus coércere conarentur: Timoleon oravit omnes, ne 
id facerent. Namque id ut Lamestio ceterisque liceret, 
se maximos labores summaque adiisse pericula. Hane 


XXI. 1. (De Regibus.) 85 


enim speciem libertatis esse, si omnibus, quod quisque 
vellet, legibus experiri liceret. Idem, quum quidam 
Lamestii similis, nomine Demenetus, in concione po- 
puli de rebus gestis ejus detrahere ccepisset, ac non- 
nulla inveheretur in Timoleonta, dixit, nunc demum se 
voti esse damnatum. Namque hoc a diis immortalibus 
semper precatum, ut talem libertatem restitueret Syra- 
cusanis, in qua cuivis liceret, de quo vellet, impune di- 
cere. Hic quum diem supremum obiisset, publice a 
Syracusanis in gymnasio, quod Timoleonteum appella- 
tur, tota celebrante Sicilia, sepultus est. 





XXI. DE REGIBUS. 





I. Hi fere fuerunt Grecie gentis duces, qui memoria 
digni videbantur, preter reges. Namque eos attingere 
noluimus, quod omnium res geste separatim sunt relate. 
Neque tamen hi admodum sunt multi. Lacedemonius 
autem Agesilaus nomine, non potestate, fuit rex; sicut 
ceteri Spartani. Ex his vero, qui dominatum imperio 
tenuerunt, excellentissimi fuerunt, ut nos judicamus, 
Persarum Cyrus et Darius, Hystaspis filius: quorum 
uterque privatus virtute regnum est adeptus. Prior 
horum apud Massagetas in preelio cecidit; Darius se- 
nectute diem obiit supremum. Tres sunt preterea 
ejusdem generis, Xerxes, et duo Artaxerxes, Macrochir 
et Mnemon. Xerxi maxime est illustre, quod maximis 
post hominum memoriam exercitibus terra marique bel- 
lum intulit Greciz. At Macrochir precipuam habet 
laudem amplissime pulcherrimeque corporis forme: 
quam incredibili ornavit virtute belli. Namque illo 
Perses nemo fuit manu fortior. Mnemon autem justitiz 
fama floruit. Nam quum matris sue scelere amisisset 
uxorem, tantum indulsit dolori, ut eum pietas vinceret. 
Ex his duo eodem nomine morbo nature debitum reddi- 
derunt: tertius ab Artabano prefecto ferro interemtus 


est. 
8 


3 


5 


86 XXI. 2,3. (De Regibus.) 


II. Ex Macedonum autem genere duo multo ceteros 
antecesserunt rerum gestarum gloria: Philippus, Amyn- 
te filius, et Alexander Magnus. Horum alter Babylone 
morbo consumtus est; Philippus Agis a Pausania, 
quum spectatum ludos iret, juxta theatrum occisus est. 
Unus Epirotes, Pyrrhus, qui cum populo Romano bella- 
vit. Is quum Argos oppidum oppugnaret in Pelopon- 
neso, lapide ictus interiit. Unus item Siculus, Diony- 
sius prior. Nam et manu fortis, et belli peritus fuit, et, 
id quod in tyranno non facile reperitur, minime libidi- 
nosus, non luxuriosus, non avarus, nullius denique rei 
cupidus, nisi singularis perpetuique imperii, ob eamque 
rem crudelis. Nam dum id studuit munire, nullius 
pepercit vite, quem ejus insidiatorem putaret. Hic 
quum virtute tyrannidem sibi peperisset, magna retinuit 
felicitate, majorque annos sexaginta natus decessit flo- 
rente regno. Neque in tam multis annis cujusquam 
ex‘sua stirpe funus vidit, quum ex tribus uxoribus libe- 
ros procreasset, multique ei nati essent nepotes. 

Ill. Fuerunt preterea multi reges ex amicis Alexan- 
dri Magni, qui post obitum ejus imperia ceperunt: in 
his Antigonus, et hujus filius Demetrius, Lysimachus, 
Seleucus, Rtolemzus. Ex his Antigonus in preelio, 
quum adversus Seleucum Lysimachumque dimicaret, 
occisus est. Pari leto affectus est Lysimachus a Se- 
leuco. Nam, societate dissoluta, bellum inter se ges- 
serunt. At Demetrius, quum filiam suam Seleuco in 
matrimonium dedisset, neque eo magis fida inter eos 
amicitia manere potuisset, captus bello, in custodia so, 
cer generi periit a morbo. Neque ita multo post Se- 
leucus a Ptolemzo Cerauno dolo interfectus est ; quem 
ille a patre expulsum Alexandrea, alienarum opum in- 
digentem, receperat. Ipse autem Ptolemeus, quum 
vivus filio regnum tradidisset, ab illo eodem vita priva- 
tus dicitur. De quibus quoniam satis dictum putamus, 
non incommodum videtur, non preterire Hamilcarem et 
Hannibalem, quos et animi magnitudine, et calliditate 
omnes in Africa natos preestitisse constat. 


XXIl. 1,2. (Hamilcar.) 87 


XXII. HAMILCAR. 





I. Hamilcar, Hannibalis filius, cognomine Barcas, 
Carthaginiensis, primo Peenico bello, sed temporibus 
extremis, admodum adolescentulus in Sicilia preesse 
ceepit exercitui. Quum ante ejus adventum et mari et 
terra male res gererentur Carthaginiensium, ipse, ubi 
affuit, numquam hosti cessit neque locum nocendi dedit ; 
seepeque e contrario occasione data lacessivit, semper- 
que superior discessit. Quo facto, quum pene omnia 
in Sicilia Peeni amisissent, ille Erycem sie defendit, ut 
bellum eo loco gestum non videretur. Interim Cartha- 
ginienses, classe apud insulas Adgates a C. Lutatio, 
consule Romanorum, superati, statuerunt belli finem 
facere, eamque rem arbitrio permisserunt Hamilcaris. 
Ille, etsi flagrabat bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci ser- 
viendum putavit, quod patriam exhaustam sumtibus 
diutius calamitates belli ferre non posse intelligebat : 
sed ita, ut statim mente agitaret, si paullum modo res 
essent refectz, bellum renovare Romanosque armis per- 
sequi, donicum aut certe vicissent, aut victi manus de- 
dissent. Hoe consilio pacem conciliavit, in qua tanta 
fuit ferocia, quum Catulus negaret bellum compositurum, 
nisi ille cum suis, qui Erycem tenuerunt, armis relictis, 
‘Sicilia decederent, ut, succumbente patria, ipse peritu- 
rum se potius dixerit, quam cum tanto flagitio domum 
rediret. Non enim sue esse virtutis, arma a patria 
accepta adversus hostes adversariis tradere. Hujus 
pertinacize cessit Catulus. 

II. At ille, ut Carthaginem venit, multo aliter, ac 
sperabat, rempublicam se habentem cognovit. Namque 
diuturnitate externi mali tantum exarsit intestinum bel-. 
lum, ut numquam pari periculo fuerit Carthago, nisi 
quum deleta est. Primo mercenarii milites, qui adver- 
sus Romanos fuerant, desciverunt: quorum numerus 
erat viginti millium. “Hi totam abalienarunt A fricam, 
ipsam Carthaginem oppugnarunt. Quibus malis adeo 


48 XXII. 3,4. (Hamilcar.) 


sunt Peeni perterriti, ut etiam auxilia a Romanis petivee 
rint, eaque impetrarint. Sed extremo, quum prope jam 
ad desperationem pervenissent, Hamilcarem imperatoe 
rem fecerunt. Is non solum hostes a muris Carthaginis ~ 
removit, quum amplius centum millia facta essent ar- 
matorum ; sed etiam eo compulit, ut, locorum angustiis 
clausi, plures fame, quam ferro interirent. Omnia op- 
pida abalienata, in his Uticam atque Hipponem, valen- 
tissima totius Africze, restituit patrie. Neque eo fuit 
contentus, sed etiam fines imperii propagavit, tota A fri- 
ca tantum otium reddidit, ut nullum in ea bellum vide- 
retur multis annis fuisse. 

III. Rebus his ex sententia peractis, fidenti animo at- 
que infesto Romanis, quo facilius causam bellandi repe- 
riret, effecit, ut imperator cum exercitu in Hispaniam 
mitteretur, eoque secum duxit filium Hannibalem, an- 
norum novem. Erat preterea cum eo adolescens illus- 
tris, formosus, Hasdrubal, quem nonnulli diligi turpius, 
quam par erat, ab Hamilcare loquebantur. Non enim 
maledici tanto viro deesse poterant. Quo factum est, 
ut a preefecto morum Hasdrubal cum eo vetaretur esse. 
Huic ille filiam suam in matrimonium dedit, quod mori- 
bus eorum non poterat interdici socero gener. De hoc 
ideo mentionem fecimus, quod, Hamilcare occisso, ille 
exercitui prefuit, resque magnas gessit; et princeps 
largitione vetustos pervertit mores Carthaginiensium ; 
ejusdemque post mortem Hannibal ab exercitu accepit 
imperium. 

IV. At Hamilcar, posteaquam mare transiit in His- 
paniamque venit, magnas res secunda gessit fortuna: 
maximas bellicosissimasque gentes subegit: equis, ar- 
mis, viris, pecunia totam locupletavit Africam. Hie 
quum in Italiam bellum inferre meditaretur, nono anno 
post, quam in Hispaniam venerat, in preelio pugnans 
adversus Vettones occisus est. Hujus perpetuum odium 
erga Romanos maxime concitasse videtur secundum 
bellum Peenicum. Namque Hannibal, filius ejus, assi- 
duis patris obtestationibus eo est perductus, ut interire, 
quam Romanos non experiri mallet. 


XXIII. 1,2. (Hannibal.) 89 


XXIII. HANNIBAL 





I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Carthaginiensis. Si 
verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus 
omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est infitiandum, 
Hannibalem tanto prestitisse ceteros imperatores pru- 
dentia, quanto populus Romanus antecedat fortitudine 
cunctas nationes. Nam quotiescumque cum eo con- 
gressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod 
nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Ro- 


manos videretur superare potuisse. Sed multorum ob-. 


trectatio devicit unius virtutem. Hic autem velut he- 
reditate relictum odium paternum erga Romanos sic 
conservavit, ut prius animam, quam id, deposuerit: qui 
quidem, quum patria pulsus esset, et alienarum opum 
indigeret, numquam destiterit animo bellare cum Ro- 
manis. “pat te ert wir rt drowns ad Ore 
II. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quem absens hostem 
reddidit Romanis : omnium his temporibus potentissimus 
rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit 
bellandi, ut usque a rubro mari arma conatus sit inferre 
Italie. Ad quem quum legati venissent Romani, qui 
de ejus voluntate explorarent, darentque operam consiliis 
clandestinis, ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regi addu- 
cerent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptum alia, atque antea, 
sentire; neque id frustra fecissent, idque Hannibal 
comperisset, seque ab interioribus consiliis segregari 
vidisset : tempore dato adiit ad regem, eique quum multa 
de fide sua et odio in Romanos commemorasset, hoc 
adjunxit: Pater, inquit, meus, Hamilcar, puerulo me, 
utpote non amplius novem annos nato, in Hispaniam im- 
perator proficiscens Carthagine, Jovi optimo maximo hos- 
tias immolavit. Que divina res dum conficiebatur, que- 
sivit a me, vellemne secum in castra proficisci 2? Id quum 
libenter accepissem, atque ab eo petere cepissem, ne dubi- 
taret ducere ; tum ille, faciam, inquit, si fidem mihi, quam 
-postulo, dederis. Simul me ad aram adduzit, apud quam 
g* 


1 


2 


90 XXIII 3,4. (Hannibal) 


sacrificare instituerat, eamque, ceteris remotis, tenentem 
jurare jussit, numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. 


5 Id ego jusjurandum patri datum usque ad hane etatem ita 


3 


conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo 
tempore eadem mente sim futurus. Quare, si quid amice 
de Romanis cogitabis, non imprudenter feceris, si me ce- 
laris ; quum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum frustrabe- 
ris, si me non in €0 prineipem posueris. 

III. Hae igitur, qua diximus, state cum patre in 
Hispaniam profectus est: cujus post obitum, Hasdrubale 
imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni preefuit. Hoe quo- 
que interfecto, exercitus summam imperii ad eum de- 
tulit. Id Carthaginem delatum publice comprobatum 
est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti annis natus 
imperator factus proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispa- 
niz bello subegit ; Saguntum, feederatam civitatem, vi 
expugnavit; tres exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex 
his unum in Africam misit, alterum cum Hasdrubale 
fratre in Hispania reliquit, tertium in Italiam seeum 
duxit. Saltum Pyreneum transiit. Quacumque iter 
fecit, cum omnibus incolis conflixit ; neminem, nisi vic- 
tum, dimisit. Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, que Italiam 
ab Gallia sejungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exercitu 
ante eum, preter Herculem Graium, transierat (quo 
facto is hodie saltus Graius appellatur): Alpicos, eo- 
nantes prohibere transitu, concidit, loca patefecit, itinera 
muniit, effecit [que], ut ea elephantus ornatus ire posset, 
qua antea unus homo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac 
copias traduxit, in Italiamque pervenit. 

IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio 
Scipione Cos. eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem [de] 
Clastidio apud Padum decernit: saucium inde ae fuga- 
tum dimittit. Tertio idem Scipio cum collega, Tiberio 
Longo, apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cum his © 
manum conseruit: utrosque profligavit. Inde per Li- 
gures Apenninum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc iti- 
nere adeo gravi morbo afficitur oculorum, ut postea 
numquam dextero zeque bene usus sit. Qua valetudine 
quum etiam nunc premeretur, lecticaque ferretur, C. 
Flaminium Cos. apud Trasimenum cum.exercitu insi- 
diis circumventum occidit: neque multo post C. Cente- 
nium pretorem, cum delecta manu saltus occupantem. 


XXIII. 5, 6. (Hannibal.) © 91 


Hine in Apuliam pervenit. Ibi obviam ei venerunt duo 4 
Cousules, C. Terentius et L. AXmilius. Utriusque ex- 
ercitus uno preelio fugavit ; Paullum consulem occidit, 
et aliquot preterea consulares, in his Cn. Servilium 
Geminum, qui anno superiore fuerat consul. 

V. Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus est, nullo 1 

-resistente. In propinquis urbis montibus moratus est. 
Quum aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset, et reverteretur 
Capuam; Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Romanus, in 
agro Falerno se ei objecit. Hic clausus locorum an- 2 
gustiis noctu sine ullo detrimento exercitus se expedi- 
vit ; Fabio, callidissimo imperatori, verba dedit. Nam- 
que obducta nocte sarmenta in cornibus juvencorum 
deligata incendit, ejusque generis multitudinem magnam 
dispalatam immisit. Quo repentino objectu viso tantum 
terrorem injecit exercitui Romanorum, ut egredi extra 
vallum nemo sit ausus. Hance post rem gestam non ita 3 
multis diebus M. Minucium Rufum, magistrum equi- 
tum, pari ac dictatorem imperio, dolo productum in 
prelium, fugavit. Ti. Sempronium Gracchum, iterum 
consulem, in Lucanis absens in insidias inductum sus- 
tulit. M.Claudium Marcellum, quinquies consulem, 
apud Venusiam pari modo interfecit. Longum est, 4 
enumerare preelia. Quare hoc unum satis erit dictum, 
ex quo intelligi possit, quantus ille fuerit: quamdiu in 
Italia fuit, nemo ei in acie restitit, nemo adversus eum 
post Cannensem pugnam in campo castra posuit. 

VI. Hic invictus patriam defensum revocatus bellum 1 
gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium ejus, quem ipse 
primum apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Padum, tertio 
apud Trebiam fugaverat. Cum hoc, exhaustis jam 2 
patrie facultatibus, cupivit in presentiarum bellum 
componere, quo valentior postea congrederetur. In 
colloquium convenit, conditiones non convenerunt. Post 3 
id factum paucis diebus apud Zamam cum eodem con- 
flixit: pulsus (incredibile dictu) biduo et duabus noc- 
tibus Hadrumetum pervenit, quod abest a Zama circiter 
millia passuum trecenta. In hae fuga Numide, qui 4 
simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei: 
te non solum effugit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Ha- 

rumeti reliquos ex fuga collegit: novis delectibus pau- 
eis diebus multos contraxit. 


92 XXII. 7, 8. (Hannibal.) 


VII. Quum in apparando acerrime esset occupatus, 
Carthaginienses bellum cum Romanis composuerunt. 
[lle nihilo secius exercitui postea preefuit, resque in 
Africa gessit, [itemque Mago frater ejus,] usque ad P. 
Sulpicium et C. Aurelium consules. His enim magis- 
tratibus legati Carthaginienses Romam venerunt, qui 
senatui populoqgue Romano gratias agerent, quod cum 
his pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos 
donarent, simulque peterent, ut obsides eorum Fregellis 
essent, Captivique redderentur. His ex senatus con- 
sulto responsum est: munus eorum gratum acceptum- 
que esse ; obsides, quo loco rogarent, futuros ; captivos 
non remissuros, quod Hannibalem, cujus opera suscep- 
tum bellum foret, inimicissimum nomini Romano, etiam 
nune cum imperio apud exercitum haberent, itemque 
fratrem ejus Magonem. Hoc responso Carthaginienses 
cognito Hannibalem domum Magonemque revocarunt. 
Huc ut rediit, praetor factus est, postquam rex fuerat, 
anno secundo et vicesimo. Ut enim Rome consules, 
sic Carthagine quotannis annui bini reges creabantur. 
In eo magistratu pari diligentia se. Hannibal preebuit, 
ac fuerat in bello. Namque effecit, ex novis vectigali- 
bus non solum ut esset pecunia, que Romanis ex foedere 
penderetur, sed etiam superesset, que in srario repo- 
neretur. Deinde, anno post preturam, Marco Claudio, 
Lucio Furio Coss. Roma legati Carthaginem venerunt. 
Hos Hannibal sui exposcendi gratia missos ratus, prius- — 
quam his senatus daretur, navem conscendit clam, atque 
in Syriam ad Antiochum profugit. Hac re palam facta, 
Poeni naves duas, que eum comprehenderent, si possent 
consequi, miserunt ; bona ejus publicarunt; domum a 
fundamentis disjecerunt ; ipsum exsulem judicarunt. 

VIII. At Hannibal anno post, quam domo profuge- 
rat, L. Cornelio, Quinto Minucio Coss. cum quinque 
navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenzworum, si 
forte Carthaginienses ad bellum Antiochi spe fiduciaque 
inducere posset: cui jam persuaserat, ut cum exerciti- 
bus in Italiam proficisceretur. Hue Magonem fratrem 
excivit. Id ubi Peni resciverunt, Magonem eadem, 
qua fratrem, absentem pcoena affecerunt. Illi desperatis 
rebus quum solvissent naves, ac vela ventis dedissent, 
Hannibal ad Antiochum pervenit. De Magonis interitu 


~ 


XXIII. 9, 10. (Hannibal.) 93 


duplex memoria prod.ta est. Namque alii naufragio, 
alii a servis ipsius interfectum eum, scriptum relique- 
runt. Antiochus autem, si tam in agendo bello parere 
voluisset consiliis ejus, quam in suscipiendo instituerat, 
propius Tiberi, quam Thermopylis de summa imperii 
dimicasset. Quem etsi multa stulte conari videbat, ta- 
men nulla deseruit in re. Prefuit paucis navibus, quas 
ex Syria jussus erat in Asiam ducere, hisque adversus 
Rhodiorum classem in Pamphylio mari conflixit. Quo 
quum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse, 
quo cornu rem gessit, fuit superior. 

IX. Antiocho fugato, verens, ne dederetur, quod sine 
dubio accidisset, si sui fecisset potestatem, Cretam ad 
Gortynios venit, ut ibi, quo se conferret, consideraret. 
Vidit autém vir omnium callidissimus, magno se fore 
periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam Cre- 
tensium. Magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, de 
qua sciebat exisse famam. Itaque capit tale consilium. 
Amphoras complures complet plumbo; summas operit 
auro et argento. Has, presentibus principibus, deponit 
in templo Diane, simulans, se suas fortunas illorum fidei 
credere. His in errorem inductis, statuas sneas, quas 
secum portabat, omnes sua pecunia complet, easque in 
propatule domi abjicit. Gortynii templum magna cura 
custodiunt, non tam a ceteris, quam ab Hannibale, ne 
ille, inscientibus his, tolleret secumque duceret. 

X. Sic, conservatis suis rebus, Pcenus, illusis Cre- 
tensibus omnibus, ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. 
Apud quem eodem animo fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud 
quidquam egit, quam regem armavit et exercuit adver- 
sus Romanos. Quem quum videret domesticis rebus 


-minus esse robustum, conciliabat ceteros reges, adjun- 


gebatque bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat ab eo Perga- 
menus rex, Eumenes, Romanis amicissimus, bellumque 
inter eos gerebatur et mari et terra: quo magis cupiebat 
eum Hannibal opprimi. Sed utrobique Eumenes plus 
valebat propter Romanorum societatem : quem si remo- 
visset, faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc 
interficiendum talem iniit rationem. Classe paucis die- 
bus erant decreturi. Superabatur navium multitudine: 
dolo erat pugnandum, quum par non esset armis. Im- 
peravit quam plurimas venenatas serpentes vivas colligi, 


94 XXIII. 11,12. (Hannibak) 


, easque in vasa fictilia conjici. Harum quum eonfecis. 


set magnam multitudinem, die ipso, quo facturus erat 
navale preelium, classiarios convocat, hisque precipit, 
omnes ut in unam Eumenis regis concurrant navem, a 
ceteris tantum ‘satis habeant se defendere. Id facile 
illos serpentium multitudine consecuturos. Rex autem 
in qua nave veheretur, ut scirent, se facturum; quem 
si aut cepissent, aut interfecissent, magno his pollicetur 
premio fore. 

XI. Tali cohortatione militum facta, classis ab utris- 
que in prelium deducitur. Quarum acie constituta, 
priusquam signum pugne daretur, Hannibal, ut palam 
faceret suis, quo loco Eumenes esset tabellarium in 
scapha cum caduceo mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adver- 
sariorum pervenit, epistolamque cstendens se regem 
professus est querere, statim ad Kumenem deductus 
est, quod nemo dubitabat, aliquid de pace esse scriptum. 
Tabellarius, ducis nave declarata suis, eodem, unde 
ierat, se recepit. At Eumenes, soluta epistola, nihil in 
ea rqperit, nisi quod ad irridendum eum pertineret. 
Cujus etsi causam mirabatur, neque reperiebatur, tamen 
prelium statim committere non dubitavit. Horum in 
concursu Bithyni Hannibalis precepto universi navem 
Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim rex quum sustinere 
non posset, fuga salutem petiit: quam consecutus non 
esset, nisi intra sua presidia se recepisset, que in proxi- 
mo litore erant collocata. Relique Pergamenze naves 
quum adversarios premerent acrius, repente in eas vasa — 
fictilia, de quibus supra mentionem fecimus, conjici 
ceepta sunt. Que jacta initio risum pugnantibus con- 
citarunt, neque, quare id fieret, poterat intelligi. Post- 
quam autem paves completas conspexerunt serpentibus, 
neva re perterriti, quum, quid potissimum vitarent, non 
viderent, puppes averterunt, seque ad sua castra nautica 
retulerunt. Sic Hannibal consilio arma Pergamenorum 
superavit: neque tum solum, sed seepe alias pedestribus 
copiis pari prudentia pepulit adversarios. 

XII. Que dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu, ut le- 
gati Prusie Rome apud L. Quintium Flamininum, 
consularem, ccenarent, atque ibi, de Hannibale mentione 
facta, ex his unus diceret, eum in Prusiz regno esse, 


2 Id postero die Flamininus senatui detulit. Patres con- 


XXIII. 13. (Hannibal.) 95 


_ seripti, qui, Hannibale vivo, numquam se sine insidiis 
 futuros existimarent, legatos in Bithyniam miserunt, in 
his Flamininum, qui ab rege peterent, ne inimicissimum 
suum secum haberet, sibique dederet. His Prusias ne- 
gare ausus non est; illud recusavit, ne ida se fieri 
postularent, quod adversus jus hospitii esset; ipsi, si 
possent, comprehenderent: locum, ubi esset, facile in- 
venturos. Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, 
quod ei ab rege datum erat muneri: idque sic edifica- 
rat, ut in omnibus partibus edificii exitum sibi haberet, 
semper verens, ne usu veniret, quod accidit. Hue 
quum legati Romanorum venissent, ac multitudine do- 
mum ejus circumdedissent, puer ab janua_prospiciens 
Hannibali dixit, plures preter consuetudinem armatos 
apparere. Qui-imperavit ei, ut omnes fores zedificii cir. 
cumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo 
undique obsideretur. Puer quum celeriter, quid esset, 
renuntiasset, omnesque exitus qccupatos ostendisset ; 
sensit, id non fortuito factum, sed se peti, neque sibi 
diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbi- 
trio dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum 
uod semper secum habere consueverat, sumpsit. 

XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunctus 
laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo. Quibus con- 
sulibus interierit, non convenit. Namque Atticus, Mar- 
co Claudio Marcello, Q. Fabio Labeone Coss. mortuum, 
in annali suo scriptum reliquit ; at Polybius, L. A. milio 
Paullo et Cn. Bebio Tamphilo; Sulpicius autem, P. 
Cornelio Cethego, M. Bebio Tamphilo. Atque hic 
tantus vir tantisque bellis districtus nonnihil temporis 
tribuit litteris. Namque aliquot ejus libri sunt, Greeco 
sermone confecti; in his ad Rhodios de Cn. Manlii 
Vulsonis in Asia rebus gestis. Hujus bella gesta multi 
memorize prodiderunt: sed ex his duo, qui cum eo in 
castris fuerunt simulque vixerunt, quamdiu fortuna 
passa est; Silenus, et Sosilus Lacedzemonius. Atque 
hoe Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Grecarum usus est doc- 
tore. Sed nos tempus est hujus libri facere finem, et 
Romanorum explicare imperatores: quo facilius collatis 
<n i fectis, qui viri preeferendi sint, possit judi- 


2 


96 XXIV. 1,2. (M. Portius Cato.) 


XXIV. M. PORTIUS CATO. 





I. Cato, ortus municipio Tusculo, adolescentulus, pri- 
usquam honoribus operam daret, versatus est in Sabinis, 
quod ibi heredium a patre relictum habebat.  Hortatu 
L. Valerii Flacci, quem in consulatu_censuraque ha- 
buit collegam, ut M. Perperna Censorius narrare solitus 
est, Romam demigravit, in foroque esse coepit. Primum 
stipendium meruit annorum decem septemque, Q. Fa- 
bio, M. Claudio Consulibus. Tribunus militum in Si- 
cilia fuit. Inde ut rediit, castra secutus est C. Claudii 
Neronis, magnique opera ejus existimata est in preelio 
apud Senam, quo cecidit Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis. — 
Questor obtigit P. Africano, consuli, cum quo non pro 
sortis necessitudine vixit: namque ab eo perpetua dis- 
sensit vita. Aédilis plebis factus est cum C. Helvio. 
Pretor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua questor 
superiore tempore ex Africa decedens Q. Ennium 
poétam deduxerat: quod non minoris existimamus, quam 
quemlibet amplissimum Sardiniensem triumphum, 

II. Consulatum gessit cum L. Valerio Flacco, sorte 
provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeriorem, exque ea tri- 
umphum deportavit. Ibi quum diutius moraretur, P. 
Scipio Africanus, Consul iterum, cujus in priori consu- 
latu questor fuerat, voluit eum de provincia depellere, 
et ipse ei succedere. Neque hoc per senatum efficere 
potuit, quum quidem Scipio in civitate principatum ob- 
tineret : quod tum non potentia, sed jure respublica ad- 
ministrabatur. Qua ex re iratus senatui, consulatu 
peracto, privatus in urbe mansit. At Cato, censor cum 
eodem Flacco factus, severe preefuit ei potestati. Nam 
et in complures nobiles animadvertit, et multas res no- 
vas in edictum addidit, qua re luxuria reprimeretur, 
que jam tum incipieba& pullulare. [Circiter annos oc- 
toginta,] Usque ad extremam etatem ab adolescentia, — 
reipublice causa suscipere inimicitias non destitit. A 


XXV. 1. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 97 


multis tentatus non modo nullum detrimentum existi- 
mationis fecit, sed, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit. 

lf. In omnibus rebus singulari fuit prudentia et in- 
dustria. Nam et agricola sollers, et reipublice peritus, 
et juris consultus, et magnus imperator,et probabilis 
orator, et cupidissimus litterarum fuit. Quarum studium 
etsi senior arripuerat, tamen tantum progressum fecit, 
ut non facile reperire possis, neque de Grecis, neque 
de Italicis rebus, quod ei fuerit incognitum. Ab ado- 
lescentia confecit orationes. Senex historias scribere 
instituit, quarum sunt libri septem. Primus continet 
res gestas regum populi Romani; secundus et tertius, 
unde queque civitas orta sit Italica: ob quam rem om- 
nes Origines videtur appellasse. In quarto autem bellum 
Peenicum primum; in quinto secundum. Atque hee 
omnia capitulatim sunt dicta. Reliquaque bella pari 
modo persecutus est, usque ad preturam Ser. Galba, 
qui diripuit Lusitanos. Atque horum bellorum duces 
non nominavit, sed sine nominibus res notavit. In iisdem 
exposuit, que in Italia Hispaniisque viderentur admi- 
randa. I[n quibus multa industria et diligentia compa- 
ret, multa doctrina. Hujus de vita et moribus plura in 
eo libro persecuti sumus, quem separatim de eo fecimus 
rogatu Titi Pomponii Attici. Quare studiosos Catonis 
ad illud volumen delagamus. 





XXV. T. POMPONIUS ATTICUS. 





= 


I. T. Pomponius Atticus, ab origine ultima stirpis 
Romane generatus, perpetuo a majoribus acceptam 
equestrem obtinuit dignitatem. Patre usus est diligente, 
indulgente, et, ut tum erant tempora, diti, imprimisque 
studioso litterarum. Hic, prout ipse amabat litteras, 
omnibus doctrinis, quibus puerilis ztas impertiri debet, 
filium erudivit. Erat autem in puero, preter docilitatem 
ingenii, summa suavitas oris ac vocis, ut non solum ce- 
leriter acciperet, quee tradebantur, sed etiam excellenter 

9° 


5 


2 


Amey 


98 XXV. 2,3. (TL. Pomponius Atticus.) 


pronunciaret. Qua ex re in pueritia nobilis inter eequa- 
les ferebatur, clariusque exsplendescebat, quam generosi 
condiscipuli animo quo ferre possent. Itaque incitabat 
omnes studio suo; quo in numero fuerunt L. Torquatus, 
C. Marius filius, M. Cicero: quos consuetudine sua sic 
sibi devinxit, ut nemo iis perpetuo fuerit carior. 

II. Pater mature decessit. Ipse adolescentulus prop- 
ter affinitatem P. Sulpicii, qui tribunus plebis interfec- 
tus est, non expers fuit illius periculi. Namque Anicia, 
Pomponii consobrina, nupserat M. Servio, fratri Sulpicii. 
Itaque interfecto Sulpicio posteaquam vidit, Cinnano 
tumultu civitatem esse perturbatam, neque sibi dari fa- 
cultatem pro dignitate vivendi, quin alterutram partem 
offenderet, dissociatis animis civium, quum alii Sullanis, 
_alii’Cinnanis faverent partibus: idoneum tempus ratus ~ 
studiis obsequendi suis, Athenas se contulit. Neque eo 
secius adolescentem Marium, hostem. judicatum, juvit 
opibus suis; cujus fugam pecunia sublevavit. Ac, ne 
illa peregrinatio detrimentum aliquod afferret rei famili- 
ari, eodem magnam partem fortunarum trajecit suarum. 
Hic ita vixit, ut universis Atheniensibus merito esset. 
carissimus. Nam preter gratiam, que jam in adoles- 
centulo magna erat, sepe suis opibus inopiam eorum 
publicam levavit. Quum enim versuram facere publice 
necesse esset, neque ejus conditionem zquam haberent ; 
semper se interposuit, atque ita, ut neque usuram um- 
quam ab iis acceperit, neque longius, quam dictum es- 
set, [eos] debere passus sit. Quod utrumque erat iis 
salutare. Nam neque indulgendo inveterascere eorum. 
zs alienum patiebatur, neque multiplicandis usuris cres- 
cere. Auxit hoc officium alia quoque liberalitate. Nam 
universos frumento donavit, ita ut singulis septem modii 
tritici darentur: qui modus mensure medimnus Athenis 
appellatur. 

III. Hic autem sic se gerebat, ut communis infimis, 
par principibus videretur. Quo factum est, ut huic 
omnes honores, quos possent, publice haberent, civemque 
facere studerent: quo beneficio ille uti noluit. [Quod 
nonnulli ita interpretantur, amitti civitatem Romanam 
alia adscita.] Quamdiu affuit, ne qua sibi statua pone- 
retur, restitit; absens prohibere non potuit. Itaque 
aliquot ipsi et Phidie locis sanctissimis posuerunt : hune 


XXV. 4,5. (UT. Pomponius Atticus.) 99 


enim in omni procuratione reipublice actorem auctorem- 
que habebant. Igitur primum illud munus fortune, 
quod in ea potissimum urbe natus est, in quadomicilium 
orbis terrarum esset imperii, ut eamdem et patriam ha- 
beret et domum; hoc specimen prudentiz, quod, quum 
in eam se civitatem contulisset, que antiquitate, huma- 
nitate, doctrina prestaret omnes, unus ei ante alios fue- 
rit carissimus. 

IV. Hue ex Asia Sulla decedens quum venisset, 
quamdiu ibi fuit, secum habuit Pomponium, captus 
adolescentis et humanitate et doctrina. Sic enim Grece 
loquebatur, ut Athenis natus videretur. ‘Tanta autem 
suavitas erat sermonis Latini, ut appareret, in eo nati- 
vum quemdam leporem esse, non adscitum. Idem poé- 
mata pronuntiabat et greece et latine sic, ut supra nihil 
posset addi. Quibus rebus factum est, ut Sulla nusquam 
[eum] ab se dimitteret, cuperetque secum deducere. 
Qui quum persuadere tentaret, noli, oro te, inquit Pom- 
ponius, adversum eos me velle ducere, cum quibus ne con- 
tra te arma ferrem, Italiam reliqui. At Sulla, adolescen- 
tis officio collaudato, omnia munera ei, que Athenis 
acceperat, proficiscens jussit deferri. Hic complures 
annos moratus, quum et rei familiari tantum opere da- 
ret, quantum non indiligens deberet paterfamilias, et 
-omnia reliqua tempora aut litteris, aut Atheniensium 
reipublice tribueret, nihilominus amicis urbana officia 
prestitit. Nam et ad comitia-eorum ventitavit, et, si 
qua res major acta est, non defuit; sicut Ciceroni in 
omnibus [ejus] periculis singularem fidem prebuit: cui 
ex patria fugienti LLS. ducenta et quinquaginta millia 
donavit. Tranquillatis autem rebus Romanis, remi- 

ravit Romam, ut opinor, L. Cotta et L. Torquato Consu- 
_libus: quem{diem|sic universa civitas A theniensium pro- 
secuta est, ut lacrimis desiderii futuri dolorem indicaret. 

V. Habebat avunculum Q. Cecilium, equitem Ro- 
manum, familiarem L. Luculli, divitem, difficillima na- 
tura: cujus sic asperitatem veritus est, ut, quem nemo 
ferre posset, hujus sine offensione ad summam senectu- 
tem retinuerit benevolentiam. Quo facto tulit pietatis 
fructum. Cecilius enim moriens testamento adoptavit 
eum, heredemque fecit ex dodrante: ex qua hereditate 
accepit circiter centies LLS. Erat nupta soror Attici 


3 


2 
d 


100 XXV. 6,%7. (TI. Pomponius Atticus.) 


Q. Tullio Ciceroni: easque nuptias M. Cicero concilia- 
rat, cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime, 
multo etiam familiarius, quam cum Quinto, ut judicari 
possit, plus in amicitia valere similitudinem morum, 
quam affinitatem. Utebatur autem intime Q. Hortensio, 
qui his temporibus principatum eloquentize tenebat, ut 
intélligi non posset, utereum plus diligeret, Cicero, an 
Hortensius: et id, quod erat difficillimum, efficiebat, 
ut, inter quos tantee laudis esset semulatio, nulla inter- 
cederet obtrectatio, essetque talium virorum copula. 

VI. Inrepublica ita:versatus est, ut semper optimarum 
partium et esset et. existimaretur, neque tamen se Civili- 
bus fluctibus committeret, quod non magis eos in sua 
potestate existimabat esse, qui se his dedissent, quam 
qui maritimis jactarentur. Honores non petiit, quum 
ei paterent propter vel gratiam vel dignitatem: quod 
neque peti more majorum, heque capi possent conserva- 
tis legibus, in tam effusis ambitus largitionibus, neque 
geri e republica sine periculo, corruptiscivitatis moribus. 
Ad hastam publicam numquam accessit: Nullius rei 
neque pres, neque manceps factus est. Neminem ne- 
que suo nomine, neque subscribens, accusavit. In jus 
de sua re numquam iit; judicium nullum habuit. Mul- 
torum consulum pretorumque prefecturas delatas sic 
accepit, ut neminem in provinciam sit secutus, honore 
fuerit contentus, rei familiaris despexerit fructum: qui 
ne cum Q. quidem Cicerone ‘ila ire in Asiam, 
quum apud eum legati locum obtinere posset. Non 
enim decere se arbitrabatur, quum preturam gerere 
noluisset, asseclam esse pretoris. Qua in re non solum 
dignitati serviebat, sed etiam tranquillitati, quum suspi- 
ciones quogue vitaret criminum. Quo fiebat, ut ejus 
observantia omnibus esset carior, quum eam officio, non 
timori neque spei tribui viderent. ~-~ 

VII. Incidit Ceesarianum civilé’ bellum, quum habe- 
ret annos circiter sexaginta. Usus est etatis vacatione, 
neque [se] quoquam movit ex urbe. Que amicis suis 
opus fuerant ad Pompeium proficiscentibus, omnia ex 
sua re familiari dedit. Ipsum Pompeium conjunctum 
non offendit: nullum [enim] ab eo habebat ornamentum, 
ut ceteri, qui per eum aut honores, aut divitias ceperant ; 
quorum partim invitissimi castra sunt secuti, partim 


XXV. 8,9. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 101 


summa cum ejus offensione domi remanserunt. Attici 
autem quies tantopere Cesari fuit grata, ut, victor quum 
privatis pecunias per epistolas imperaret, huic mon so- 
lum molestus non fuerit, sed etiam sororis filium et Q. 
Ciceronem ex Pompeii castris concesserit. Sic vetere 
instituto vitee effugit nova pericula. ~ 

VIII. Secutum est illud. Occiso Cesare, quum 
respublica penes Brutos videretur esse et Cassium, ac tota 
civitas se ad eos convertisse [videretur]: sic M. Bruto 


3 


usus est, ut nullo ille adolescers sequali familiarius,, . 


quam hoe sene, neque solum eum principem cobsilii’ 
haberet, sed etiam in convictu, Excogitatum est a. 
quibusdam, ut privatum erariv'm Cxsaris intetfectcribus ' 
ab equitibus Romanis constitueretur:*’ id facile effici* 


posse arbitrati sunt, si et principes illius ordinis pecunias 
contulissent. Itaque appellatus est a C. Flavio, Bruti 
familiati, Atticus, ut ejus rei princeps esse vellet. At 
ille, qui officia amicis prestanda sine factione existima- 
ret, semperque a talibus se consiliis removisset, respon- 
dit: si quid Brutus de suis facultatibus uti voluisset, 
usurum, quantum he paterentur; se neque cum quo- 
quam de ea re gollocuturum, neque coiturum. Sic ille 
consensionis globus hujus unius dissensione disjectus 
est. Neque multo post superior esse ccepit Antonius, 
ita ut Brutus et Cassius, provinciarum, que iis necis 
causa date erant a consulibus, desperatis rebus, «in ex- 
silium proficiscerentur. Atticus, qui pecuniam simul 
cum ceteris conferre noluerat florenti illi parti, abjecto 
Bruto Italiaque cedenti LLS. centum millia muneri 
misit. EKidem in Epiro absens trecenta jussit dari ; 
neque eo magis potenti adulatus est Antonio, neque des- 
peratos reliquit. 

IX. Secutum est bellum gestuni apud Mutinam. In 
quo si tantum eum prudentem dicam, minus, quam de- 
beam, preedicem, quum ille potius divinus fuerit: si diz 
vinatio appellanda est perpetua naturalis bonitas, que 
nullis casibus neque agitur, neque minuitur. Hostis 
Antonius judicatus Italia cesserat; spes restituendi 
nulla erat. Non solum{ejus] inimici, qui tum erant 
potentissimi et plurimi, sed etiam, qui adversariis ejus 
se dabant, et in eo ledendo aliquam consecuturos [se] 
sperabant commendationem, Antonii familiares inseque- 

g* 


5 


2 


-e tur, tanta. a 
“sllastiterit.va 


erer 


102 XXV. 10. (7. Pomponius Atticus.) 


bantur ; uxorem Fulviam omnibus rebus spoliare cu- 
piebant ; liberos etiam exstinguere parabant. Atticus, 
quum Ciceronis intima familiaritate uteretur, amicissi- 
mus esset Bruto, non modo nihil “iis indulsit ad Antoni- 
um violandum, sed e contrario familiares ejus ex urbe 
profugientes, quantum potuit, texit, quibus rebus indi- 
guerunt, adjuvit. P. vero Volumnio ea tribuit, ut plura 
a parente proficisci non potuerint. Ipsi autem Fulvie, 
quum litibus distineretur magnisque terroribus vexare- 

igentia dflicium suum preestitit, ut nullum 
dixnoriium sine Attico, hic sponsor omnium 
rerum fuerit. Quin etiam, quum illa fundum secunda 
fortuna‘emisset in diem, neque post calamitatem versu- 
tatn’ facére potiisset, flle se interposuit pecuniamque 
sine fenore sineque ulla stipulatione [ei] credidit, maxi- 
mum existimans questum, memorem gratumque cog- 
nosci, simulque aperire, se non fortune, sed hominibus 
solere esse amicum. Que quum faciebat, nemo eum 
temporis causa facere poterat existimare. Nemini enim 
in opinionem veniebat, Antonium rerum potiturum., Sed 
sensim is a nonnullis optimatibus reprehendebatur, quod 
parum odisse malos cives videretur. Ille autem sui 
judicii potius, quid se facere par esset, intuebatur, quam 
quid alii laudaturi forent. 

X. Conversa subito fortuna est. Ut Antonius rediit 
in Italiam, nemo non magno in periculo Atticum putarat 
propter intimam familiaritatem Ciceronis et Bruti. Ita- 
que ad adventum imperatorum de foro decesserat, timens 
proscriptionem, hatebatque apud P. Volumnium, cui, ut 
ostendimus, paullo ante opem tulerat: (tanta varietas 
iis témporibus fuit fortune, ut modo hi, modo illi in 
summo essent aut fastigio, aut periculo) habebatque se- 
cum Q.\Gellium Canum, ‘zequalem simillimumque sui. 
Hoc quoque sit Attici bonitatis exemplum, quod cum 
eo, quem puerum in ludo cognoverat, adeo conjuncte 
vixit, ut ad extremam etatem amicitia eorum creverit. 
Antonius autem, etsi tanto odio ferebatur in Ciceronem, 
ut. non solum ei, sed omnibus etiam ejus amicis esset 
inimicus, eosque vellet proscribere, multis hortantibus 
tamen Attici memor fuit officii, et ei, quum requisisset, 
ubinam esset, sua manu scripsit, ne timeret, statimque 
ad se veniret: se eum, et illius causa [Gellium] Canum 


XXV. 11,12. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 103 


4 


de proscriptorum numero exemisse. Ac, ne quod [in] 
periculum incideret, quod noctu fiebat, presidium ei 
misit. Sic Atticus in summo timore non solum sibi, sed 
etiam ei, quem carissimum habebat, preesidio fuit. Ne- 
que enim suze solum a quoquam auxilium petiit salutis, 
sed conjunctim: ut appareret, nullam sejunctam sibi ab 
eo velle fortunam. Quod si gubernator precipua laude 
fertur, qui navem ex hieme marique scopuloso servat : 
cur non singularis ejus existimetur prudentia, qui ex 
tot tamque gravibus procellis civilibus ad incolumitatem 
pervenit ? 

XI. Quibus ex malis ut se emerserat, nihil aliud egit, 
quam ut plurimis, quibus rebus posset, esset auxilio. 
Quum proscriptos preemiis imperatorum vulgus conqui- 
reret, nemo in Epirum venit, cui res ulla defuerit ; ne- 
mini non ibi perpetuo manendi potestas facta est. Qui 
etiam post preelium Philippense interitumque C. Cassii 
et M. Bruti L. Julium Mocillam, pretorium, et ejus 
filium, Aulumque Torquatum, ceterosque pari fortuna 
perculsos, instituerit tueri, atque ex Epiro his omnia 
Samothraciam supportari jusserit. Difficile est, omnia 
persequi, et non necessarium. [llud unum intelligi vo- 
lumus, illius liberalitatem neque temporariam, neque 
callidam fuisse. Id ex ipsis rebus ac temporibus judi- 
cari potest, quod non florentibus se venditavit, sed afflic- 
tis semper succurrit: qui quidem Serviliam, Bruti ma- 

trem, non minus post mortem ejus, quam florente, colu- 
erit. Sic liberalitate utens nullas inimicitias gessit: 
quod neque ledebat quemquam, neque, si quam injuri- 
am acceperat, malebat ulcisci, quam oblivisci. Idem 
immortali memoria percepta retinebet beneficia; que 
autem ipse tribuerat, tamdiu meminerat, quoad ille gra- 
tus erat, qui acceperat. Itaque hic fecit, ut vere dictum 
videatur: Sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam. Neque 
tamen prius ille fortunam, quam se ipse, finxit: qui ca- 
vit, ne qua in re jure plecteretur. 

XII. His igitur rebus effecit, ut M. Vipsanius Agrip- 
pa, intima familiaritate conjunctus adolescenti Cesari, 
quum propter suam gratiam et Cesaris potentiam nullius 
conditionis non haberet potestatem, potissimum ejus de- 
ligeret affinitatem, preeoptaretque equitis Romani filiam 
generosarum nuptiis. Atque harum nuptiarum conci- 


6 


104 XXV. 13. (2. Pomponius Aiticus.) 


liator fuit (non est enim celandum) M. Antonius, trium. 
vir reipublice constituende: cujus gratia quum augere 
possessiones posset suas, tantum abfuit a cupiditate pe- 
cunie, ut nulla in re usus sit ea, nisi in deprecandis 
amicorum aut periculis, aut incommodis. Quod qui. 
dem sub ipsa proscriptione perillustre fuit. Nam quum 
L. Saufeii, equitis Romani, zequalis sui, qui complures 
annos, studio ductus philosophiw, Athenis habitabat, 
habebatque -in Italia pretiosas possessiones, triumviri 
bona vendidissent consuetudine ea, qua tum res gere- 
bantur: Attici labore atque industria factum est, ut 
eodem nuntio Saufeius fieret certior, se patrimonium 
amisisse et recuperasse. Idem L. Julium Calidum, 
quem post Lucretii Catullique mortem multo elegantis- 
simum poétam nostram tulisse etatem vere videor posse 
contendere, neque minus virum bonum optimisque ar- 
tibus eruditum, post proscriptionem equitum propter 
magnas ejus Africanas possessiones in proscriptorum 
numerum a P. Volumnio, prefecto fabrum Antonii, 
absentem relatum, expedivit. Quod in presenti utrum 
ei laboriosius an gloriosius fuerit, difficile fuit judicare : 
quod in eorum periculis, non secus absentes, quam pre- 
sentes amicos Attico esse cure, cognitum est. 

XIII. Neque vero minus ille vir bonus paterfamilias 
habitus est, quam civis. Nam quum esset pecuniosus, 
nemo illo minus fuit emax, minus -edificator. Neque 
tamen non in primis bene habitavit, omnibusque optimis 
rebus usus est. Nam domum habuit in colle Quirinali 
Tamphilanam, ab avunculo hereditate relictam: cujus 
amecenitas non edificio, sed silva constabat. Ipsum enim 
tectum, antiquitus constitutum, plus salis, quam sumptus 
habebat: in.guo nihil commutavit, nisi si quid vetustate 
coactus est. Usus est familia, si utilitate judicandum 
est, optima; si forma, vix mediocri. Namque in ea 
erant pueri litteratissimi, anagnoste optimi, et plurimi 
librarii, ut ne pedisequus quidem quisquam esset, qui 
non utrumque horum pulchre facere posset ; pari modo 
artifices ceteri, quos cultus domesticus desiderat, appri- 
me boni. Neque tamen horum quemquam, nisi domi 
natum domique factum, habuit: quod est signum non 
solum continentiz, sed etiam diligentie. Nam et non 
intemperanter concupiscere, quod a plurimis videas, 


XXV. 14,15. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 105 


continentis debet duci: et potius diligentia, quam pretio, 
parare, non mediocris est industrie. Elegans, non 
magnificus ; splendidus, non sumptuosus; omni diligen- 
tia mundiciam, non affluentiam, affectabat. Supellex 
modica, non multa, ut in neutram partem conspici pos- 
set. Nec preteribo, quamquam nonnullis leve visum 
iri putem: quum inprimis lautus esset eques Romanus, 
et non parum liberaliter domum suam omnium ordinum 
homines invitaret, [scimus,] non amplius, quam terna 
millia eris, perzeque in singulos menses, ex ephemeride 
eum expensum sumptui ferre solitum. Atque hoc non 
auditum, sed cognitum predicamus. Szpe enim prop- 
ter familiaritatem domesticis rebus interfuimus. 
~ XIV. Nemo in convivio ejus aliud acroama audivit, 
quam anagnosten: quod nos quidem jucundissinum 
arbitramur. Neque umquam sine aliqua lectione apud 
eum ccenatum est, ut non minus animo, quam ventre 
convive delectarentur. Namque eos vocabat, quorum 
mores a suis non abhorrerent. Quum tanta pecunie 
facta esset accessio, nihil de quotidiano cultu mutavit, 
nihil de vitee consuetudine: tantaque usus est modera- 
tione, ut neque in sestertio vicies, quod a patre accepe- 
rat, parum se splendide gesserit, neque in sestertio cen- 
ties affluentius vixerit, quam instituerat, parique fastigio 
steterit in utraque fortuna. Nullos habuit hortos, nul- 
lam suburbanam aut maritimam sumptuosam villam, 
neque in Italia, preter Ardeatinum et Nomentanum, 
rusticum predium: omnisque ejus pecuniz reditus con- 
stabat in Epiroticis et urbanis possessionibus. Ex quo 
cognosci potest, usum eum pecuniz non magnitudine, 
sed ratione metiri solitum. 

XV. Mendacium neque dicebat, neque pati poterat. 
Itaque ejus comitas non sine severitate erat, néque gra- 
vitas sine facilitate, ut difficile esset intellectu, utrum 
eum amici magis vererentur, an amarent. Quidquid 
rogabatur, religiose promittebat : quod non liberalis, sed 
levis arbitrabatur, polliceri, quod prestare non posset. 
Idem in nitendo, quod semel annuisset, tanta erat cura, 
ut non mandatam, sed suam rem videretur agere. Num- 
quam suscepti negotii eum pertesum est. Suam enim 
existimationem in ea re agi putabat: qua nihil habebat 
carius. Quo fiebat, ut omnia Ciceronum, Catonis, [ Ma- 


106 XXV. 16,17,18. (T. Pompon. Atticus.) 


rii, Q.] Hortensii, Auli Torquati, multorum preterea 
equitum Romanorum negotia procuraret. Ex quo judi- 
cari poterat, non inertia, sed judicio fugisse reipublicze 
procurationem. 

XVI. Humanitatis vero nullum afferre majus testi- 
monium possum, quam quod adolescens idem seni Sulle 
fuerit jucundissimus, senex adolescenti M. Bruto; cum 
zequalibus autem suis, Q. Hortensio et M. Cicerone, sic 
vixerit, ut judicare difficile sit, cui etati fuerit aptissi- 
mus. Quamquam eum precipue dilexit Cicero, ut ne 
frater quidem ei Quintus carior fuerit aut familiarior. 
Ki rei sunt indicio, preter eos libros, in quibus de eo 
facit mentionem, qui in vulgus [jam] sunt editi, sex- 
decim volumina epistolarum, ab consulatu ejus usque 
ad extremum tempus ad Atticum missarum: que qui 
legat, non multum desideret historiam contextam illorum 
temporum. Sic enim omnia de studiis principum, vitiis 
ducum, mutationibus reipublice perscripta sunt, ut nihil 
in iis non appareat, et facile existimari possit, pruden- 
tiam quodammodo esse divinationem. Non enim Cicero 
ea solum, que vivo se acciderunt, futura preedixit, sed 
etiam, quee nunc usu veniunt, cecinit, ut vates. 

XVII. De pietate autem Attici quid plura comme- 
morem? quum hoc ipsum vere gloriantem audierim in 
funere matris sue, quam extulit annorum nonaginta, 
quum esset septem et sexaginta, se numquam cum ma- 
tre in gratiam redisse, numquam cum sorore fuisse in 
simultate, quam prope equalem habebat. Quod est 
signum, aut nullam umquam inter eos querimoniam in- 
tercessisse, aut hune ea fuisse in suos indulgentia, ut, 
quos amare deberet, irasci eis nefas duceret. Neque id 
fecit natura solum, quaamquam omnes ei paremus, sed 
etiam dottrina. Nam et principum philosophorum ita 
percepta habuit pracepta, ut iis ad vitam agendam, non 
ad ostentationem, uteretur. 

XVIII. Moris etiam majorum summus imitator fuit 
antiquitatisque amator: quam adeo diligenter habuit 
cognitam, ut eam totam in eo volumine exposuerit, quo 
magistratus ornavit. Nulla enim lex, neque pax, neque 
bellum, neque res illustris est populi Romani, que non 
‘in eo suo tempore sit notata: et, quod difficillimum fuit, 
sic familiarum originem subtexuit, ut ex eo clarorum 


XXV. 19,20. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 107 


virorum propagines possimus cognoscere. Fecit hoc 
idem separatim in aliis libris: ut M. Bruti rogatu Juni- 
am familiam a stirpe ad hanc etatem ordine enumeravit, 
notans, qui, a quo ortus, quos honores, quibusque tem- 
poribus cepisset. Pari modo Marcelli Claudii, Marcel- 
lorum; Scipionis Cornelii et Fabii Maximi, Fabiorum 
et Aimiliorum quoque: quibus libris nihil potest esse 
dulcius iis, qui aliquam cupiditatem habent notitiz cla- 
rorum virorum. Attigit quoque poéticen: credimus, 
ne ejus expers esset suavitatis. Namque versibus, qui 
honore rerumque gestarum amplitudine ceteros Romani 
populi preestiterunt, exposuit ita, ut sub singulorum ima- 
ginibus facta magistratusque eorum non amplius qua- 
ternis quinisve versibus descripserit: quod vix creden- 
dum sit, tantas res tam breviter potuisse declarari. Est 
etiam unus liber, Greece confectus, de consulatu Cice- 
ronis. 

XIX. Hactenus Attico vivo edita [hzc] a nobis sunt. 
Nune, quoniam fortuna nos superstites ei esse voluit, 
reliqua persequemur, et, quantum potuerimus, rerum 
exemplis lectores docebimus, sicut supra significavimus, 
suos cuique mores plerumque conciliare fortunam. 
Namque hic contentus ordine equestri, quo erat ortus, 
in affinitatem pervenit imperatoris Divi filii: quum jam 
ante familiaritatem ejus esset consecutus nulla alia re, 
quam elegantia vite, qua ceteros ceperat principes civi- 
tatis, dignitate pari, fortuna humiliore. Tanta enim 
ss opts Cesarem est consecuta, ut nihil ei non tri- 

uerit fortuna, quod cuiquam ante detulerit, et concilia- 
rit, quod nemo adhuc civis Romanus quivit consequi. 
Nata est autem Attico neptis ex Agrippa, cui virginem 
filiam collocarat. Hanc Cesar, vix anniculam, Tiberio 
Claudio Neroni, Drusilla nato, privigno suo, despondit : 
quz conjunctio necessitudinem eorum sanxit, familiari- 
tatem reddidit frequentiorem. 

XX. Quamvis ante hec sponsalia non solum, quum 
ab urbe abesset, numquam ad suorum quemquam litte- 
ras misit, quin Attico mitteret, quid ageret, imprimis, 
quid legeret, quibusque in locis, et quam diu esset mo- 
raturus: sed etiam, quum esset in urbe, et propter suas 
infinitas occupationes minus sepe, quam vellet, Attico 
frueretur, nullus dies temere intercessit, quo non ad 


3 


108 XXV. 21. (7. Pomponius Atticus.) 


eum scriberet, qaum modo aliquid de antiquitate ab eo 
requireret, modo aliquam [ei] questionem poéticam 
proponeret, interdum jocans ejus verbosiores eliceret 
epistolas. Ex quo accidit, quum edis Jovis Feretrii, 
in Capitolio ab Romulo constituta, vetustate atque incu- 
ria detecta prolaberetur, ut Attici admonitu Cesar eam 
reficiendam curaret. Neque vero ab M. Antonio minus 
absens litteris colebatur: adeo, ut accurate ille ex ulti- 
mis terris, quid ageret, quid cure sibi haberet, certiorem 
faceret Atticum. Hoc quale sit, facilius existimabit is, 
qui judicare poterit, quante sit sapientie, eorum retinere 
usum benevolentiamque, inter quos maximarum rerum 
non solum zmulatio, sed obtrectatio tanta intercedebat, 
quantam fuit incidere necesse inter Cesarem atque An- 
tonium, quum se uterque principem non solum urbis 
Romane, sed orbis terrarum esse cuperet. 

XXI. Tali modo quum septem et septuaginta annos 
complesset, atque ad extremam senectutem non minus 
dignitate, quam gratia fortunaque crevisset; (multas enim 
hereditates nulla alia re, quam bonitate, est consecutus) 
tantaque prosperitate usus esset valetudinis, ut annis 
triginta medicina non indiguisset: nactus est morbum, 
quem initio et ipse et medici contempserunt. Nam pu- 
tarunt esse tenesmon, cui remedia celeria faciliaque 
proponebantur. In hoc quum tres menses sine ullis 
doloribus, preeterquam quos ex curatione capiebat, con- 
sumpsisset: subito tanta vis morbi in unum intestinum 
prorupit, ut extremo tempore per lumbos fistula putris 
eruperit. Atque hoc priusquam ei accideret, postquam 
in dies dolores accrescere febresque accessisse sensit 
Agrippam generum ad se arcessi jussit, et cum eo L. 
Cornelium Balbum Sextumque Peduceum. Hos ut 
venisse vidit, in cubitum innixus: qguantam, inquit, cu- 
ram diligentiamque in valetudine mea tuenda hoc tempore 
adhibuerim, quum vos testes habeam, nihil necesse est plu- 
ribus verbis commemorare. Quibus quoniam, ut spero, 
satisfeci, me nihil reliqui fecisse, quod ad sanandum me 
pertineret, reliquum est, ut ‘egomet mihi consulam. Id vos 
ignorare nolui. Nam mihi stat, alere morbum desinere. 
Namque his diebus quidquid ctbi [potionisque] sumsi, ita 
produxi vitam, ut auxerim dolores sine spe salutis. Quare 


XXV. 22. (T. Pomponius Atticus.) 109 


a vobis peto primum, ut consilium probetis meum : deinde, 
ne frustra dehortando conemini. 

XXII. Hac oratione habita tanta constantia vocis at- 
que vultus, ut non ex vita, sed ex domo in domum vide- 
retur migrare, quum quidem Agrippa eum flens atque 
osculans oraret atque obsecraret, ne ad id, quod natura 
cogeret, ipse quoque sibi acceleraret, et, quoniam tum 
quoque posset temporibus superesse, sé sibi suisque re- 
servaret, preces ejus taciturna sua obstinatione depressit. 
Sic quum biduum cibo se abstinuisset, subito febris de- 
cessit, leviorque morbus esse ccepit. T'amen propositum 
nihilo secius peregit. Itaque die quinto post, quam id 
consilium inierat, pridie Calendas Apriles, Cn. Domitio, 
C. Sosio Coss. decessit. Elatus est in lecticula, ut ipse 
prescripserat, sine ulla pompa funeris, comitantibus 
omnibus bonis, maxima vulgi frequentia. Sepultus est 
juxta viam Appiam, ad quintum lapidem, in monumento 
Q. Cecilii, avunculi sui. 

10 





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ay. 4 


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Fate 4 es 
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QUESTIONS. 





PRAFATIO. 


[1] 1. What is the usual construction after non dubito 
in the sense of J don’t doubt ; I feel sure?—2. Does Cic. 
ever use the acc. and inf. alter non dubito = I don’t 
doubt ?—3. What authors do ?—4. What is C. Nepos’s 
practice 7—5. In what sense is non dubito regularly fol- 
lowed by the infin. ?—6. Does Cic. ever use quin after 
non dubito = ‘J do not scruple’ or ‘ hesitate ?’—7. Do 
good writers use plerique with a gen.? Explain plerigue, 
plurimi, complures—8. Does hoc genus scripture relate 
to the style and form, or to the matter, contents, &c., of 





ant 1—6. Non dubito has two meanings: ‘I doubt not; ‘I 
do not hesitate” (a) Non dubito (J doubt not) is in Cicero (and I 

believe Cesar) always followed by quin: but the younger Cicero 
in one letter, ad Div. xvi. 21, 2, has acc. with inf. (gratos tibi opta- 
tosque esse—non dubito). In this sense C. Nepos has always the 
acc. and inf.; which also is not uncommon in Livy, Curtius, &c. 
(b) In the sense of ‘J do not hesitate,’ the inf. is the reg. constr., 
but even here Cic. has sometimes quin. [See Z. § 541). 

After nemini dubsum esse C. Nep. has qguin in Hann. 2. 6. 

7. Plerique,‘a great many,’ is not a partitive (and therefore not 
followed in the best writers by a gen."): it expresses a large number as 
forming a whole ; not as the larger part of a whole. Plurimi is either 
‘very many’ (considered as a whole) or ‘ the greatest number,’ ‘ the 
most.’ Plurimi says more than plerique; and plerique more than 
complures (Paus. 2, 2). D.—See Dad. plerique. 8. hoc genus 

* Cicero, however, pro Cluent. 42, 117, has plerique vestrum sciunt, and de 


Amicit. 20, 71, quorum plerique, and elsewhere the genitive with plerique.—See 
also Z. § 109, "Note 


7 


112 QUESTIONS ON 


the work ?—9. Why is e¢ non satis dignum better than 
neque satis dignum here?—10. What is the original 
meaning of persona ?.what its meaning here ?—11. Ex- 
plain virtutes here.—12. Give the derivation and origi- 
nal meaning of commodus.—13. Give other instances of 
commode = well.—14. What adverb would probably be 
used in Greek ?—15. What anecdote that bears on this 
subject is related of Themistocles ?—16. What part of 
speech is musica properly, and in what other form does 
it occur ?—17. Why is musicam in the acc. ? 

[2] 1 Who are fi?—2. What is the antecedent to 
qu?—3. What is the force of fere here !—4. Why is 
litterarum in the gen. ?—how is it to be construed here ? 
—5. Why is conveniat in the subj.?—6. By what Eng- 
lish tense do you construe putabunt ? 

[3] 1. What tense is didicerint ?—2. How do you 
translate to judge one thing by another in Lat. ?—3. ix. 
plain instituta.—4. Distinguish between mirari and 





scripture: ‘ this kind of historical composition,’ relating not to the 
style or form, but to the substance or matter. 9. Et non is used 
in preference to neque when the negative belongs to only one word 


or notion of a positive clause. 10. Persona, properly an actor’s 
mask; hence the character he represented, and then character 
generally, rank, position, &c. 11. = res laudabiles: nearly = 





ishments 12. Con together, modus measure, proportion : 
properly commodus, ‘having the full measure or proportion, that 
any thing requires.’ Hence commoda statura = a tall stature. 
13. Commode legere, Plin. commode audire, Cic.. 14. 
dppoords or sbappéotws, 15. Themistocles, quumin epulis recusaret 
lyram, est habitus indoctior. Cic. Tusc. 1,2, 4. 16. Fem, 
adj. from musicus, povetkés. musica sc. ars. musice, (movetkh, se. 
réxvn) es. (Quint.) 

[2] 1. At de quibus loquor. 2. it or ejusmodi homines, (qui 
&c.) 3. for the most part; principally ; to speak generally. 
It does not necessarily intimate that the author believes his state- 
ment not to be universally true, but is a cautious mode of avoidin 
a universal sg ono which might be proved incorrect. 
literature. Z. § 558.—Pr. Intr. 47 6. By the indie. pres. 
—the future ais refers to the same time as the preceding erunt. 

[3] 1. Fat. perf. 2. judicare aliquid aliqua re. Ina letter 
to Cic. D. Brutus has ‘a certo [T'u enim aperto, Orell.| sensu et 
vero judicas de nobis.” Ad Div.11,10. 3. Instituta (xaOeer@ra): 
prevailing customs and usages, whether civil, military, or domestic, 
not enforced by laws, but by traditional and universal observance. 

4. mirari is indifferent (i. e. implies, neither. admiration nor 


THE PREFACE. 113 


admirari.—5. What is the more usual word for Greek 
in prose !—6. Does Cic. ever use Graius ? 

4] 1. What force has enim here ?—2. Explain ger- 
mana soror. ‘Translate ‘a sister by the same father and 
mother,’ —‘ a sister by the same mother.—3. What is the 
primary meaning of germanus?—4. Whom, did Cimon 
marry ?—5. What is the forde of guippe ? ‘and by what 
words is it often followed ?—6. How is cives to be con- 
strued ?—7. What is the force of quidem in id quidem? 
and what Greek particle has this force ? 

[5] 1. Is it common to translate ‘in the whole of 
Greece’ by totd Grecid, without the preposition ?—2. 
When should ‘in’ be used?—3. What and where was 
Olympia ?—4. Govern Olympie.—5, Explain citari.—6. 





censure in itself, but either indifferently): admirari (= admodum 
mirari) generally implies admiration: demirari always censure. 
Admirari is here simply ‘to wonder, ‘to be surprised. 5. 
Grecus. 6. Yes, now and then: De Rep. 3,9, que ne reficienda 
pyr Graii putaverunt~ Ib. 2, 4. De "Invent. 2, 23.—See 


[4] 1. Tt introduces an instance to prove or illustrate what went 
before : it may be construed ‘ for example.’ B. 2. The daugh- 
ter of both a man’s parents, or of his father, is his germana soror : 
a sister by blood, whether Aalf-sister, or a child of the same father 
and mother: ‘a sister by the same father and mother,’ soror ex eis- 
dem parentibus nata: a sister by the same mother, soror uterina. 

Belonging to the same stock or race: thus, Strabo; 

T'copavoi bad * pester: kadodyrac’ dévara: 62 7d dvopa yvf otros. 4. 
He ipinlog: who was also the daughter of Miltiades, but by another - 
wife. 5. It is‘an affirmafWve particle, whose office is to add the 
reason of a preceding statement: - is often followed by quum, qut. 

6. Fellow-citize . It corresponds to the Greek ye, 
adding emphasis or infsnsity to ‘ie ‘preceding word, by confining the 
assertion to it (= this at all events, whatever may be said of other 
cases). It is to be construed by laying an emphasis on this, 

‘(5] 1. Yes: so in C. Nep. Iphicr. 2. 3. quod maxime totdé cel- 
ebratum est Gr @ ci 4.—Extension and prevalence through a whole 
is better expressed by the abl. only (if-there is an adj. with it), than 
by the abl. with in. See Z. § 482. 2. on denote somewhere in a 
space, not throughout the whole space. - It is the gen. depend- 
ent on victorem. Olympic victor = ‘ai cena an Olympic vie- 
tor ; a conqueror in the Olympic games. So Alcib. 6.3. Olympie 
victoribus. B. 5. ‘to be proclaimed by the herald, 6. 
== censentur, habentur, ‘ are reckoned,’ ‘ considered.’ According to 


- Hand says, ‘ universa significatio hujus particule in eo posita est, ut veri- 
tas ee rei vel sententia alid revel argumento monstretur. He translates 


enim by ‘ so then.’ 
. 10% 


114 QUESTIONS ON 


What is the meaning of ponuntur here? how does it get 
this meaning ?—7. ‘To what English expression can you 
compare it ? ‘ 

[6] 1. Is ea to be connected with contra or pleraque ? 
—2. What is meant by the primus locus edium?—3. 
Explain in celebritate versari—4. What is the meaning 
of celebritas ?—5. Decline mater-familias. 

[7] 1. What is the force of sedet ?—2. What were 
the other names for the yuvouxwvirig ? from what word are 
these names derived?—3. What is the name for the 
men’s apartments ?—4, Distinguish between edes sing. 
and plur. 

[8] 1. What is the difference between guum—tum, 
and tum—tum ?—2. Are liber and volumen synonymous, 





. 


some, the notion is derived from a man’s putting down a pebble to 
declare his vote (Wiigov rifex0a:) ; according to others, from putting 
down a piece on a chess- or draughts-board. 7. To lay down an 
opinion. 

[6] 1. With contra. Contra ea = ‘on the contrary” See 
Alcib. 8. 4. &c. 2. The atrium, or rp60vpov, which was origi- 
nally the only sitting-room, where the mistress sat with her maid-ser- 
vants, engaged in spinning and other domestic employments. It was 
also the kitchen.—Afterwards, in great houses, it was the reception- 
room (distinct from the private sitting-rooms), where the patron re- 
ceived his clients and other visitors. Here the nuptial couch was 
placed opp. the door; the instruments and materials for spinning and 
weaving (formerly carried on by the women of the family in this 
room), the images of the family ancestors, and the sacred focus, or 
jire-place, dedicated to the Lares. [Dict. of Rom. Antig.}) ~- 3. 
_* to live, as it were, in public:’ i. e. to be constantly surrounded with 
a numerous company. 4. ‘the state of being visited by many :’ 
then ‘ the multitude who visit a place’ (qui locum celebrant). Here 
celebritas = numerous company. : 

[7] 1. * Sits secluded’ (like je8a), intimating that she there led 

a dull, sedentary life: opp. in celebritate versari. 2. yvvat- 
Kéiov, yuvatkov’ yvvatk, root of yurf, woman. 3. avdpwrirts. 
4. In the sing. it is a building consisting of one room: e. g. edes 
sacra, a temple, consisting of one undivided interior space. In plur. 
‘a house’ considered as made up of several chambers, and with ref- 
erence to the building. Domus is the town-house of a noble or 
wealthy Roman : ‘the house,’ with all that belongs to it, the family, 
&c.: also ‘ house’ considered as the home of a family. 

[8] 1. In quum—tum more weight is given to the statement in- 
troduced by tum (= and especially): in tum—tum equal impor- 
tance is attached to both. 2. Liber is here ‘ a book’ .as a portion 
of the whole work, volumen. Hence in hoc libro, not hoc libro. See 


f 


. 


THE PREFACE. 115 


as here used by C. Nep. ?—3. Explain the use of the 
plurals (exponemus, veniemus) instead of the sing.—4. 
What is the construction of ordiri and its compounds ?— 

. Distinguish between ordiri and incipere, inchoare, ce 
pisse.—W hat is the opposite of ordiri? 


EXERCISE, 


Does dancing well become the character of a very 
great man ?—I don’t doubt that this suits the manners of 
the Romans (¢?anslate in both ways: that of Corn. Ne- 
pos, and the more usual way).—If you have learnt that all 
[nations ]' do not think the same things honorable and dis- 
graceful, you will not wonder that Cimon was married 
to his own sister.—Is not that’ unlawful according to our 
customs ?—But those’ [things ] are considered disgraceful 
amongst the Romans. 





Z. § 481. 3. The plural is used in a modest way, the speaker 
appearing to take in others, instead of appropriating the merit to him- 
self. 4. They take either an acc. or an infin. after them: e. g 


reliquos ordiamur. Alcib. 11. 6. de quo scribere exorsi 
sumus. Pelop. 1. 4. 5. See Déderlein incipere. : 


1 Words in [ J are to be omitted in translation. 


116 QUESTIONS ON 


I. MILTIADES. 


Cu. I. [1] 1. How does C. Nep. generally begin 
his lives ?—2. Is this beginning an exception ?—3. What 
can you tell of the antiquity of Miltiades’s family, and of 
the celebrity of his ancestors ?—4. Give the deriv. and 
meaning of modestia.—5. 'To what Greek word does it 
correspond ?—6. What is its opposite ?—7. Distinguish 
between modestia and moderatio.—8. How did the Ro- 
Mans join three (or more) notions A, B, C together ?— 
9. How did they not join them together ?—10. What is 
the grammatical term for the frequent repetition of the 
conjunction ?—11. Give the derivation of this word.— 
12. When should A, et B, et C be preferred to A, B, C? 
—13. Govern omnium.—14. What force does wnus add 
to the superl. ?—15. What variations of this form occur? 
—16. Does unus stand in this way with superl. adjec- 
tives ?—17. Govern etate—18. What is the force of 





Cu. I. [1] 1. He generally begins with the name, family, and 
country of his hero, as a sort of inscription, sometimes unconnected 
with what follows; oftener, however, as in the lives of Aristides and 
Pausanias, the name of the hero is the subject of the first verb. 

3. According to Herodotus he was descended from the Hero Avdcus 
(of Angina, K. M. p. 146), Phileus, the son of Ajax, being the first 
of the family who settled at Athens. Codrus is also said to have 
been one of his ancestors. 4. Modestia, from modus, the true 
mean or measure: it implies moderation in one’s desires; and, as a 
political virtue, the disposition which makes an obedient, orderly, 
peaceful citizen: ‘ unassuming behavior, 5. owdpootyn, 
6. immodestia. 7. Modestia relates more to the inward charac- 
ter: moderatio to the habit of acting in conformity to it. See Déd. 
8. Either A, et B, et C’: or A, B,C. Z. § 783. 9. Not 
A, B, et C. 10. Polysyndéton. 11. rodus, ot, déw (ligo). 
12. When stress is to be laid on each notion. 13. It is 
- the gen. after the superl. adv. mazxime. 14. It strengthens it by 
marking out the individual of whom the statement is made from all — 
others. 15. unus ex omnibus — maxime; unus mazxime, with- 
out any case of omnis. 16. Yes: e. g. unus omnium loquacis- 


1In xxiv. (Cato), 3, 1, et is repeated six times: nam et agricola sollers, et 
reipublice peritus, et juris consultus, et magnus imperator, et probabilis orator, 
et cupidissimus litterarum fuit. 


MILTIADES, CH. I. 117 


‘is’ in ea etate?—19. What is the diff. between 1am and 
nunc ?—20. What is the diff. between non jam and jam 
non?'—21. Why is the reciprocal sui used with cives ? 
—22. What is the Lat. for fellow-citizens ?—23. Does 


qualem cognitum judicarunt refer to a preceding or a fol- 


lowing experience and judgment?—24. Why would 
qualem cognitum judicarant be wrong ?—25. Resolve 
cognitum into a sentence with guum.—26. What tense 
is accidit? prove it.—27. Distinguish between accidit, 
evenit, contingit.—28. Construe : ‘ scies plura mala ¢on- 
tingere nobis quam accidere. (Sen. Ep. 110.)— 
29. Govern Chersonésum—30. What Chersonesus is 
meant ? 

[2] 1. Would the sentence probably have begun 
with the gen. if Aujus generis had been used? Why? 
—2. Does Cic. ever use hoc or quod genus* in this way, 





simus. 19. Jam always implies a progression up to the pres- 
ent time ; or from the present to a future time: it thus com 
tacitly what is now with a former or future state of things. Nunc 
relates to the present moment; ‘now’ as opposed to ‘ then.’ 20. 
The jam stands first, when the notion of time is to be strongly 
brought out: it here refers to ea etate. 21. It refers to ei, or 
de eo, omitted after confidere. 22. Cives: no such compound 
as concives exists. 23. 'To their after-experience: ‘ such as they 
afterwards actually judged him to be, after they had learnt to know 
him thoroughly.’ 4. It would intimate that, having already 
had the necessary acquaintance with him, they had already passed 
their final sentence on his character. 25. qualem, quum cog- 
novissent, judicarunt. 27. Did. accidere. 
Contingit use of things we like, 
But accidit, when evils strike. 

29. The acc. governed as the name of a town. The general prac- 
tice is to express the preposition before the name of an island, except 
where it has but one city, of which the whole island is the district. 
But Nep. has Cypri, Lesbi; and Cyprum mittere. He also says: 
Chersonesi habitare. A small peninsula would naturally follow the 
same rule as an island. (Cic. says Ithace vivere, but in Cyprum 


redire.)—See Z. § 398. Note. 30. The Thracian Chersonese. 
[2] 1. Yes; hujus generis having the closest relation to colonos 
in the preceding sentence. 2. Yes ; sunt—eligendi (amici), 


cujus generis est magna penuria (de Amic. 17. 62): hujus 


Non jam indicat rem in tempore quod thac sequitur non locum habere, 
nec recurrere : i non autem rem significat non esse, ut erat ante. Hand. 
Tursell. vol. 3. 130. 

2 It is of frequent occurrence in Nep.—Paus. 3, 6; Iph. 1, 4; Ages. 3, 3, &c. 


118 QUESTIONS ON 


instead of the simple relative? .Give instances.—3. In 
the sentence, ex his delecti, &c., what word is not abso- 
lutely necessary to the sense ?'—4. Give the derivation 
of deliberare.—5. How does Bremi distinguish it from 
consulere ?—6. Distinguish between potissimum, precipue, 
presertim, maxime, unprimis. What is the proper posi- 
tion of potissimum ?—7. What peculiarity is there in the 
position of cum before the rel. in Nep. ?—8. Is it ever 
found in this position in Cicero? Give an instance.— 
9. When should cum always precede the relative ?— 
10. What kind of contest does armis dimicare inti- 
mate ? 

[3] 1. To what Eng. word of commanding does 
precipere nearly correspond ?—2. Construe Mailtiadem 
sibi imperatorem sumere.—3. Govern futura.—4. What 





generis est plenus Novius (de Or. 2. 70. 285). 3. deliber- 
atum ; as the clause, qui consulerent, &c. would convey the purpose 
without it. 4. deliberare, from de, libra or libella, a balance. 
5. Bremi understands deliberare of the previous consultation with the 
priests: consulere of the formal inquiry. But deliberare is used ii. 
2. 6. of consulting an oracle: ‘deliberantibus Pythia respondit.’ 
6. potissimum refers to the act of choosing this in preference 
to that ; it follows the word whose meaning it strengthens: precipue 
refers to a distinction which one enjoys above all others, and to their 
exclusion: presertim (= «ai tadra) refers to a condition or cause 
which adds strength or importance to what is asserted: maxime, in 
the highest degree, a strengthened valde : cum — imprimis, ‘ among 
the first,’ places the subject or predicato before all the rest. In Eng- 
lish potissimum would generally be untranslated: pr @sertim an- 
swers best to especially: precipue toparticularly, in particular, 
exclusively: maxime to chiefly, principally. 7. He nearly 
always places cum before the rel., cum quibus, not quibuscum. 
8. Yes: e.g.cum quibus causas cognovit. 9. Whenever 
‘ with’ is emphatic; e. g. opp. to without, as in: ‘ira procul absit, 
cum qua nihil recte fieri, nihil considerate potest. C. Off. 1, 38. 
See ch. 2, 3; ii. 8, 35 viii. 3, 3, &c. 10. A violent contest to be 
determined by superior valor, &c. 

[3] 1. To direct :—of a command rendered obligatory by the su- 
perior authority, wisdom, experience, &c. of the person who gives it. 
Déd. jubere. 2. ‘to take Miltiades for their commander.’ 3. 
Fut. inf., esse being omitted. 4. saying, promising, assuring, — 
&c. (that). This often occurs in obl. narration, when the argu- 


1 Compare the following sentences, Nep. xiii, 3, 2. Auic in constlium 
dantur — quorum ¢'nsilio uteretur (B.): Ces. B. G.1,5,1: 
tii id, quod conotituerant, facere conantur, ut e finibus suis 
ezeant. (D. 


MILTIADES, CH. |! 119 


English word must be supplied ?—5. What would Im- 
perator mean, if spoken of a Roman ? 

[4] 1. Construe and govern hoc responso.—2. Give a 
similar instance.—3. Govern facerent.—4. What should 
_be observed in the sentence hoc oraculi, &c.?—5. May 
sponte sua or sua sponte be used indifferently ?—6. With 
what class Of verbs is sua sponte seldom used ?—7. 
What is a rare meaning of sua sponte ?—8. Distinguish 
between sua sponte and ultro. 

[5] 1. What is the English of aguilo ?—2. Compare 
the Greek practice with this use of ventus with aguilo.— 
3. In appositions, which generally precedes, the species 
or the genus ’—4. Before what consonants is ab found ? 
—5. Before what kind of words do the historians seem 
to prefer it to ‘a’ ?—6. What were the Septentriones ? 








ments, statements, &c. of another person are related. 5. In the 
language of the Roman Republic, it would mean a General to 
whom a triumph had been decreed: it was afterwards appropriated 
as a title to the Emperors. 

[4] 1. In consequence of this response: or, on the recep- 
tion of this response: an abl. of cause’. 2. Hoe nuntio, xii. 3, 

, 3. ut omitted: so moneo habeas, &c. 4. That both the 
abl. of cause, and also the nom. of the accessory sentence (quum— 
accessisset) are placed before the conjunction quum. 5. The 
pron. precedes sponte: in the poets and later prose writers sua often 
follows or is omitted. 6. [t is seldom used with a passive verb: 
quod (honestum) sua sponte (= forits own sake) peteretur. (C. 
de Sen. 13, 43.) 7. For its own sake: virtus est ipsa per se, sua 
sponte,—laudabilis. C.'Tusc. 4, 15. 8. Sua sponte is 
opposed to compulsion?: uliro to the suggestion or influence of 
another. 

[5] 1. The northeast wind, but often used (as here) for the 
north-wind. 2. mpis Bopénr dvepor, &c. 3. The species gen- 
erally precedes the genus. 4. Before the liquids, and p, t, 8, c, J, 
(i. e. before any of the consonants in Julii Cesaris mens imperato- 
ria). 5. Liv. and Cesar often use ab before national and other - 
proper names: so also Nep. ab Scythis; ab Lacedemoniis; and 
also before g, ab Gallis. 6. The seven stars at the north pole * 
also the great and little bear*; then ‘ the north’ generally. 


1 Bremi calls it an ablative absolute: adding, ‘to make this intelligi- 
ble, it must be remembered, that as the Romans had no participle of esse, they 
used the abl. with a pron. or adj. in many relations, especially those of cause 
and time, where the Greeks would have used a participle..—Allowing the 
mode of speech to have thus arisen, it was certainly employed where a suitable 
participle might have been found: e. g. dato here. 

2 This passage overthrows D5derlein’s statement, that sua sponte is opposed 
to us, provocatus, invitatus. Dod. sponte. 

% Septentrio major and minor. 


120 QUESTIONS ON 


EXERCISE. 


A [body] of colonists was sent out to the Chersonesus 
by the Athenians [1]—-Cicero was greatly distinguished 
above all [men,] both by his eloquence and by his other 
virtues.— We are all able to hope well of you.—lIt ha 
pened [1] that the wind was opposite [5] to them [when] 
they set out ( partic.)}—We' will do this*, when you' have 
arrived at the Chersonesus.—It happened that chosen 
[men] of this [party] were sent to Delphi—wWhich [of 
them all] shall we take for our commander ?—They took 
Miltiades, the son of Cimon, for their leader.—He or- 
dered him* to direct his course to the place he was go- 
ing to. 


Cu. II. [1] 1. What cases does potior govern in 
Nep. ?—2. Construe in agris collocare——3. Why not in 
agros?—4. Distinguish between ereber and frequens: 
which of the two often implies blame !—5. What is the 
opp. of creber ? what of frequens ? 

[2] 1. Is prudentid adjuvari a usual phrase 1—2. 
What zs the Latin for ‘to show or exhibit prudence?’ 
—3. Explain the use of adjutus here.—4. What is the 
grammatical term for a construction of this kind !—5. 


~ 





Cu. II. [1] 1. Abl. or gen.: but oftener the gen., and once the 
acc.: qui summam imperti potirentur, xviil. 3, 4. 2. To setile 
them in their allotments: the regular term for apportioning the land 
among a body of colonists. 3. With ponere, imponere, collocare, 
the Romans (as we generally do) considered the state of rest that 
follows the placing, rather than the motion while the placing is 
going on: hence in with the abl.: as we say to place or put in, 
rather than to place or put into: but they used ‘in’ with the ace. 
(as we do ‘ into”) when the notion of being removed or transferred 
into any thing is considered, without, or more than, the notion of 
remaining there. Thus in naves imponere (x. 4, 2), turrim in 
muros collocare, Ces. B. G. 2, 30, 4—See Z. §§ 489, 490. 

4. Dad. sepe. 5. Creber opp. rarus: frequens opp. infrequens, 
pauct, singuli. | 


[2] 1. No. 2.°prudentia uti. 3. The adjutus suits 
felicitate, to which it stands nearest, and sufficiently intimates the 
kind of notion to be supplied to prudentia. 4, Zeugma from 


Cevyvévar, to join: a word being used ‘with two or more connected 
words, one only of which it completely suits. 5. It means com- 


7 MILTIADES, CH. II. 121 


Explain the force of de in devincere—6. In what other 
compounds has it the same force ?—7. What prepos. 


would add this force to wayecbos or rorsusiv ? 


[3] 1. What moods does quamvis govern !—2. Give 


its derivation.—3. What notion must be eeied with 
_nomine ?—4. What does zd refer to?—5. With neque 


magis—quam, to which notion is the greater weight 


_given?—6. What is the force of wnperio?—7. What 


Greek word would be used ?—8. To what form is neque 
eo secius equivalent ?—9. What kind of officia are meant ? 


_—10. Explain the force of ‘ a’ in a quibus erat profectus 


—11. What is the meaning of proficisci here ? 
[4] 1. Give other instances in which Nep. speaks 


of settling a country instead of the fuller expression, set- 


tling the affairs of a country—2. What is the force of 
ex in ex pacto?—3. Lemnos being an island, what city 
did he call upon to surrender ?—4. In illi enim dixerant, 
does Nep. speak in his own person or not ?—5. If he 
had spoken in the person of Miltiades, i. e. had wished 
to say: for [he reminded them] that they had said, 





_ pletely, thoroughly. 6. debellare, decertare. 7. Kata- 


Haxeobat, Kara-TodepEty. 

3] 1. Quamvis has the subjunctive in the sense of however 
much: the indic. when it means although, and states any thing as a 
fact. (Cic. seldom uses it in the sense of although.) Z. § 574. 


8. quam (as much) as : vis, you please. 3. regio, suggested by 


the preceding regia. 4. to the, esse inter eos regia dignitate : 
his possession of regal power. 5. The notion that follows quam: 
oa non magis amore,quam more ductus. (v. 1, 2.) 6. 
ary command: the office of commander-in-chief : thus imperia — 
are often contrasted with magistratus: military commands with civil 
‘magistracies. 7. iryepovela, 8. Neque eo minus. 9. Not 
only acts of strict duty as governor of a colony, but kind attentions 


_ and services to any Athenian who might visit the Chersonese, &c. 


10. It does not merely designate the Athenians locally, as the 
persons from whom he came; but causally, as those by whom he 
was sent. Soin a se facere, the person is spoken of, as himself the 
cause or occasion of the action. In Greek it would be zapd. 

Ll. Proficisci = ropebecba, to set out on a warlike expedition: or, 
at all events, with a military command. 
_ [4] 1. Messene constituta (xv. 8, 5.); so triumvir reipublice 
eons onstituende (xxv. 12, 2.) 2. Ex (= according to) describes 
thing as tied out of, or proceeding f rom something pre- 
vious. a. 4. In his own person. 5. illes enim 
"S 11 


122 QUESTIONS ON 


how would he have expressed it ?—6. Does sibi refer to 
the nom. case Of tradant? How does it happen that it 
can be used for Miltiades? [Pr. 1. 369. 370.|—7. Was 
the expression used before, vento borea, or not ?—8. Ex- 
plain sese. When should it always be used instead of 
se?—9, Explain the use of habere [P. 1. 460. (c), (1)]. 

[5] 1. From what is the use of cadere (= fall or 
turn out) derived 1—2. Explain capti.—3. What dictum is : 
meant ?—4. Explain non aust sunt—atque—5. Does 
Herodotus’s account agree with this ?—6. Decline Lem- 
nos, Cyclades. 


EXERCISE. 



















Miltiades in a short time gained possession of the 
island.—Having completely conquered the army of the 
enemy, he settled the men, whom he had brought with 
him, in their apportionments —Have I not performed 
kind-services towards the Athenians, by whom I was 
sent out?—It thus came to pass [3] that he obtained 
among them the position of a king [3].—Miltiades 
settled [the affairs] of the Chanaahat with no less [2] 
prudence than justice—The thing having turned out 
contrary to their expectation, the Lemnians surrendered 
themselves.—It thus came to pass, that in a very short 
time the whole district was reduced under the power of 
the Athenians.—WMiltiades in settling the affairs of the 
Chersonesus showed very great' prudence. 


Cu. III. [1] 1. How should this abl. abs. be con- 
strued ?—2. How is qua used here ?——3. Why is tradu- 





dixisse. 8. It is se strengthened by doubling: it should always 
be used when it belongs to an infin., both as subject and object (i. & 
acc. before and acc. after too). ; 

[5] 1. From the game of dice. 2. Caught (as in a trap): 
taken (like a beast in hunting). 4. A negative proposition is fol- 
lowed by an opposite positive one : so iv. 3, 7. where we should rather 
use but. 5. Not exactly: according to him the porate of He- 
phestia surrendered: those of Myrina stood a siege. 

Cu. III. [1] 1. As an inf. clause dependent on decrevit. : 
Adverbially, gua (sc. parte) = ubi. So ii, 5,2, v 2,5, &e.: anc 


a 1 summus. ® 


MILTIADES, CH. Il 123 


ceret in the subj.?—4. dum abesset: why tne subj. ?— 
5. Govern ipsarum. ? 

[2] 1. What is the usual way of translating ‘to 
speak Greek ?—2. Why does Nep. probably not say 
‘the Greeks’ at once ?—3. How may the clauses sic se 
facillime, &c. retenturum esse, si—tradidisset be turned 
into English?—4. Why are incolerent and relinqueretur 
in the subj.?—5. By what kind of sent. should se op- 
presso be construed ?—6. What tense would tradidisset 
become in direct narration i—7. Bremi is for rejecting 
tum, in in hoc fuit tum numero* : how does Dihne defend 
it 8. Why is crederetur in the subj. ? 

[3] 1. Construe hic—2. What remark does Bremi 
make on this use of afferre = brought word ?—3. From 
what pursuit is premere and urgere (= to be hard pressed) 
derived ?—4. Before what class of words is ad preferred 
to a by the historians?—5. Why is ‘a’ used before 
Fortuna ? 





ea xxiii. 3, 4. 4. Because the thought is Darius’s, not the histo- 
rian’s. 5. ipsarum (i.e. Ionie et ALolidis) urbium : ipsarum not 
agreeing with wrbium, but referring to the countries Ionia and A¥Zolis 
just mentioned’. 

[2] 1. Grece loqui. 2. From a wish to distinguish between 
‘ Greeks,’ i. e. inhabitants of Greece, and Asiatic Greeks. Sl 
“ Thought that the easiest way of retaining was—to deliver,” &c. 

4. As being accessory clauses of a sentence belonging to oblique 
narration. ‘The subj. refers these clauses to the mind of Darius. 
See P. I. 460 (b), 461. 5. By a conditional sentence. 6. Fut. 
perf. 7. He thinks that it contrasts ‘ then’ (when he was one of 
Darius’s friends), with his subsequent position with respect to Da- 
rius. - 8. It refers the opinion to Darius’s find: was in the 
number of those to whom that charge of guarding the bridge 
might (in Darius’s opinion) be entrusted (credi posset).” 

[3] 1. In this state of things. It must not be joined with afferre, 
(which would require huc) as adv. of place. 2. That this is the 
only instance in Corn. Nep.: but that Tac. often so uses afferre, 
and even ferre: that Cic. uses the pass. nuntii afferuntur, or the 


intrans. nuntit veniunt”. 3. From hunting : to drive and On 
on the wild beast till it is completely hemmed in. 4. Chap. 1 
[5], 5. 5. Fortune is spoKen of as a person. 


1 So Dahne and Feldbausch, and Bremi (as referred to by Feldbausch) : 
but in his edition of 1830, he supposes ips @ urbes to mean ‘each of a city,— 
ie of a city only; not of the country in which it was situated. 

2 in hoc numero cui crederetur = in eorum numero quibus crederetur. 


>’ Nuntius affertur and nuntius affert with and without nuntium, if the news 
follows, are equally correct and ¢lassical. Krebs, Antibarbarus. 


4124 : QUESTIONS ON 


_ [4] 1. Why is transportaverat in the indice. ?—2. 
How is free from any thing generally expressed in Latin? 
—3. Explain dominatio and periculum.—4. Govern posse. 
5. Construe et facile: what force has et here ?—6. 
What are the Latin:expressions for breaking down or . 
destroying a bridge !—7. Distinguish between rescindere 
and recidere. 

[5] 1. Distinguish between plerique, plurimi, com- 
plures, &c. [Pref. 1.]|—2. Is obstare ne aliquid fiat, a 
common construction ?—3. What is the more usual con- 
struction ?—4. What constructions are found besides 
idem mihi expedit, et tibi?—5. Why is tenerent in the 
subj. ?—6. What is the usual phrase for supreme or sov- 
ereign power?—7. Why is the plur, used here ?—8. 
What is the Eng. of swmma?—9. In quo exstincto, what 
substantive do these words agree with?—10. Give the 
deriv. and meaning of adeo.—11. Distinguish between 





[4] 1. It is stated by the historian as a fact, not referred to the 
mind of Miltiades——See Z. § 548. 2. Liber aliqua re. The ‘a’ 
here denotes the quarter from which.—Z. § 468. 3. Dominatio 
is absolute despotic government. Periculum is the danger to be ap- 
prehended from the Persians: the danger of falling again under 
their power. 4. P. I. 460 (c), (1). 5. ‘and that easily :’ et 
= etiam. 6. poniem rescindere, dissolvere, interrumpere. 

7. rescindere, to destroy by separating the component parts of any 
thing with sharp instruments: recidere, to cut away a part, leaving 
the remainder uninjured: e. g. comas, ungues. 

[5] 2,3..P. 1. Questions on § 15, p. 216. 4. idem mihi ex- 
pedit, quod tibi: idem mihi tecwm expedit: but the latter only in 
Livy, Tacitus,’ &c.e. g.in eadem mecum Africa genitus (L.): eodem 
mecum patre genitus (7'). 5. P. I. 460, (6), p. 163. 6. 
summa imperit. 7. Because several governors are spoken of. 

8. The total or sum made up of all the parts taken together’ hence 
the principal or most important thing. See xvi. 1, 1. 9. Proba- 
bly with regno: but as exstincio may be applied either to a person 
or a thing, it may possibly refer to Dario.’ 11. Ceteri (ot addr) 
‘ the others,’ in sharp opposition to others before mentioned: each in- 
dividual is then considered as belonging to the whole class, and, gen- 
erally, as of equal importance: in reliqui (ot Aorol) ‘ the rest,’ the re- 
maining individuals are considered (not individually ) but as forming 
a whole, and often as of less importance than those before mentioned. 


1 In Cic. Orat. 2. 33: tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino, Crasse, vivendum, the 
mecum does not belong to idem. 

2 But their downfall would not be so necessary a consequence of the death 
of Darius, as of the overthrow of the Persian empire. ih 


MILTIADES, CH. IV. 125 


eeteri and reliqui.—12. Why is putet the pres. (not imperf.) 
subjunc. ?—13. Why would not nihil putet sibi utilius 
-ao? 

[6] 1. What is the construction of non dubitare = 
- *not todoubt?? [Pref. 1.]—2. Parse consciis: by what 
_ kind of sentence may ‘tam mulijs consciis’ be resolved ? 
—3. What kind of notions are generally connected by 
ac (atque)?—4. By what case or caseS are amicus, int- 
micus, hostis, &c. followed ? 


EXERCISE. 


The easiest way to become free from the dominion of 
the Persians will be to break down the bridge, which 
Darius has made over the river Danube.—Histieus of 
Miletus opposed the breaking down of the bridge.—The 
same thing is not expedient to us, wh@ hold sovereign 
power, and to the multitude.—I will prevent the advice 
of Miltiades from coming to the king’s ears—I don’t 
doubt that our sovereignty depends on Darius’s remain- 
ing king.'—I don’t doubt but that you wiil be deprived 
of your power, and punished by your fellow-citizens.— 
Not the kingdom of Darius only, but our own sovereignty 
will be extinguished.—Histizus of Miletus prevented 
the opinion of Miltiades from prevailing. 


Cu. IV. 0 1. How is autem frequently used ?— 
2. Distinguish between hortari and monére.—3. Con- 





(See Dad. ceieri.) 12. P. I. 469, (d), (1). 13. P. I. 370 
2. Abl. abs. : by an adverbial sentence with ‘ since,’ ‘ as.’ 

3. Notions that have a close natural connection with each other. 

4. By the dat. when used adjectively: the gen. when used substan- 

tively. Z. § 410. 

Cu. IV. [1] 1. Asa particle of transition (like the Greek dé): it 
thus prevents the appearance of abruptness by connecting what fol- 
lows with what preceded.? Compare ii. 2, 1; iii. 2, 1, &c. , 3 
Hortari (to exhort) by pointing out the advantages ; monére (to warn) 
by pointing out the disadvantages. (See also Did. hortari.) 3. 


1 say: ‘on the kingdom (regnum) of Darius.’ 

2 In Cic. this use of autem is most common in the philosophical and rhetori- 
cal works (where an easy flow of connected thoughts is natural) ; it occurs less 
frequently in his Orations, and in Cesar, and is least common in Tacitus. 
Hand, who adds. “ unum nomen, quod eminet, eligitur, et primo loco ponitur 
cui adhereat autem.” 

1S 


126 QUESTIONS ON ‘ 


strue causam interserens.—4. What other forms are 
equivalent to causam interserere?—5. Se hostem esse 
Atheniensibus: why nxt Atheniensium? (3, [6], 4.) 
—6. Distinguish between inimicus and hostis.—7. What 
case is Sardis ? 

[2] 1. What is the, English of appellere navem, or 
classem ?—2. After navem appellere, is the place to which 
generally expressed with or without a preposition ?— 
3. How is appellere used in later writers ?—4. Where 
and what was Eretria ?—5. Explain what race is meant 
by ejus gentis—6. What case is Marathona?—7. 
What town is meant by oppidum ?—8. Does oppidum or 
urbs generally denote a capital?—9. What is Nepos’s 
practice ?—10. What other word for city does Nep. use 
of Athens ? 

[3] 1. What,is the meaning of tumultus ?—2. Give 
Cicero’s account of a tumultus.—3. Give the derivation 
and meaning of Phidippides and jue god e6y0g.—4. Explain 
quiin: eus generis—qui—vocantur.—5,. After mittere, 





‘alledging, ‘under the pretext, &c. 4. Causam inter 
nere (il. 7, 1), dictitare (vi. 1, 4). 6. Déd. adversarius. 7. Old 
form of acc. plur. ‘There is no doubt that up to the age of Augustus, 
this was the commoner accusative ending of words with gen. iwm. 
Z. § 68 and Note. 

[2] 1. ‘ to sail to; or, if the place is a port, ‘to put into” 


2. With ad. 3. Intransitively ; as triremis appulit. 5. 
Euboice gentis, implied by the preceding Eubea. 6. Acc. of 
the Greek form. Z. § 71. 7. Athens. 8. Urbs. 9. He 


often uses oppidum (like the Greek dorv) of a capital: e.g. of 
Sparta (xvii. 6,1); Syracuse (x. 9,1); Thebes (xvi. 1, 2), and of 
Athens, several times. He uses urbs of Athens only in i. 5, 2; ii. 
7, 5. 10. The Greek astu, ii. 4, 1. 

[3] 1. Tumulius is properly any sudden and sbeileaiaa occur- 
rence, that causes confusion. As a war, it is one that breaks out 
suddenly and violently: it is, therefore, more to be feared than bel- 
lum. 2.  Potest enim esse bellum sine tumultu, tumultus 
esse sine bello non potest. Quid est enim aliud tumultus 
nist perturbatio tanta, ut major timor oriatur—Gravius autem 
tumultum esse quam bellum hine intelligi licet, quod bello 


vacationes valent, tumultu non valent.” (Cic. Phil. 8, 1.) 3. 
‘ Horse-sparer,” from ¢eidecOar, to spare; irros, horse. —“ Day- 
runner,” ipépa, day; Spapsiv (aor of tpéxw) to run. 4. We may 


supply ejus generis cursorum., qui, &c., but it is a regular ex- 
ample of the rule given P. I. 48. 5. With qui: but wt is not un- 
common: Ces. B.G. 5,10, 1. milites—misit, ut—perseque- 


MILTIADES, CH. IV. 127 


proficiscr, &c. how is. the purpose generally expressed ? 
—6. Give other instances of its being expressed by ut 
after those verbs. 

[4] 1. Give the derivation and meaning of pretor. 
_—2. What is the Engl. of pretorium ?—3. Explain the 
sequence of tenses in creant,—qui preessent. [P.I. 414 
().|—4. Is this common ? 

[5] 1. Parse quogue in primo quoque tempore, and 
construe the phrase.—2. Construe nitebatur—3. Why 
is the imperf. used?—4. Parse accesgurum.—d. Why 
are viderent, animadverterent used, not vidissent, animad- 
vertissent ?—6. Parse and explain desperari, auderi.—7. 
Would not de sua virtute be the more regular construc- 
tion ?—8. When is the demonstrative zs, ea, id, used in 
this way when the reciprocal suws would be more regu- 





rentur: and7, 49,1: ad T. Sextium legatum—misit, ut cohortes 
educeret, &c. 

[4] 1. Pre-ttor from pre-ire, ‘to go before.” It was the old 
appellation of the Roman generals, but when the word, as a Roman 
title of office, was appropriated to the civil magistrate called the 
Pretor, it was confined to the generals of a foreign state: especial- 
ly to the commanders of land forces. 2. Pretorium (sc. taber- 
naculum), the general’s tent in a Roman camp. 4. 'The imperf. 
subjunctive often follows the presens historicum’—Obs. The clause 
qui exereitui preessent (which seems somewhat superfluous) may 
be compared with Cp. 1. [2], qui cons. Apollinem. 

{5] 1. Abl. of quisque: = quam celerrime : ‘as soon as possi- 
ble : ‘immediately.’ 2, 3. It expresses the vehemence of Miltia- 
des’s exertions, to prevail on the Athenians to form a camp as soon 
as possible. ‘The imperf. expresses it as a continued endeavor. 

4, Fut. inf., esse understood: dependent on such a verb as, he 
‘urged, ‘ argued,’ &c. 5. They mark the actions of seeing and 
observing as contemporaneous with desperari and auderi, and as 
continuing. 6. The infin. passive, used in an impersonal way: 
as is so often the case in the third singular; e. g. curritur, men run; 
pugnatur, they fight, a battle is fought, &c. Z. § 229. 7. Yes. 
8. When the writer speaks, as it were, in his own person and 
from his own point of view. Thus Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231: quum et 
(Socrati) scriptam orationem—Lysias attulisset, quam, si ei vide- 
retur, edisceret. Here sibi would be used, if the writer wished to 
refer the words to Lysias, saying, “read this, if you think well :” 
but the demonstr. ‘ e7’ is used, as the pronoun which Cicero himself 
would naturally employ to denote the person meant.—Z. § 550. 





1 In postulat—ut—tradat, the pres. subj. denotes that the action expressed by 
tradat is to be quickly performed. 


128 QUESTIONS ON 


lar?—9. What kind of fighting does dimicare express? 
[ Did. pugnare.| 
EXERCISE. 


Darius, having prepared a fleet of five hundred ships, 
gave the command of it to Datis and Artaphernes.—A 
fleet of five hundred ships, the command of which the 
king had given to Datis and Artaphernes, sailed to Eu- 
beea.—Let us send couriers to Lacedemon, to announce 
what speedy succor we have need of. (Eapress it both 
in C. Nepos’s way, and in the more usual way.)—Milti- 
ades, above all others, labored [to persuade them] to risk 
a general engagement.—I do not doubt that the spirits 
of the soldiers will be raised, when they march against 
the enemy.—We must give battle to the Persians at the 
first possible moment. 


Cu. V. [1] 1. Is there any difference between hoc 
tempore, and hoc in tempore?—2. To what Greek word 
does tempus here answer ?—3. Account for ea in ea misit. 
—4. What is this mode of construction called ?—5. Parse 
mille in mille militum—What does Bremi say of mille 
as here used ? 

[2] 1. Does the perf. subj. ever follow the perfect 
indicative, when that tense is not equivalent to the perf. 
definite (perfect with have) ?—2. Is this construction a 
favorite one with C. Nep.?—3. What is the force of the 
perf. subj. so used instead of imperf. subj. ? 





Cu. V. [1] 1. When ‘in’ is expressed with tempus, it denotes 

not merely the time, but a continuing state; a time of difficulty, a 
critical time, or crisis —Z. § 475, Note. 2. Katpéds, Sit 
refers to civitas implied by Plateenses = Plateensis civitas. 
4, Synésis,’ or Synthésis. Comp. v. 2,53; 3,15 xiii. 2,15 xxiii. 8, 
4. 5. Mille is here a subst. Bremi thinks that as a subst. it im- 
plies that the number is comparatively a small one. Comp. hominum 
mille, xiv. 8, 3—See Z. 116, Note. 

[2] 1. After a past tense a consequence (with wt) is often put in 
the perf. subj. instead of the zmperrf. subj. 2. Yes° 3. The 


1 obvects, intelligentia : the construction being correct, not according to the 
words actually used, but to the speaker’s understanding, which tells him what 
S meant. 


¢ Haase examines this use of the perf. subj. in C. Nepos with great minute- 
ness. He thinks it may have arisen from the use of the perf. def: in the 7 
to narrate something which appeared remarkable or interes for present con. 





MILTIADES, CH. V. 129 


[3] 1. What mons bounds.the plain of Marathon ?— 
2. What is the usual meaning of e regione ?—3. How 
does Bremi construe it here? what reasons does he 
give ’—4. Does nova arte belong to instructe erant or to 
commiserunt ?—5. What was the nova ars ?—6. What is 
the force of the namque?—7. To what are et—et 
sometimes equivalent ? 

[4] 1. What is the meaning of eguus here? and to 
what kind of sentences is this meaning of eguus nearly 
always confined ?—2. To what compound of eguus is 
non equus nearly equivalent ?—-3. What is the name for 
a form that says less than might be said, and than is 
really meant ? 

[5] 1. What is remarkable in the sentence adeoque 
perterruerunt ?—2. Explain the tenses profligarint—petie- 





perf. gives more prominence and independence to the consequence. 
According to Bremi, quo factum est ut valeret would state his 
influence as a general lasting result; ut valuerit confines it to 
the particular case.’ Comp. profligarint, petierint, chap. 5. [5.|— 
See Z. § 504 and Note. 

[3] 1. A hill sacred to Pan. 2. ‘ Opposite :’ with genitive. 

3. Bremi (improbably) construes acie e regione instructa, 

‘having drawn up his army according to the nature 
of the ground, as (1) e regione = oppositeto the enemy, 
would suppose an unnatural ellipse, and (2) the Athenians were 
drawn up before the Persians arrived. 4. Diahne and others join 
nova arte to instructe erant, not to commiserunt. 5. The fell- 
ing trees, and placing them in lines before their ranks. 6. It ex- 
plains the. nova ars. 7. Et—et are often nearly equivalent to non 
solum—sed etiam; the stronger statement being introduced by the 
second et. 

[4] 1. Favorable: a meaning which it generally has not, except 
in negative sentences. (B.) 2. Non equum nearly iniquum. 
3. Meidsis (uefwors, a lessening). 

[5] 1. It is made a principal sentence instead of being stated (in 
subj. perf. dependent on ut) as a consequence of the tanto plus vir- 


sideration. Soin Nepos it most frequently occurs where a result is not limited 
to the time of its cause, but has a wider sphere. He concludes, therefore, that 
the distinction which Bremi draws would be more correctly reversed. Except- 
ing the life of Atticus, the subj. perf. in the other lives occurs 35, and the subj. 
imperf. 73 times. The subj. perf. pass. but once, Arist. 1, 2,—the subj. perf. de- 
ponent7 times. Reisig. Voriesungen, Anm. 480. 

1 Kriiger prefers Giinther’s explanation: potius dixerim, ubi de re preterita 
agatur, perfectum subjunctivi magis eventum facte spectare; imperfectum men- 
tem et consilium agentis. 

2 A comparison is implied: non eguum suis, ‘ mot fair for his men;’ i. e. not 
as favorable for them as for their opponents. 


180 QUESTIONS ON 


rint ({2] 1.3).—3. Give the derivation of adhue.—4. Dis- 
tinguish between adhuc and hactenus :—5. Between pro- 

igare and prosternere.—6. “Give the meaning of opes. 
Which of these meanings has the word here ? 


EXERCISE. 


[The number of] twelve thousand armed men was 
made up, a body which [1] routed a threefold number 
of the Scythians.—At this crisis the Lacedemonians 
did not assist the Athenians.—The consequence of 
which was [2] that never did so small a body burn with 
so wonderful a desire of fighting —The Athenians, by 
the advice of Miltiades, join battle [with the Persians.] 
—The next day the Athenians draw out their army op- 
posite [that] of the Persians at the foot of the hill.— 
Miltiades, though he saw the number of his men very 
small, yet, relying on the valor of the Athenians, was 
desirous of engaging. 


Cu. VI. [1] 1. What case is victorie, and how 
governed ?—2. How must cujus be construed ?—3. What 
may be supposed understood after alienum ?—4. What 
is natura here ? ; . 

[2] 1. Populi nostri honores: is populi here the 
subjective (active) genitive: honors which the people be- 
stowed? or the objective (passive) genitive: honors which 
were bestowed upon them ?—2. 'To what is effusi opposed ? 





tute valuerunt. 3. Ad-hoc’ (sc. tempus) ‘ up to this time?’ i. e. 
the time of Cornelius’s writing. 4. Adhuc is used principally of 
time: hactenus of space. 5. Profligare to ‘rout’ them, 


so that they cannot form again, or offer any further resistance: pro- 
sternere is stronger (lit. to strike them to the earth, so that they can- 
not recover), to ‘crush, to ‘defeat utterly, 6. Opes 
are the outward means and instruments of obtaining an object, 
riches, power ; and in war, troops, allies, resources, &c. 

Cu. VI. [1] 1. Gen. after premium. 2. By the demonstra- 
tive: non alienum videtur docere, quale premium huj us victorie 
trib. sit Milt. 3. Alienum a re. 4. Character. 

[2] 2. To both rari (seldom conferred) and tenues (of slight 
value). Effusus, ‘poured out: i.e. in a wasteful manner: and 


1 Why not w-huc, ‘up to hither? as ad-eo, &c.? 


MILTIADES, CH. VII. 131 


explain the word.—3. Explain odsoleti—4. 'To what is 
it opposed ? : 

[3] 1. Explain the force of huie in huic Miltiadi.— 
2. Distinguish between et and gue—=3. Is honor or 
honos the usual form?—4. Explain somidn.—5. Who 
painted this picture? by whom is it described ?—6. 
What is committere prelium ? 

[4] 1. In est nactus—corruptus est, why is the est 
repeated ?—2. Was the number of statues erected in 
honor of Demetrius Phalereus really three-hundred ? 


EXERCISE, 


I do not doubt but that’the nature of all states is the 
same.—It does not seem foreign [to my purpose] to 
state what honor was decreed to Demetrius Phalereus. 
—After honors began to be lavishly granted, three 
hundred statues were decreed to Demetrius Phalereus. 
—Among the Athenians the rewards of victory were 
once sparingly-conferred and slight; and for that reason 
glorious.—The more easily is it perceived that the na- 
ture of all states is the same. 


Cu. VII. [1] 1. Explain darbarz.—2. What mean- 





consequently excessive both in frequency and kind. 3. Obsoletus, 
what is antiquated, worn-out: and hence worthless. 4. To 
loriosi. 

[3]. 1. The huic is emphatic: this Miltiades whose great 
victory Tam recounting. C.Nep. often uses hic in this 
way’. 2. Et (kal) is copulative; connecting things previously un- 
connected: que (re) is adjunctive; Athenas totamque Greciam, 
Athens and with it the whole_of Greece: or, and the whole of 
Greece besides.—Z. § 333. 3. Honos. So lepos. C. has 
honos throughout.—Z. § 59 (d). Honos in C. Nep. ix. 1, 13 xiii. 2, 
3; xx. 3, 5. 4. Fem. adj. from otxidos varius; i.e. decorated. 
crod * portico’ being understood. 5. Either Panamus or Micon: 
it is described by Pausanias 1, 15. 6. The general term for 
beginning a battle. It here means: to make the arrangements and 
give the signal for engaging 

[4] 1. Because nactus and corruptus do not belong to the same 
voice. 2. No: 350 or 360. But C. Nep. uses a round number, 
minute accuracy being here unnecessary. 

Cu. VII. [1] 1. Originaiiy barbari meant not-Greeks; and the 
word was afterwards used by the Romans for non-Roman nations. 

2. It was used especially of the ‘ Persians ;’ as the barba- 


1 Iz. Walton would say ‘our Miltiades.’ 


132 QUESTIONS ON he 


ing did it bear after the Persian wars'—3. Why is 
adjuverant used, not adjuvissent?—4. What case is 
impervo ?—5. What sense would in quo imperio give ?— 
6. Explain officiwum—7. Does coegit here imply the use 
of force ? 

[2] 1. Decline Paros.—2. On what principle is ew 
his Parum—elatam, placed before the accessory sen- 
tence quum—non posset?—3. Explain oratione.—4. 
Explain opera.—5. Explain vinee, testudines. (Adam’s 
Antiqq.) 

[3] 1. Construe in eo esse ut.—2. Is esset here used 
personally or impersonally ?—3. Does Corn. Nep. use 
venire in opinionem elsewhere ?—4. What would seem 
the more correct common expression ? 

[4] 1. What are the two meanings of frequentative 





rians, who were the national enemies of the Greeks. 3. Itis 
stated as a fact by the historian: if adjuvissent were used, the 
words would be quoted, as it were, as part of his commission; and 
thus referred to the Athenian people. See Cp. 3, [4.] 4. Abl. 
of cause or instrument : ‘ By means of this command ? ‘in conse- 
quence of this command.’ 5. In quo imperio would mark the 
time as a continuing state: while he held this command. So vii 
5,5: horum in imperio. xxiv. 2,2: cujus in priore consulatu 
6. Officium any obligation or duty. Here obedience; as due 
from the inferior power to the superior one, 7. No: it being op- 
posed to vi expugnavit. | 
[2] 2. Any important notion is placed before a clause beginning 
with guum, ut, posteaquam, &c. when it is desirable that this notion 
should be brought prominently out, and arrest the reader’s attention. 


So xxiii. 3,4: Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, &c. 3. It is 
opposed to vis: ‘ by verbal representations,’ ‘ by argument’ It does 
not necessarily imply that he addressed them himself. 4. Works 


with which a town is invested: e. g. the fossa, agger, vallum. In 
[4] the machines for storming the town seem to be included. i 

[3] 1. ‘ To be on the point of, or ‘ to be within a little,’ esse in 
eo (puncto s. momento temporis). 2. It is not certain: for thoug 
the impersonal form (in eo est, ut hoc faciam) is on the whole the 
more common, yet the personal form (in eo sum, ut hoc faciam) 
also occurs; and forcibly expresses a point reached with difficulty by 
the exertions of a person. B. 3. Yes: xxv. 9, 6. nemini in 
opinionem veniebat. 4. Opinio in mentem venit would 
seem the more natural construction. In iv. 4,1. we have: ei in 
suspicionem venit, for suspicio et venit (im men- 
tem). B. 

[4] 1. They are either iterativa, marking the repetition of the ac 
tion; or intensiva, marking its suddenness, violence, &c. 


MILTIADES, CH. VII. 133 


verbs (like adventare) ?—2. From what are they formed ? 
- —3. Why is totidem—atque used, not totidem—quot ?—4. 
Why is cum used in magna cum offensione ? 

[5] 1. Construe eapugnare.—2. Has this form of the 
inf. always this meaning after posset, &c. ?—3. Parse 
vulneribus in eger vulneribus.—4. W hat other form occurs ? 
—5. Why is posset used, not potuisset ?—6. Explain 
Rex.—7. Does quoniam govern the subjunct. ?—8. Why 
then is guoniam—posset used? 

[6] 1. What conjunction must be supplied before 
pecunia multatus est ?—2. What was a talent ?—3. Are 
different sums meant by this word ?—4. When Zalent is 
thus used by itself, what talent is meant ?—5, Explain 
lis in ea lis—estimata est.—6. How is quantus sumtus 
factus erat to be construed ?—7. Parse and explain (in) 
presentia. 





2. From the root of the supine. 3. Totidem—atque marks 
equality between different persons or at different times (i. e. when 
the relation is one of diversity). The comparison is here between 
the number he had when he set sail, and the number he had when 
he returned. 4. The cum (to be construed by ‘ to’) marks the 
duration of the accompanying circumstance: the abl. alone would 
only mark the kind or manner. So xxv. 7, 2: summa cum 
ejus offensione domi remanserunt.—2Z. § 472. 

[5] 1. (When he might) have taken it. 2. No: it is often 
inf. of present; as in, reconciliare non posset, [2.] 3. Abl. 
of cause. 4. Ex vulnere eger. Liv. 26, 8, 9. 5. The 
posset marks a continuing possibility ; whereas the discessisset 
marks a completed action. 6. The king of Persia. 7. No. 

8. It refers this consideration to the mind of Tisagoras; it 
was the circumstance which (as he felt) obliged him to defend his 
brother. So xviii. 9,6: mutat consilium, et, quoniam impru- 
dentes adoriri non posset, flectit iter swum. 

[6] 1. ‘ But.’ the relation between the partic. absolutus and 
multatus est being an adversative relation. 2. Properly a bal- 
ance: then the sum weighed: and of money, a certain definite sum 
weighed out. 3. Yes: it varied in different states. 4. The 
standard Attic talent (—56 pounds of silver, English avoirdupois 
weight ; £243. 15s. Dict. of Antiq.) 5. Lis, ‘the dispute, 
‘the trial,’ is often used, as here, for the punishment; especially 
when it was a fine. Soy. 1,1: xiii. 3, 5. 6. Quantus here = 
tantus enim. 7. In presentia (se. tempora)’: so in presens 
tempus. Cic. Cat. 1,9. The plural implies that the times, or cir- 
cumstances of the time, were unfavorable to him: in which sense’ 
tempora is often used. (D.) 


a The better explanation is given ii. 8, [4], 1. % 
12 


134 QUESTIONS ON - 


EXERCISE. 


I doubt not that Miltiades will be acquitted of the 
capital crime.—lI fear they will not return to their alle- 
giance.—He is accused of being bribed by the king.—I 
will speak for myself.—Miltiades, still suffering from 
his wounds, was cast into prison.—When he was on the 
point of taking the city by storm, he departed without 
accomplishing his object.—Miltiades was acquitted on 
the capital charge, [but] thrown into prison.—His bro- 
ther 'Tisagoras spoke for Miltiades, since he was [still] 
suffering from his wounds. 


Cu. VII[. [1] 1. Construe crimine Pario—2. What 
is the Engl. of crimen ?—3. When may ante or post stand 
absolutely (2. e. without a case)?—4. By how many 
years did the tyranny of Pisistratus precede the con- 
demnation of Miltiades ? 

[2] 1. ls Miltiades non videbatur posse; or non 
videbatur Miltiadem posse, the more common ?—2. Dis- 
tinguish between multum and sepe. 

[3] 1. Parse Chersonesi.—2. Distinguish between 
consequi, nancisci, adipisci. [Déid. invenire.|—3. Dis- 
tinguish between potentia, potestas. [| Dod. potentia.|— 
4, Explain autem in omnes autem—dicuntur tyrannt. 

[4] 1. What is the common reading instead of com- 
munitas ?—2. ‘To what Greek word does communitas — 





Cu. VIII. [1] 1. ‘On a charge of -misconduct in the affair of 
Paros’ 2. An accusation made, whether well-founded or not: 
—a charge. 3. When they refer to a point of time which is not 
the time at which the person is speaking. An accusative often is, — 
and always may be, expressed: e. g. here: ante damnationem Mil- 
tiadis. 4. It lasted, with intervals, from 560—528 s.c. The 
condemnation of Miltiades was 489 B.c. 

[2] 1. Pr. Int. Diff 67. 2. Sepe would imply nothing more 
than repetition; frequency of occurrence: multum implies quantity, 
extent, &c. as well as frequency. 

[3] 1. Bremi joins it to habitarat; Dahne to dominationem. 

4. It is here explanatory. See Hand’s remark, p. 75, note 2. 

[4] 1. Comitas. 2. xotvérns (Xen. Anab. 1, 1, 21.) 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. I. 135 


correspond !—3. What is Bremi’s objeciion to commu 
nitas ?—4. Distinguish between comis and communis. 


EXERCISE. 


He did not obtain this power’ by violence.—Miltia- 
des, accused on the charge [of misconduct in the affair] 
of Paros, was thrown into prison (Ch. VII. end).—It 
did not seem that Aristides could be drawn to the desire 
of chief command.—They are happy who enjoy liberty. 
—No one is so humble as not to have access to Mil- 


tiades. 





Il. THEMISTOCLES. 


Cu.I. [1] 1. What was the name of Themisto- 
cles’s father ?—2. Explain, then, the gen. Neocl.—3 
How does Bremi account for this ending ?—4. What 
must not-be inferred from a gen. in i?—5. What should 
be observed in hujus vitia ineuntis adolescentiea?— 
6. Distinguish between puer, adolescens, juvenis. (Did. 


s. 





3. That, though communis is used for condescending, affable, the 
subst. communitas is not found in thissense. It is however probable 
_ (from the use of communis and of the Greek xo.wérns) that it was so 
used, though no instance of it but this is found in existing writings. 
4, Comis is the person who, from a gentle, amiable character, 
is obliging and courteous to all. Communis is the person who, from 
whatever motive, is affable to inferiors, treating them as equals. 


Cu. I. [1] 1. Neocles. 2. Proper names in es (especially those 
in cles) often take the gen. in i, in writers of the golden age”. 
3. He supposes it to have arisen from i for ez in the gen. of words in 
eus: e.g. Achillews, Achillei, Achillz. 4. That the nom. may be 
us: e.g. that from Neocli we may infer a nom. Neoclus. D. 
The position of the two genitives hujus and adolescentie, which 
depend on the same substantive in different relations. P. I. ii. 28. 


1 Potentia or potestas? See dd. potentia. 

2 e. g. in Nep. Pericli, Alcib.%,1. in many MSS, Andocidi, Alcib. 3, 2.—and 
also from other endings, Pol pont (from Polymnis), Epam. 1, 1. Coti (from 
Cotys), Iph. 3, 4. Bo i in critica ly correct editions are found Isocrati, Timarchidt, 

hant, Ar Praziteli, even Herculi: with many others from cles; 
also in the names of barbarians, Mithridati, Ariobarzani, Hystaspi, Xerzi. Cie. 
even prefers the gen.z (Z. § 61, 1.) 





136 QUESTIONS ON 


puer.)—-7. Explain the use of the present subj. antefe- 
ratur, putentur after the perf. emendata sunt. 

[2] 1. Distinguish between ordiri, inchoare, incipere. 
To what is ordiri opposed? (Did. incipere.)—2. Explain 
generosus.—3. From whom is he said to have been de- 
scended ?—4. What preposition expresses ‘of’ after 
nasct, gignt = to be born ?—5. What preposition (if any) 
do these verbs take in the sense of being descended from ? 
—6. Does the partcp. natus in genealogies generally 
take a preposition or not ?—7. Distinguish between pro- 
batus alicui and probatus ab aliquo.—8. Explain liberius. 
—9. Does negligens, when spoken of property, denote 
carelessness only ?—10. What is the opp. of negligens in 
this sense ? 

[3] 1. Explain frangere in non fregit eum.—2. 
What kind of activity is industria? to what is it opposed ? 
(Did. opera.)—3. What is the Lat. for, ‘to give oneself 
up to any thing ?’—4. Does Cic. ever use totum se de- 
dere alicui rei ?—5. Explain judicia privata.—6. Ex- 
plain prodire in concionem® populi ; and distinguish it from 











7. It implies a continued consequence—lasting from the time 
spoken of to the time of the narrator. D. 
[2] 2. ‘Of noble birth? from genus. 3. From Lycomedes. 
4. Ex: seldom ‘a.’ 5. ‘a’—but they are often followed by 
the abl. without a preposition. 6. It is generally followed by 
abl. without a preposition. Z. § 451. ~7. In probatus alicui, 
probatus is used adjectively, and expresses general or habitual appro- 
bation of his conduct: probatus ab aliquo would only express appro- 
bation of a single action, or particular." 8. It is used as equivalent 
to liberius justo: to be Englished by ‘ too.’ 9. It expresses 
carelessness or indifference in money matters: but implies more ; 
prodigality, expensive habits, the fruit of such carelessness. 10. 
Diligens ‘saving, ‘frugal’ So patre usus est diligente, 
indulgente. xxv. 1, 2. 

[3] 1. Frangere, to dishearten. It is opposed to erigere, as here, 
in Just. 22,6, 7. Hac victoria et Siculorum animi eriguntur, 
et Penorum franguntur. _ 3. Either se dare or (as here) se 
dedere alicui rei, the latter expressing more strongly a total surrender 
of oneself. 4. Yes: e.g. se totos libidinibus dedidissent. 
Tuse. 1, 30. 5. Causes tried by arbiters in private houses. 

6. To come forward in a public character = to address the popular 
assembly. Jre in concionem is merely to attend it as a listener, or 
mere voter, without taking any more active part in its deliberations. 


1 Probatus (adj.) is opposed to minus probatus. 
2Grec. napéoxecOat els rov dijuor. 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. h. 137 


ire in concionem.—7. Why are the imperfects prodibat, 
gerebatur used 2?—8. Distinguish between invenire and 
reperire. [| Did. invenire. | 

[4] 1. What should be observed in non minus in rebus 
gerendis promtus quam excogitandis ?—2. Give the deri- 
vation of callidus—3. Give Cicero’s explanation of the 
word.—4. What does this passage show with respect to 
calliditas ? 


EXERCISE. 


The disgrace of this [man’s] early manhood’ was blot- 
ted out by his very great exertions.*—I doubt not that he 
will give himself up entirely to literature.-—His mother 
was of a noble family.—Themistocles, having squander- 
ed his fortune, was disinherited by his father.—Nor did 
he judge less accurately of [what] was present than he 
conjectured ably of [what was still] future.—Themisto- 
cles is going to appear [as an orator] before thé assem- 
bly of the people —Themistocles, having blotted-out that 
disgrace by the greatest exertions,’ became distinguished 
in a short time. 


Cu. II. [1] 1. Explain autem. [Milt. 4, 1.}—2. 
Explain capessere rempublicam.—3. What other phrase 





[4] 1. The omission of the prepos. ‘ in’ before excogitandis, where, 
the notions being opposed to each other, we might rather have ex- 
pected its insertion. 2. Callus: that horn-like hardness of skin, 
which long-continued manual labor produces on the palm of the 


» hand, just below the fingers, &c.—Hence calliditas is “the ac- 


quired knowledge of the world and of men gained by experience aud 


— 


practice.” (Déd.) 3. Versutos eos appello, quorum celeriter 
mens versatur: callidos autem, quorum tamquam manus opere, 
sic animus usu concailuit. (de N. D.3, 10, 25.) 4, 
That it does not necessarily imply long experience, Themistocles 
being very young. An acute mind and sound judgment learns its 
lessons of practical wisdom in a comparatively short time : experience 
cannot teach, without intellectual power, to infer the general princi- 
ple from insulated facts. 

Cu. II. [1] 2. To hold one’s first public command or magis- 
tracy; or to appear for the first time as an orator befere the people, 
for the purpose of speaking on political questions‘. 3. accedere 


1 Say: ‘ this [man’s] disgrace of his early-manhood.’ 
2 Industria. Sing. 3 Littere. 
4 This applies to Greeks only: of a Roman, the phrase generally means to 
the questorship, as the lowest of = great offices of state. B. 
12 


138 QUESTIONS ON 


is equivalent to capessere rempublicam ?—4. Distinguish 
between respublica and civitas—5. Distinguish between 
bello Corcyreo and in bello Corc.—6. Explain pretor. 
[Milt. 4, 4.]|—7. Is ferocitas always used of the ‘ wild 
courage of which barbarians and wild beasts are capable ? 

[2] 1. Explain metalla—2. What mines are meant? 
—3. By largitione magistratuum are we to understand 
bribes that the magistrates received ? or bribes that they 

ave ? 

[3] 1. Explain frangere in Corcyreos fregit.—2. 
Would maritimis predonibus consectandis be correct? 
[Pract. Introd. p. 118, note”.]—3. By what one Eng- 
lish word can maritimi predones be construed ?—4, 
What meanings have frequentatives in are, ari? [See 
question on adventare i. '7,4.]—5. Explain ornare.—6, 
Explain in guo.—7. By what kind of sentence might in 
with the abl. of time be resolved ? 

[4] 1. What is the usual form for by sea and land ?— 
2. What other forms occur? 

[5] 1. Explain naves longe.—2. Why were they so 
called ?—3. With how many banks of oars were naves 





ad rempublicam. 4. Respublica relates more to the laws, 
affairs, administration, &c., of the state: civitas to the state asa 
body; a community. 5. The abl. without ‘in’ denotes the time 
generally : with ‘in’ it denotes the time considered as made up of 
all its parts: so that in bell. Core. would mean during, 
throughout the war with the Corcyreans. 7. Even when 
used in a good sense, it implies something of fierceness: of proud 
defiance of others. 

[2] 1. ‘Mines?’ as v. 1, 3. 2. The silver mines near Mount 
Laurium, from which each citizen received 10 drachme a year, 
and the whole produce of which is said to have reached 100 talents 
a year. ; 

13] 1. To depress or dishearten; drive to despair: opp. erigere. 

5. To furnish or supply with whatever is necessary to put or 
keep-a person or thing in a good condition. _‘ 6. im quo (bello). 
‘ In the course of this war.” See answer to [1] 5. of this Cp. 

7. By an accessory sentence of time, introduced by quum, dum = 
while. 

[4] 1. Terra marique (as in Nep. de Reg.). 2. Terra ac 
mart (Cic. ad Att. 10,4): mart aique terra (Sall. Cat. 53, 2). 

[5} 1. Vessels of war. 2. From their shape; being lenger 
and narrower than ships of burden. 3. Three ; they were then 
called triremes : but biremes, quadriremes, and quinqueremes were 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. II. 139 


longe generally built?—4. What kind of vessels accom- 
panied a fleet of naves longé, and for what purpose ? 

[6] 1. Ina military sense what is petere aliquem ?— 
2. How should dicerentur be construed ?—3. What affi« 
do many interrogatives take ?—4. What acc. might be 
supplied after miserunt ?—5. What part of speech is 
consultum ?—6. When is this part of speech used ?—7. 
In quidnam facerent de rebus suis, explain the force of 
de.—8. What is the general meaning of facere de ?—9. 
What was the actual answer of the Pythia, as given by 
Herodotus ?—10. Respondit ut—se munirent: explain 
the use of wt here. 

[7] 1. Why is valeret in the subjunct.? [Pract. Intr. 
i. 109.]}—2. What is the meaning of id responsum quo 
valeret ?—3. What part of speech is guo ?—4. Give an 
instance of this meaning.—5. Persuasit consilium esse: 
—when is persuadeo followed by the acc. with the inf. ? 
when by ut?—6. Construe eum enim significari murum 
ligneum.—7. On what does significari depend ? [ Milt. 
1. [3,] 5.]—8. Distinguish between murus, menia, pa- 





also used. 4. Naves onerarie, to carry the provisions of the 
fleet, &c. 
[6] 1. To aim ata person: or direct an attack against him. 
2. Impersonally: “ it was said that the Athenians,” &c. [See Pr. 
Intr. Diff. 67.) 3. Pr. Intr. 398. 4. legatos: but mittere is 
often used absolutely, i. e. without an acc. expressed: as téyrev is 
in Greek, and to send in English. 7. Facere is used absolutely : 
and de = concerning ; with reference to. 8. De after facere is 
generally to be construed by with—Z.§ 491. _ 
9. reixos Tprroyévee EFAtvov didot ebptora Zeds 
podvoy axépOnrov redéOetv, rd cé réxva r’ dvioe. 

10. The oracle was given for the purpose of being followed: 
respondére therefore involves the notion of advising to do the thing 
recommended ; and therefore is followed by ut, like verbs of advising, 
persuading, &c. 

[7] 2.‘ What the meaning of that answer was, 3. An 
adv. of place: quo valeret being literally ‘in what direction it had 
its force. 4, See below, 4, 4; also Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3, 2, 5. 
‘—cohortabatur, ut meminissem, me et Cottam esse, et pontificem. 
Quod eo, credo, valebat (= the meaning of which was, I imagine,) 
ut opiniones, quas a majoribus accepimus de Diis immortalibus, 
sacra, c@rimonias, religionesque defenderem, 5. With per- 
suade = to convince anybody, it takes acc. with inf.; with to per- 
suade to do any thing, ut with subj. 6. ‘ For that this was the 


140 QUESTIONS ON 


ries, maceria. [D. Murus.]|—9. Give the derivation of 
Menta. 

[8] 1. Has ¢ali more force here than hoc would have ? 
—2. Has it ever a depreciating meaning ?—3. Give in- 
stances of its being used by Nep. with no intimation of 
either approbation or disapprobation.—4. Go through Sa- 
lamis, Trezen.—5. What conjectural reading is there for 
ac sacra procuranda?—6. What was the name of the 
Athenian citadel, or Acropolis ?—7. Explain sacra. 

EXERCISE. F 
I don’t doubt but the state will be rendered more 
_ proudly-fierce, not only in the present war, but also ever 
afterwards. Having built such a fleet as no one [ever] 
had, either before or after, he waged war against the 
whole of Europe. The Pythia answered them, when 
they consulted (partic.) [the oracle], that they should 
build a fleet of three hundred ships. The meaning of 
that oracle wag, that they should defend themselves by 
their ships: for that was the wooden wall which the god 
meant. 


EXERCISE. 
Alexander is going to wage war against all Asia, both 


by sea and land. Who persuaded Xerxes to attack the 
whole of Europe? He has such an army as nobody 





weddton wall meant:’ as if it were, ewm enim esse murum ligneum, 


qui ‘signifi caretur. 9. From munire. 
{8} *1. Yes: like rotodros, it here and elsewhere implies praise ; 
‘ this admirable, or‘ excellent’ (advice). ~ 2, 3. It sometimes 


has a depreciating force: e. g. pro tali facinore. It points out the 
thing stated emphatically, and calls attention to it, whether for the 
purpose of exciting approbation or disapprobation : e. g. v. 2, 1. x. 8, 
3. 5. Ad sacra procuranda {B. D.] the arcem and sacra 
' so far separated as to make it somewhat improbable that they are 
notions ponent by and’ (D) and as Nep. afterwards says, nul- 
lis defendentibus, itis probabie that he would here mark that the 
purpose was not defence, but the continuance of the religious rites. 
It is true indeed, historically, that the Persians had difficulty in_ 
taking the Acropolis: but this fact Nep. does not notice, but asserts 
generally that they took the city nullis defendentibus, interfectis 
sacerdotibes, quos in arce invenerant, 4, 1. 6. Ce 
from Cecrops. 7. Like the Greek ieod it signifies all that relates 
to divine worship ; but ‘here, especially, the sucrifices offered to Mi- 
nerva on the pei A 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. III. 141 


ever had before. Are not the Athenians the principal 
object of attack? It is said that the Athenians are the 
principal object of attack. He persuaded the Athenians 
to send to Delphi, to inquire [of the oracle] what they 
should do. He persuaded the people to build a fleet of 
two hundred ships. He persuaded the people that a 
fleet of two hundred ships was building. 


Cu. III. [1] 1. Explain the difference between terra 
and in terra.—2. By what is placet in the sense of de- 
claring an opinion, determination, §c. followed ?—3. Why 
does gui take the subj. in gui occuparent ?—and how are 
these words to be construed 7—4. Can you assign any 
reason for the use of gue rather than et in longiusque bar- 
baros progredi, §c.?—5. What is there peculiar in: 
eoque loco—interierunt ?—6. Give an instance of this from 
Nep.—7. With what limitation must the omnes inte- 
rierunt be understood ?—8. Distinguish in a general way 
between at, sed, verum, or vero, and autem. 





Cu. III. [1] 1. The prep. is expressed (according to Dihne) 
when what is said to be done ‘ by land,’ &c. takes up some consider- 
able time. Thus, v. 2, 3, pari fortuna in terra usus est. But ter- 
ra proficisct, pergere, &c. 2. By the infin. act. or pass. or by 
ut with subj.? 4. It prevents the occurrence of three trisylla- 
bles, each with the accent on the first syllable, which would have 
been very monotonous: léngius barbaros progredi. But the que 
would very probably have been chosen from other considerations: 
e.g. as adding a more specific statement to a more general one. 








[Pr. Intr. ii. 239.] 5. Et, que, ac have often an adversative 
force after a negative sentence: that is, are often used where we use 
but. [Pr. Intr. ii. 233, 241.] 6. Non putabant—suspicionibus 


— judicari, et exspectandum dum se ipsa res aperiret, iv. 3, 
7. Only of the 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians. 8. At 
has an adversative, sed a corrective or limiting force ; verum or vero 


1 This explanation is very doubtful. Hand says, the preposition is omitted in 
certain usual formule, but when there is no such formula it is expressed. He 
condemns the opinion of Herzog and uthers, that the. abl. alone, as a casus 
localis, denotes ‘a wider extension unconfined by any definite limits,’ (Herz. ad 
Ces. B. C.) Hand’s words are: Quedam nomina in formulam composita sim- 
plici ablativo ponuntur, que extra formu/am requirunt vila ica apna veiuti 
dicitur terra marique sed in terra. (iii. p. 246.) 

2 The following are instances of ut with subj., his placuit, ut tu in Cumanum 
venires (C. ad Div. * ig! ; quamobrem placuit ei, ut ad Ariovistum legatos mit- 
teret, &c. (Ces. B. —) So with visum est : visum est, ut te facerem cer- 
tiorem. C. ad Div. a 5, 2. 

3 So v. 1, 4. Elpinice negavit se passuram Miltiadis progeniem in vinculig 
mg 3 iO, s interire,—seque Callie nupturam, &c S8o xviii. 6, 3: xx. 2,2; xxv. 5, 

’ 


142 QUESTIONS ON — 


[3] 1. What expressions are there for fighting a drawn 
battle besides part prelio discedere ?—2. Give the deriva- 
tion of anceps.—3. Are all words in ceps derived from 
caput ?—4. Is there any difference of declension between 
words in ceps from caput, and words in ceps from capio ? 
—5. Go through preceps (headlong); auceps ( = avi- 
ceps, bird-taker, fowler); particeps (sharer); triceps 
(three-headed).—6. What is superare in: si pars navium 
—Eubeam superasset ?—7. In [3] what negligence is 
Nep. guilty of ?—8. Give similar instances from him and 
other writers. 

[4] 1. How do you construe quo factum est, ut...? 
—2. Distinguish between discedere and decedere.—3. 
What is exadversum Athenas ?—4. Does any other form 
of the word occur ?—5. Does Nep. ever use ewadversus? 





affirms the truth or importance of an assertion; autem carries on a 
train of thought already begun. Pr. Intr. ii. 461. 

[3] 1. Aiquo Marte (L.); pari Marte (Curt.); @quaé manu 
(Sall.); equis manibus ( Tac.) 2. An-caput : an being the 
Greek dygi: hence anceps is properly having a head on each side ; 
or (some say) having heads all round. 3. No: some are from | 
capio. 4. Yes: those from caput make gen. cipitis ; those from 
capio have G. cipis. 6. Superare sc. navigando; to get above 
or beyond it: used especially of doubling a cape (superare promon- 
torium), and crossing a mountain. 7. The occurrence of peri- 
culum—periculo so near to each other. 8. So mitteretur— 
miserunt, Alc. 10, 1.exissent—exierunt, Pel. 2,5. Even Cic. atque 
ea sic definiunt, ut, rectum quod sit, id perfectum officium esse 
definiant,. De Off. 1, 3. 

[4] 2. Dis being ‘ apart,’ discedere is to go away from one 
another, of two or more parties, and ‘to go to a place differ- 
ent and remote from that where one was before :’ in discedere the 
reference is more to the place to which the person goes: in decedere 
to that from which he goes. Hence decedere is the regular word for 
quitting what one before occupied or possessed: e. g. for a govern- 
or’s leaving his province ;' for quitting a place of residence where one 
would wish to stay; also, for giving up a right, a possession, &c. 
which one should or might have maintained. 4. Yes: exadver- 
sus. Ara enim Aio Loquenti, quam septam videmus, exadver - 
sus eum locum consecrata est. C. de Divin. 1, 45, 101; where one 
MS. reads exadversum. 5. This form is found in Thras. 2, 7: 
in secundo prelio cecidit Critias, quum quidem exadversus 


1 Ex Asif Sulla decedens. Nep. xxv. 4, 1. decrevere,—uti (legati) in diebus 
proxumis decem Italia decederent (S.); de suis bonis omnibus decedere (C.); 
decessitque jure suo (Ju.) But discedere ab armis: discedere victum: di 
in sententiam, &c. Kritz ad Jug. xx. 1. Numidee in duas partes discedunt (S.) 


THEMISTOCLES, CHAP. IV. 143 


—6. Does it always take the acc. ?—7. What other 
word is there for opposite to? 


EXERCISE. 


There is [some] danger, that his plan will not be ac- 
ceptable to the Lacedemonians. ‘There is some danger 
that they will not successfully resist the force of the 
Persians. ‘The consequence was, that these [troops] 
did not withstand the force of the Persians, but all 
perished on the spot. I will not suffer you to advance 
further. It is something to have fought a drawn battle. 
Being pressed by a twofold danger, he did not dare to 
advance further. If part of our adversaries’ fleet doubles 
the Cape, we shall be pressed by a twofold danger. 
They did not dare to remain where they were, but 
decided that the fleet should be drawn up opposite to 
Athens. 


————o—_— eo 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. What is the meaning of astu ?—2. 
What is the construction of accedere, ‘to approach,’ ‘to 
go to’ ?—3. Distinguish between interficere and oecidere. 
—4. Which of the two denotes a sanguinary death- 
blow ?—5. Which is the usual and general term for put- 
ting to death ?—6. What was the ara of Athens called? 
—7. What is the derivation of Acropolis ? 





Thrasybulum fortissime pugnaret: but pugnare exadversus ali- 
ig can hardly be Latin. Lambinus and others read adversus. 

. No: sometimes the dat. and it is often used adverbially without a 
case. ‘Ter. Ph. 1, 2,38: exadversum ei loco tonstrina erat que- 
dam. 7. E regione with gen. 

Cu. IV. [1] 1. It is the Greek dorv: ‘ city’ as opposed to * coun- 
try; whereas r6is is rather ‘ city’ as ‘a state; a political body. 
dorv was used especially of Athens’, as urbs of Rome. 2. Either 
dat. or acc., or ad with acc.: as a general rule ad is expressed when 
the actually reaching the place or person towards which the motion 
is directed, is to be made prominent: without ad the assertion is 


more indefinite: the dative expresses the remoter relation. 3. 
Déd. interficere. 6. The Acropolis. 7. dxpos highest, ws 
city. : 


" So Cic. de Legg. 2, 2, 5.—postquam Theseus eos demigrare ex agris et in 
astu, guod appellatur, omnes se conferre jussit. 





-@ 
144 QUESTIONS ON i 


[2] 1. What is to be attended to in the position of 
guum ?—2. Why is domos in the pl.?—3. What regular 
order is observed when suus relates to guisque?—4. Is 
this order ever departed from ?—5. When is it usual for 
the suus to be placed after the case of quisque ?—6. 
What is the number of the verb after guisque ?—7. Dis- 
tinguish between decedo and discedo.—8. Explain pares. 
—9. What kind of assertions are aio, affirmo?—10. Ex- 
plain testari as here used.—11. Why are aiebat, testa- 
batur, affirmabat in the imperfect ? 

[3] 1. In minus quam vellet, moveret, why is vellet 
in subj. ?—2. Construe suis verbis.—3. Distinguish be- 
tween suts verbis and suo nomine.—4. Misit—ut nuntia- 
rent: would any other construction be more common? 
[ Milt. 4, [3], 5.] 

[4] 1. How must gui be construed in qui si disces- 
sissent, &c.?—2. What must be supplied?—3. Into 
what tense would discessissent be changed, if the narra- 
tion were direct ?—4. Why i is cum expressed in: majore 
cum labore ? [Milt. 7, [4], 4.]—5. Does longinguus gen- 





[2] 1. That the nom. frequently precedes it. 2. Because 
quisque, though singular, implies a plurality. 3. That the suws 
immediately precedes the quisque. 4. Yes: now and then ; e. g. 
Liv. 21, 48, 2, in civitates quemque suas dimisit. 5 When the 


- ease of suus is used substantively, or has particular emphasis *. ; 6. 


The pl—quisque divides the whole number into its parts: it may be 
considered as explanatory of the true nom. ‘they?’ that is, ‘ each of 


them”. 7. Ch. 3, [4], 2. 8. Pares Persis. 9. Déd. 
dicere. 10. To § affirm positively ;’ as if one Fhe produce wit- 
nesses (testes *) to the truth of the assertion. . Because he 


made the assertion repeatedly. . 

[3] 1. It is referred to the mind of Themistocles ; ‘nok related as 
a fact by Cornelius. 9. «In his name’ . 3. Suis verbis is used 
when a message to be delivered is put in a person’s mouth, so that 
the words, though spoken by him, are really the words of the person 
giving the commission: swo nomine is used when a person gives an- 
other permission to act for him, in his name, but according to his 
own discretion. 

[4] 1. ‘ And—they,’ 2. *‘ That,’ it being in oblique narration, 
as part of Themistocles’s message. 3. Fut.perf. _5. To space: 


1 As in, guid quisque habeat sui:—quod est cujusque mazime sum (C.) Z 
800. 


2 So in Greek, Sn éddévavro éxaoros. Xen. 

3 Testari = certissime afirmare, quasi testes elieegal rei a 
citare possis. Cf. C. Orat. 68. Hence of a future event, test. 
ae as if it had already happened. 


Dar “a 


ee 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. IV. 145 


erally refer to tame or to space ?—6. Construe hoc eo 
valebat, ut, J-c., and give an instance of this phrase.—7. 
Give the derivation of statim.—8. How does it get the 
meaning of ‘immediately ?—9. Explain ingratiis.—10. 
What is the force of de in depugnare ? 

[5] 1. Explain the use of alienus in: alieno loco.— 
2. Why is potuerit used instead of posset after conflixtt ? 
[See Pr. Intr. 1, 418, a.] 


- 
ad 


EXERCISE. 


Themistocles sends the most faithful friend he had to 


- Pausanias, to tell him, from him, that Athens was burnt 


down. Pausanias sent the most faithful slave he had 
to Themistocles, to tell him, from him, that the king was 
approaching the city [of Athens,] and that if he took 
[that city,] the soldiers of the fleet would not dare to 
remain. United we may be equal [to the Persians]: 


_ but if we disperse (partic.) we shall perish. ‘Them- 


istocles assured Eurybiades, that If they dispersed 
(partic.) they would perish.. Themistocles gave-it-as- 


_ his-firm-opinion, that [if they kept] together, they might 
be equal [to the Persians,] [but] that if they dispersed, 


they would be destroyed one by one’. Let us depart, 
each to his own home. 





but occasionally, as here, to time. 6. ‘The object (or meaning) 


_ of which message was.’ See above, ch. 2, [7], 2. 7. From stat, 


_ supine root of sto, with the adverbial termination im. 8. Do it 


_ while you stand there; before you leave the spot”. 9. Gratia 
_ was used in abl. plur. gratiis as adv. The old comic writers used it 


a 


asa trisyll.; but the correct later form is gratis*. Ingratia does 
- not seem to have existed except in the time of Tertullian; but in- 


atiis, ingratis, were formed as the opposites of gratiis, gratis. 

he comic writers said ‘tuis ingratiis, ‘amborum ingra- 
tits,’ &c.: but afterwards the word was used adverbially. 10. 
‘To fight it out’ See Milt. 2, [2], 5. 

[5] 1. From meaning what belongs to another and not to me, it 


came to express what is suitable (or favorable) to another and not 


tome: unfavorable. So suis ventis = ‘ with a favorable wind.’ 


1 E. g. Ces. B. G. 1, 47, 4 (J. consuetudo) : 5, 29,7 (1. obsidiv). - 

2 The Germans say stehenden Fusses, ‘on standing foot.’ 

* Zumpt and Hand both say we should read ingratis. The latter says: 
aeptine in locis meliores libri scripturam ingratis confirmant (iii. 379.) 


t 
13 


146 QUESTIONS ON 


Cu. V. [1] 1. Does ecdem agree with gradu?—_ 
Explain gradu depelli.—2. Give a similar phrase.—3. _ 
What is the force of de in such compounds ?—4. Dis- 
tinguish between rursus and tterum.—5. Why is the 
present particip. verens followed by the amperf. subj. ?— 
6. Explain id agi.—7. What words are used for breaking 
down a bridge? and why is dissolvere here chosen ?—8. 
What is the Lat. for ‘to make a bridge over a river ?)—9. 
What is there remarkable in: 7d agt ut pons—dissolvere- 
tur, ac—excluderetur ?—10. Can you give any other in- 
stances of this negligence from C. Nep.?—11. What is 
the Eng. of persuadére alicui aliquid ?—12. Reditus in 
Asiam. What kind of substantives are not uncommonly 
followed by another substantive with a preposition ? 

[2] 1. How are qua -—eddem used here? [Milt. 3, 
[1], 2.]—2. Is there any thing remarkable in reversus 
est ? 

[3] 1. What is the construction of hee altera victo- 


ria ?—2. Why is aliera used, not secunda ?——-3. Explain 
° 3 





Cu. V.. [1]. 1. No.—Gradus is the position assumed by a com- 
batant, his vantage-ground: gradu depelli is ‘to be driven from a 
favorable position ;’ i. e. to be ‘ deprived of an advantage.’ 2. 
De gradu dejici: as in Cic. de Off. 1, 23, fortis vero animi et con- 
stantis est, non perturbari in rebus asperis, nec tumultuantem de 
gradu dejici, ut diciiur. 3. To drive or cast down, i. e. from an 
elevation, real or figurative. So spe or opinione dejicere. 4. 
Déd. iterum. Pr. Intr. ii. 624, &c. 5. Because verens is referred 
to past time, being connected with fecit. . 6. Literally that this 
was doing = ‘that it was now proposed’ or ‘intended, ° i * 
Pontem rescindere, interrumpere:—dissolvere is here 
used, because the bridge over the Hellespont was made of boats, and 
therefore must be destroyed by disconnecting these boats. 9. 
That the subject is changed, (Xerxes being the nom. to excludere-— 
tur) and yet not expressed’. 10. Yes: in 9, 3, of this very Life, 
ut pons—dissolveretur atque ab hostibus circumiretur : so xx. 1, 3 
Nam quum frater ejus Timophanes—occupasset, particepsque regnt 
posset esse (i. e. Timoleon). 12. Verbal substantives, as aditus 
ad portum : reditus in patriam, gc. See Pr. Intr. ii. p. 271, e. 

[2] 2. The perf. is generally revert: in authors who wrote before 
the Augustan age: though they use revertor and (infin.) revert?. See 
Z. § 209, in fin. | 

{3] 1. Supply est. 3. The trophy, i. e. the result of the vic- 





1 So Liv. 23, 18, 9, donec pudor—avertit castrisqgue communitis Capuam con- 
yessit (sc. Hannibal!) 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. VI. 147 


Marathonium tropeum ; and give an instance of a similar 
use of tropeum.—4. Why is possit in the subj. ?—5. 
Why are Marathonio—tropeo separated ?—6. What is 
there peculiar in maxima post hominum memoriam classis ? 
_—7. What is the force of de in devincere? [Milt. 2, [2], 
5.] 
EXERCISE. 

I fear that this victory cannot be compared with the 
victory of Salamis. (Partic.) Ifthe bridge which Xerxes 
has made over the Hellespont, is destroyed, he will be 
prevented from returning into Asia. I fear that I shall 
not convince Xerxes that this is so. I fear that Asia 
will succumb to Europe. I fear that I shall again be 
driven from my vantage-ground by 'Themistocles®X erxes 
was defeated at Salamis. Fearing that he may continue 
to wage war, I shall inform him that it is proposed to 
destroy the bridge. 


Cu. VI. iets Distinguish between Phalericus and 
Phaléreus.—2. What does Cicero say of Pireeus or Pire- 
us ?—3. What were the names of the three basins of the Pi- 
reeus /—4. ‘Translate ‘to surround the Pireus with walls’ in 
two ways, using circumddre.—5. What does dignitas here 


4 





tory, is here put for the victory itself. So Cic. Tusc. Disp. 1, 46 


Salaminium tropeum. 4, It is a less positive expression than 
the indicative, leaving the decision to the reader : = ddvair’ dv. 5. 
To add emphasis to each. 6. It is rare in. Lat. to modify a sub- 


stantive or adjective by a substantive governed by a preposition: i. @ 
as maxima is here modified or defined by post hominum memoriam 
See Pr. Intr. ii. p. 271, e. 

Cu. VI. [1] 1. Phalericus relates to things, Phaléreus to per- 
sons: e. g. Demetrius Phalereus. 2. That the proper Roman 
ending of the acc. was um, not a. “ Venio ad Pireea, in quo magis 
reprehendendus sum, quod homo Romanus Pireea scripserim, non 
Pireeum! (sic enim omnes nostri locuti sunt), quam quod in* addi- 
derim.” (Ad Att. vii. 3.) Bremi says the Lat. form was usually 


Pireus, Pirei. 3. Aphrodision, Cantharos, Zea. A, 
Pire@eo me nia circumdare: or Pireeum menibus cir- 
cumdare. 5. The beauty and splendor of its buildings. 


1 He had said: ‘in Pireea quum exissem’ 
2 Terence, Eun. 3, 4,1: Heri aliquot adolescéntuli coimus in Pire um 


Pin 


148 QUESTIONS ON 


mean ?—6. What kind of beauty is generally expressed 
by dignitas ?—7. What are the constructions of eguipa- 
rare? 

[2] 1. How is negarent to be construed ?—2. What 
are the forms for ‘ to prevent a man from doing any 
thing ?—3. What is prohibére aliquem facientem ? 

[3] 1. What part of speech is alo in: alio specta- 
bat ?—2. What is the meaning of eo spectare ?—3. Give 
examples of this construction.—4. How is atgue to be 
construed? what kind of words does it follow ?—5. What 
was the principatus which the Lacedemonianseforesaw 
that the Athenians would dispute with them? \ 

[4] 1. Construe quam infirmissimos. [Pr. Tntr. 1. 
410, and note °.|—2. How is ‘when they heard’ often to 
be translated ?—3. What tense generally accompanies 
postquam, ut, ubi, &c.? [Pr. Intr. i, 514, ]—4. Explain 
instruere muros.—5. How is qui—vetarent to be con- 
strued? is gui or ut the more common in this construction ? 





6. The beauty that produces admiration and respect: of a person, 
it denotes manly beauty. 7. Alquiparare (= ‘to make equal’) 
rem rei, or rem ad rem: (= ‘to equal’ ‘be equal to’) equiparare 
rem (or aliquem) aliqua re, the acc. being the person or thing equal- 
led. ‘This is the more usual sense of the word. 

[2] 2. Prohibére ne or quo minus faciat (the usual form). 

Prohibére (aliquem) facere. 
Prohibére (aliquem) facientem.’ 

3. Properly, ‘to prevent one who is doing a thing from going 
on with it.” 

[3] 1. Ady. of direction to a place. 2. To have thjs mean- 
ing or object; so quo, huc, &c., spectare. 3. Quo q@ quor- 
sum-hec spectat oratio? what is the meaning (or object of this 
speech ? properly, ‘ towards what point does it look? * Demosthe- 
nes—girixnivcy Pythiam dicebat. Hoc autem eo spectabat, 
ut eam a Philippo corruptam diceret.’ Divin. 2, 57, 118. A. 
‘ From what ;’ it follows words of likeness, unlikeness, equality, di- 
versity, identity, &c. Pr. Intr. ii. 194, p. 38. 5. 'The first place 
amongst the Grecian states, especially the chief command of their 
confederate fleets and armies. — 

[4] 2. By postquam, when the action to be mentioned did not 





_ take place tilla fter they had heard. 4. To make prepara- 
tions for building them. 5. Qui. nee a 
1 Dihne quotes C. pro Lig. 5, 13, et nos j t hibebis ? but this is 
a mistake: the passage is et nos jacentes “ad pedes (who are lying at sceelens 


supplicum voce prohibebis ? 
2 This construction, therefore, should be confined to persons who are, at 
least, going to do any thing immediately. 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. VI. 149 


[5] 1. Distinguish between primum and primo. [Pr. 
Intr. i. 83.]—2. Distinguish between precipere, wmperare, 
jubére, mandare.—3. What words are correlative to guum ? 
—When is tune correlative to guum in reference to past 
time ? [Pr. Intr. ii. 868, 869, (7).}—4. How may ut tum 
extrent—quum, gc. be construed ?—5. Does not the use 
of interim here overthrow Déiderlein’s distinction, that 
interim relates toa point of time, interea toa space 
or period of time ?'—6. When is ‘ whether’ — or to. be 
translated by sive—sive (seu—seu)? [Pr. Intr. i. 456. i. 
543, &c.|—7. What is generally used instead of et nul- 
lus ?—8. How is et to be construed in et undique ? and 
when has it this force ?—9. How may quo factum est, 
ut be construed ?—10. What are sepulcra here ? 


EXERCISE. 


The Lacedemonians endeavored to prevent the Athe- 
nians from surrounding the Pireus with walls. [Trans- 
late ‘surrounding with walls’ both ways.| 1 don't 
know whether the Pireus does not equal the city itself 
in beauty. [Pr. Intr. 1. 116. ii. 455-457.] It seems to 
me that I have a sufficient excuse for saying that nobody 
ought to undertake that embassy. The other ambassa- 
dors set out, when they heard that the wall was raised 
to a sufficient height. ‘The object of this is very differ- 
ent from what you imagme." They wish it to appear, 
that the object of this is, that there may be no fortified 
places for the enemy to occupy. The object of this was, 
that the Athenians might be as weak as possible. The 
-Lacedemonians sent ambassadors to Athens, to forbid 
the walls to be begun. In this war Themistocles’* ob- 





(5] 2. Dad. jubére. 3. Tum, tunc ;—tunc, when a definite 
t of past time is meant, = ‘ ¢0 ipso tempore’ (quum), &c. 


4. * Not to set out, till, &c. 7. Nec quisquam or ullus. 
: By ‘ but: it has this force after negative propositions. See above 
3, [2], 5, of this Life. 10 ‘ Gravestones.’ 


1 Hand says: “agnoscimus in interim unitatem temporis, qué due res conti- 
nentur: hoc est, alteram rem in idem tempus incidere in quo altera agitur. In- 
terea autem duas res componit uno in tempore apparentes. Sed facile fieri po- 
test, ut hec rerum ratio cum illa temporis ratione commutetur; neque wumquam 
vulgaris usus discrimina servavit, sed promiscue hec vocabula ad 1 unam notionem 
temporis communis exprimendam adhibuit.”’ (iii. p. 421.) 

2 Putare. 

13* 


150 QUESTIONS ON 


tained great* glory* amongst all nations.’ Themistocles 
directed them to spare no place, but [5, 8] to build the 
walls of chapels and tombstones. 


Cu. VII. [1] 1. What is the force of autem here? 
[Milt. 4, [1], 1.}-—2. What tense is venit ?—3. What 
similar expression have we had to causam interponens ? 
[Milt. 4, [1], 3.}4. Construe ducere tempus. What 
‘time’ is meant? and what other verb is used in the same | 
sense ? 

[2] 1. What is Déderlein’s distinction between in- 
term and interea? Does it always hold good? [Ch. 6, 
[5], 5.|—-2. What is probably the force of con im con- 
secuti ?—3. What do substantives in 70 mean ?—4. What 
is munitio here ?—5. What is the derivation of Ephorus? 
State the number and power of the Ephort.—6. What 
is accedere or adire ad aliquem?—7. What is contendere ? 
. —8. Who are meant by Ais ?—what would be the usual 
pronoun ?—9. Is eguum est always followed by the acc. 
with infin.? if not, what other construction is there? 
[ Pr. Intr. 11. 818.]—10. Why is haberetur in the subj.? 
—l1. Distinguish between fidem habére and fidem ad- 





Cuar. VII. [1] 4. * To put off the time -’ properly ‘ to draw out 
(or lengthen) the time before he did it: i. e. the time of his public 
audience. So tempus trahere: Sall. and Auct. B. Alex. Ces. 
(B. G. 1, 16, 4) has diem ex die ducere. 

[2] 2. That they not only followed, but also came up to and — 
joined him. It may be construed either by the simple ‘ followed,’ 
or by ‘ arrived,’ it being understood that it was after him. 3, 4. 
Properly the act, but also the effect of that act: e.g. munitio is 
either ‘ the act of fortifying,’ or ‘ fortification’ 5. édopav. Seo — 
Keightley’s Greece :—or Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiqq. 408, 0: 

6. To ‘ have an audience of.* 7. To assert with vehemence 
and positiveness. 8. His is here used for ipsis, to denote the 
_Lacedemonians?. 9. Sometimes by ut. Z. § 623. 10. In 
obliq. narration; also perhaps by Pr. Intr. i. 476. (end.) 11. 


1 2 means that the word so marked should stand last: ‘2’ that it should 
stand first: ‘*’ that an adjective and substantive so marked should be separated. — 

2 Hic is a favorite pron. with Corn. Nep.; he uses it for the reflexive suz in 
several passages. xxiii. 7, 2, quod cum his pacem fecissent: 9, 4, ne tlle inscien- 
tibus his tolleret : 10, 6, magno his pollicetur premio fore. 


e In this sense the preposition is usually omitted. Freund, and Kriiger, Lat. 
Gram. 305, Anmerk. 2, p. 411. K., therefore, thinks adire ad magistratus in this 
chapter [1] was necessary to avoid the figurative moaning of adire aliquem. 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. VII. 15] 


hibére —12. Why explorarent?—13. Why retinerent ? 
[Pr. Intr. i. 460, (c), 3.] 

[3] 1. Construe gerere morem alicut.—2. What verb 
of commanding does not, as a general rule, take wt? [Pr. 
Intr. i. 76.]}—3. What does predixit mean here ?—4. 
What Greek verbs are used in the same way ?—5. 
When is ut ne used for ne? [Pr. Intr. i. note* p. 38. 
This is the only instance in Nep.] 

[4] 1. Distinguish between profitert and confiteri.— 
2. Distinguish between dw publici, patrii, penates.—3. 
Why is guod possent, &c. in subj. ? 

[5] 1. Why is esse in the infin. ?—2. How must it 
be construed? [Pr. Intr. i. 460, (c), 1.]-—-3. Is there 
any thing peculiar in oppositum?—4. What is the Lat. 
for ‘to suffer shipwreck ??—5. What is there peculiar 
in fecisse naufragium’®?—6. Are there any other ex- 
amples of this in Nep. ?—7. How had the Persians 
twice suffered shipwreck in collisions with Athens ? 





Fidem habere alicui is ‘to trust or believe him: fidem adhibere is 
‘ to show all good fidelity’ in a work’. 12. Qui = ut illi. 

[3] 1. Mos is a person’s will or humor: morem gerere alicui is, 
‘to gratify a person by doing his will: ‘to comply with a man’s. 
wishes :’ ‘ grant his request,’ &c. 3. To tell a man (of course 
beforehand) what he is to do: to charge him. Hence it takes ut 
with subj., like other verbs of commanding. 4. mpoetretv and 
Tpoayopevecy. 

[4] 1. Déd. fateri. 2. Publ. the national gods of Greece: 
patrii those of Attica: pen. each man’s household gods. 3. In 
oblique narr. as an assertion and opinion of ‘Themistocles, ‘ which 
(he maintained) they might lawfully do, &c. 

[5] 3. It agrees with the apposition propugnaculum instead of 
the subst. urbem. This is very common when the apposition is the 
stronger notion. 5. One should expect fecisset, the sentence 
being a subordinate sentence in oblique narration. Sometimes, how- 
ever, the inf. is found, especially where a rejative may be resolved 
into a conjunction with the demonstrative (as apud quam = et apud 
hanc), so that the sentence becomes virtually a principal sentence, 
connected co-ordinately with the preceding one. This is an imita- 
tion of the Greek construction. Z. § 603, (c). 6. Yes: Alc. 11, 
6, quibus rebus effecisse: Dat. 5, 4, quo fiert. 7. At Marathon 
and Salamis: ‘suffering shipwreck’ being a figurative expression 
for being worsted: and though Marathon was not a sea-fight, yet it 


1 Hence quibus fides adhiberetur cannot be the right reading here. 
2 Facere naufragium is, of course, a figurative expression here for being 
worsted in a sea-fight, 


= 


152 QUESTIONS ON 


[6] 1. Why is gui—intuerentur subj.?—2. Of potius 
and magis, which denotes quantity (or degree of inten-_ 
sity), and which preference or selection? [Pr. Intr. ii. 
437, 9.|—3. What is intweri?—4. What would remit- 
terent be in direct narration? [Pr. Intr. i. 460, (c), 3.] 
—5. Why is miserant in the indic., though it is a sub- 
ordinate sentence in oblique narration ? 


EXERCISE. 


He told the ambassadors, not to demand an audience 
of the king, till he had set out. He told them to spin 
out the time as much as possible. He told them not to 
comply with their request, till he was restored to his 
country. Send good and distinguished men, [men] 
whose report you would believe, to inquire into the 
matter: in the meanwhile retain me as your hostage. 
I fear that we shall again suffer shipwreck before your 
city. hemistocles stoutly-maintained before the Ephori, 
that the ambassadors were not to be trusted.—]]_ = Turn 
the speech of Themistocles from ‘ Athenienses suo con- 
silio’ to the end of the chapter into direct narration. 


Cu. VIII. [1] 1. What were the testarum suffra- 
gia ?—2. Explain the nature of ostracism.—3. What is 
the deriv. and meaning of suffragium ?—4. Decline Ar- 


gos. 





caused the failure of that expedition in which the naval forces were 
all along co-operating with the land forces.—Classes, however, is 
inserted to complete the fig. consistently: it was the power of Persia 
that was shipwrecked. 

[6] 1. It gives the grownd why the Lacedemonians were unjust, 
and would therefore be in the subj. even in direct narration. 2. 
Magis, the former ;—potius, the latter. 3. ‘ To have an eye to,’ 
in one’s conduct. 5. Pr. Intr. i. 466, 6. See also Milt. 3, [4], 1, 
on transportaverat. ? 

Cu. VIII. [1] 1. Ostracism, éorpaxiopds. 2. See Keightley’s 
Greece, p. 76; Grecian and Roman Antiqg. p. 135, a. 3. Sub- 
frangere: it is therefore a fragment, especially of pottery, a pot- 
sherd: and hence, from the custom of voting by such fragments 
(as sometimes with pebbles, Yor), it came to mean a vote’. 4, 


1 Wunder, however, with whom Freund agrees, derives it from suffrage, an 
ankle-bone or knuckle-bone. And certainly the @ in suffrdgium is against the 
derivation from frango: frag-ilis, &c. 


/ 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. VIII. 153 


f 1. Explain cum in: magnd cum dignitate. [ Milt. 

7, [4], 4.}-2. Since ejus refers to the nom. of the sen- 
tence, would not suas be more regular?—3. Why is 
fecisset (in quod—fecisset) in the subj.? [Pr. Intr. i. 
461, end.] 

[3] 1. How must hoe crimine be construed ?—2. 
Give the meaning of crimen. [Milt. 8, [1], 2.]}—3. 
What tense is used with postquam, ut, ubi, to denote 

when or after a person had done so and so*?—4. How 
may quod—videbat be construed ?—5. How is ne con- 
strued after verbs of fearing ?--6. Ne propter se, &c.: 
the nom. is here Lacedemonii et Athenienses, how is it 
that se can be used of T’hemistocles? [Pr. Intr. i. 369.] 
_—7. Where was Molossia?—8. Cum quo ei hospitium 
fuerat :—why is cum quo used, not guocum ?—9, What 
was hospitium? Give the corresponding Greek term, 
and how may it be translated?—10. Why is fuerat® 
used ?—11. What makes this probable ?—12. Quote 
_ passages to prove that ‘ guest-friends’ (Eévo1) might cease 
to be so. . 





The nom. and acc. sing. are of the Greek form, 7d “Apyos. The pl. 
is Argi, orum, §-c—Argos is probably acc. plur—Argos sing. being 
used principally by poets and geographers’. 

[2] 2. Yes: we must consider ejus used, because the Lacede- 
monians are the principal subject of the whole sentence. (B.*) ; 
~ [3] 1. ‘ On this charge’ See Milt. 8, [1], 1. 4. By the 
pres. participle. 8. Perhaps here the reason may be, that quo- 
cum* would have brought together three similar endings: Molosso- 
rum regem, quocum. For the general rule see Pr. Intr. ii. 81, p. 

9. A mutual agreement to receive one another with friend- 
ship and hospitality, &«. The Greek term was evia, which Mr. 
Keightley translates ‘a guest-friendship.’ 10. Prob. the guest- 
friendship which had existed, had been broken off. 11. Thuey- 
dides mentions that Admetus was then not on good terms with 
Themistocles. (“Aduntov) dvra abr od Pirov. 1, 136. 12. This 
appears from Xen. Ages. 2, 27: dtd tiv npécbew "Aynaidov feviav ; 
and Cie. Verr. 2, 36, 89, hospitium renuntiat. 


1 Varro L. L. 9, 50, 150: Grecanice hoc Argos, quum Latine /rgi. 

2 Dihne says, with reference to Nepos the relater, but this reason would 
nearly always justify the use of ‘is’ for ‘ suus.’ : 

$8 Obs. the English idiom is often the same: ‘ when he heard,’ &c. 

4 But see Milt. 1, [2], 7. 

5 Bremi holds with Heusinger, that fueram (from the old fuo = ¢¢w) has 
sometimes nearly the meaning of eram, as éxs¢txerv. He quotes from Nep. 
Attic. 7, 1, Que amicis suis opus fuerant ad Pompejum proficiscentibus, 
omnia sua re familiari dedit.—The explanation given (from Dahne) is far 
preferable. 


154 QUESTIONS ON 


[4] 1. In in presentia is presentia abl. sng. from 
presentia, o1 neut. pl. from presens ?—2. In quo. majore 
religione se receptum tueretur', does religione belong to 
tueretur or receptum?—3, Explain arripere-—4. Explain 
cerimonia.—5. Explain recipere aliguem in fidem.—6. In- 
de non prius egressus est, quam rex eum—reciperet. Would 
any other construction be correct? if so, what ?—7. 
When is the imperfect subj. after priusquam and a past 
tense preferred to the perfect indicative ? | Pr. Intr.i. 500 
(end), and 501*.|—8. What should be observed in this 
use of the imperf. subj. after priusquam and a past tense ? 
—9. In what other construction is a preceding comple- 
ted action put in the zmperf. subj. ? 

[5] 1. Explain publice.—2. What is the word for 





[4] 1. Abl. sing. according to both Hand and Déderlein. 2. 
To tueretur®: receptum = av dxodexOivta, * if he should be received,’ 
(Déhne.) 3. § To snaich hastily?’ so Alcib. 10, 5: quod vesti- 
mentorum fuit arripuit. 4. Either (subjectively) reli- 
gious reverence as a feeling (which is the meaning here): or (ob- 
jectively) an act of outward worship by which that reverence 
was manifested‘. 5. ‘To give him a promise of protce- 
tion. Fides is confidence and the belief founded upon it:, hence it 
comes to mean the grounds or effects of confidence : belief or trust ; 
credit, fidelity, honesty; promise, protection. 6. Yes: inde 
non prius egressus est, quam rex eum—recepit. 8. That 
the imperf. is so used, though from the usual accuracy of the Roman 
idiom in marking the completion of one action before another began, 
one might have expected the pluperfect: e. g. Themistocles did not 
quit the sanctuary till Admetus had given him a promise of protec- 
tion. 9. In the form quum interrogaretur, &c. not interroga- 
tus esset. Pr. Intr. i. 415, s. 

[5] 1. ‘In the name of their respective states: opp. privatim. 

2. Palam opp. clam, occulto, secreto, ex insidiis. 


1 Bremi says: receptum is purposely thrown into the participial form, for 
Themistocles made sure of a reception, but it was a great object to him to con- 
Jfirm.this, and make it more binding by the religious solemnity of the cireum- 
stances and manner of it. : . 

2 Kritz says: Conjunctivus—licet rarius cum hac voce (priusquam) un- 
gatur, potestate multum differt ab indicativo: quia res illa ad quam respicitur, 
non ut certa ponitur, sed ita, ut in cogitatione adhue versetur, et quadam quasi 
conditione teneatur.—Cic. de Or. 1, 59, tragedi quotidie antequam pro- 
nuncient, vocem sensim excitant ; quo signiticatur non facta jam pronunciatio, 
sed pronunciandi consilium. De Off. 1, 21, 13, in omnibus negotiis pri usquam 
aggrediare adhibenda est preparatio diligens, i. e. priusquam tii recte 
suscipi posse videntur. (Ad Cat. 4, 5.) 

3'Tac. Ann. 1, 39, religione sese tntabatur. 

4 Bremi: non solum sanctitate que etiam hominibus tribuitur, sed etiam 
religiosd veneratione. Cic. Balb. 24, 55. Sacra Cereris—summd ma= 
jores nostri ihe Sota confict Cerimonidque voluerunt. So Plin. 6, 27, 31 
wsein magna cerimonid, uf 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. VIII. 155 


publicly opp. secretly, &c.?—3. Distinguish between 
monére and admonére.—4. What is the meaning of con- 
sulere sibi? [Pr. Intr. i. 233.]—5. Construe consulere 
aliquem: consulere in aliquem. [Pr. Intr.i.233.]—6, Ex- 
plain esse in difficile enim esse. [Pr. Intr. i. 460, (c), 1.] 
—7. What is the usual word for accompanying a person 
to a place for the purpose of affording him protection, or 
showing him respect? 

[6] 1. What are the words for going on board a 
ship ?—2. Distinguish between quis sit aperit, and gut 
sit aperit—3. Si se conservasset: does se relate to the 
nom. of the sentence ?—4. Explain its use here. [ Pr. 
Intr. i. 369, 370.|—5. Why is conservasset the pluperf. ? 

[7] 1. Before what words is at often found ?—2. 
Distinguish between ;procul and longe—3. With refer- 
ence to this distinction, how may procul ab insuld be best 
translated ?—4. Explain salum.—s5. Distinguish between 
gratiam habére, gratiam referre, and gratias or grates (not 
gratiam) agere—6 Give the corresponding Greek 
phrases. | 


EXERCISE. 
Themistocles feared that he should be condemned of » 


high treason in his absence. When Themistocles heard 
this, he went on board. The Athenians and Lacede- 





3. Preterita apMoneo memori te mente: futura, 
Ut monitus discas que sint, caveasque, MONEBO. 
This, however, does not quite hold good of admoneo. 7. Deducere. 

[6] 1. In navem adscendere, navem conscendere’: escendere is 
to climb up or ascend to a place where one shall be elevated above 
others: in rostra, to ascend the rostrum: in malum, to climb up a 
mast. 2. Quis sit would be to give his name, &c., to distinguish 
him from others; qui sit relates more to quality ; his rank, position, 
&c.! 5. The promise would not,be due till the master of the vessel 
had saved him. 

[7] 1. Before personal pronouns. Pr. Intr. ii. 462. 2. Dide 
procul. - 3. At some distance from the island’ 4. The 
open sea : opp. the harbor, &c. > Dod. gratiasagere. 6. Gra- 
tiam referre = xdpiv drodidévat, Gratiam habére = xdpcveldévat or 
ixev. Gratias or grates agere = xdptv déyev. 


1 Datam. 4, 3. Hann. 7, 6. 


£ Compare Z. § 134. Note. Kriiger, Lat. Gram. p. 573 and Kritz, ad Cat. 44, 5 
maintain this distinction, but read quis sit. 


156 QUESTIONS ON 


monians sent ambassadors to demand, in the names of 
their respective states, that Themistocles [should be 
given up.]| Do not give up one to whom you have sol- 
emuly promised your protection. ‘Themistocles felt that, 
since his being given up was demanded by the ambassa- 
dors of the Athenians and Lacedemonians, he must pro- 
vide for his own safety. I will inform the captain who 
[and what] I am, and promise hima great [reward] if he 
saves me. Themistocles prayed [him] not to give him 
up, for it was difficult, [he said,] to provide for his own 
safety. After Themistocles was landed (partic.), the 
ship was carried by a violent storm to Naxus. ‘Themis- 
tocles being landed, thanked the captain. I must perish 
if I land there. 


Cu. IX. [1] 1. Distinguish between plerique and 
plurimi. (Pref. [1], 7.|—2. What word appears to be 
superfluous, scio plerosque ita scripsisse, Fe. ?—3. With 

what verbs are ita, sic, thus used in an apparently super- 
fluous manner ?—4. Does the ita always refer to an inf. 
clause ?—5. How may the force of potissimum' be given 
in English ?—6. Supply the ellipse in: quod etate prox- 
imus, gui—reliquerunt—fuit. 
3 [2] 1. To what tense of 4xw does the perf. venti cor- 
respond ?—2. What word for ‘ house’ has also the mean- 
ing of family ?—3.,Is Grecus or Graius the more usual 
word for Greek in prose? [Pref. [3], 5.|—4. Construe 
qui plurima mala omnium Gratorum in domum tuam intuli. 
—5. Govern omnium Graiorum.—6. What principle 
may possibly have led Nep. to choose gue rather than et 
or ac in: patriamque meam defendere ? 









Cu. IX. [1] 2. The ita, 
inf. clause. Z. § 748. h verbs of hearing, affirming, 
a learning, persuadin eself, &c. 4. No: some- 
imes to a clause with ut and the subjunctive. See Pr. Intr. ii p- 
264. Diff. of Idiom 28. 5. By ‘in preference to all other his- 
torians,’ or simply, ‘ rather than any one else.’ 6. Quod etate 
proximus fuit (Themistoclt, ex iis) qui, ge. — 
[2] 1. To the pres.: for 4x, like veni, is ‘I am come.’ Gepeoroxdijs 
Kw mapa os. 2. Domus. 6. Pr. Intr. ii. 236, 240, 244. . 


1 Milt. 1, [2], 6. Pr. Intr ii. 888. 


ig is afterwards scadninal by the 


THEMISTOCLES, CH. IX. 157 


[3] 1. What is the Greek for im tuto esse, and in 
what cases is tutum used substantively in this way ?—2. 
Of capisse and incipere which is ‘ to make a beginning, 
and which is ‘to begin’ unemphatically? whieh refers 
most to the beginning of a state of things ’—3. Give the 
Lat. phrase for ‘ making a bridge over_a river.—4. Why 
is dissolvere here used instead of the usual words for 
breaking down a es ?—5. What are those usual 
words? [Supra 5, [1], 7.]—6. What is there irregular 
in dissolveretur—eircumiretur ? [Supra 5, [1], 9-] 

[4] 1. When is ‘now’ nune and not jam?—2. What 
is the force of exagitare ?—3. How does Dd. distinguish 
between cunctus and universus ?—4. How is the Eng. 
present translated in a sentence connected with a prin- 
cipal sentence in the fut.? e. g. ‘if I do this, I shall, &c. 
[ Pr. Intr. i. 415.|—5. How must ‘to have a pleasant 
companion in anybody’ be translated ito Lat.?—6. 
Distinguish between hostis and inimicus.—7. What may 
have led Nep. to use inimicus here rather than hostis ? 
—8. Is colloqui aliquid’ eum aliquo (= ‘ to talk over any 
thing with anybody’) a usual construction?—9. What is 
the usual constr. ?—-10. Give a similar instance to annum 
temports dare.—l1. What is the force of dein: de 
his rebus ?—12. What peculiarity is there in: ut—ventre 
patiaris ? 


he 
a 


[3] 1. & rd dogpade? var. (Thuc.) In ace. and abl. with preposi- 
tions: e. g.in tutum , pervenerunt, xii. 4, 3. 2. Déd. incipere. 
[4] 1. Nunc is ‘now’ of the present time, and often emphatically 
of present circumstances. P. LI. ii. 865. 2. To chase and drive 
out like a wild beast. 3. Cuncti = ‘all, really combined ? 
. etre = ‘all combined in our manner of conceiving them. 
‘ Anybody’ must be the acc. after the verb, and companion be 
ae in apposition. ‘ You will have anybody, a pleasant companion.’ 
7. 'To mark the antithesis between amicus and inimicus. 8. 
No. 9. Colloqui de atiqtiad re cum aliquo. 10. Ces. 
B.C.1,3. Sex dies ad eam rem conficiendam Spatii pos- 
tulant. 11. = quod attinet ad; ‘with respect to” 12. The 
acc. me is understood, being implied by the preceding mihi. 





1 With colloqui res may be compared instituta sabia tiaiscane 
Ball. Cat. 5, 9. 
14 


158 QUESTIONS ON 


EXERCISE. 


I know that Thucydides has written, that Themis- 
tocles passed over into Asia in the reign of Artaxerxes. 
I know that most authors haye stated that Themistocles 
inflicted more evils on theshouse of Xerxes than any 
other of the Greeks. itter the battle of Salamis 
Xerxes returned into Asia. . If it is necessary, we will 
destroy the bridge which you have made over the 
Danube. If I obtain your friendship, I shall feel' that 
Iam freed from danger. If 1 shall be [chased and] 
driven out by the whole confederate body of the Greeks, 
I shall fly to you. If I obtain your friendship, you will 
have in me a good friend. I beg of you to talk-over 
these subjects with me. At the end of a year I will 


come to you. é 


Cu. X. [1] 1. Why is hujus separated from anni 
magnitudinem? [See chap. 1, [1], 5.}-—2. What does 
talis imply ?—3. What is the force of venta in veniam 
dare ?—4. Distinguish between mirari, admirari, demi- 
rari, |Pref. [3], 4]—5. Litteris sermonique Per- 
sarum: distinguish between littere and sermo.—6. How 
does Dahne explain the present subj. dicatur after erudi- 
tus est? [See above, chap. 1, [1], 8.]—7. Who are 
hi qui in Perside erant nati ?—8. What is the statement 

of Thucydides ? 





- 
Cu. X. [1] 2. ‘Such’ = ‘so great,’ tantus. 3. Simply 
‘ permission.’ 5. The simplest explanation is that littere = the 


literature of the Persians; the study of their authors; sermo, con- 


versation with them®. 7. Dihne considers it.aspéfiphrasis for = 
Perse: but this puts so absurd an hyperbolgeffo the mouth of Corn. 
Nep., that I can hardly imagine o mean Persians, but the 


Asiatic Greeks about the Persian court: to whom the Persian was ~ 
indeed very necessary, and a language constantly used by them, but 
not their mother tongue. . 


1 JIntelligere. 4 

2 The (less probable) explanation, which Bremi seems to prefer, is that ~ 
littere refers to the.knowledge of the Persian customs and manners; sermo to 
‘the Janguage.’ This word, he says, is seldom used in the sense of Z in 
the older writers, but is found in Nep. Hannib. 13, 2, Greco sermone. Attic. 4, 
1, sermo Latinus: and in Cic. Brut 35. It is common in Quintilian 


THEMISTOCLES. CH. X. 159 


[2] Explain Themistocles’s return from the Persian 
court 7m Asiam. 

[3] 1. What would be the Greek phrase for que ei 
panem preberet? Give the probable meaning of panis 
and opsonium in this passage.—2. Go through Myuntem. 
—3. By oppidum must we understand Athens or Mag- 
nesia ?—4. Was then the exile Themistocles buried at 
Athens ? 

[4] 1. What is the fuller form of multimodis ? Prove 
this from Cicero.—2. What is the force of neque in 
neque negat ?—3. Distinguish between the verbs that 
express to take, sumere, capere, prehendere.— 
4. How may neque negat be construed?—5. What 
should be observed in sua sponte ? [ Milt. 1, [4], 5.]—6. 
Distinguish between sua sponte and ultro—7. Why is 
pollicitus esset the subj.? - 

[5] 1. What is the derivation of guoniam? [Pr. Intr. 
li. 840.]—2. Of guia and quoniam, which agrees best 
with gai, which with 671? which with ‘ because,’ which 





[2] Asia Minor is meant, which in the time of Cornelius was the 
Roman province of Asia’. 

[3] 1. elsdprov. * Bread’ is mentioned as the principal food of 
man: i.e. for the necessaries of life: opsonium, which is properly 
any food (except bread) that was cooked or dressed by the aid of 
fire, is used for the delicacies of the table, the more luxurious ar- 


ticles of food, dress, furniture, &c. 3. Athens: the tomb of 
Themistocles existed, even in the days of the geographer Pausanias?, 
near the largest basin of the Pireus. 4. See the statement of 


Thucydides, reported at the end of this chapter. . 

[ay 1. = multis modis. Cic. Orat. 45,153. Sed quid ego 
vocales? Sine vocalibus sepe brevitatis causa contrahebant, ut 
ita dicerent, multimodis, tect?’ fractis. 2. = nec 
tamen: as Ages. 1,4. Phoc. 2, 5, &c. ~ 

3. Sumimus wsuri ; caprmusque ut possideamus : 
Prenvimus illa, manu volumus quecumque tenere. 
See Déd. sumere. 4. ‘Without denying: but better here 
‘though he does not deny, or (since this is the real meaning) 
‘ though he allows.’ 6. Déd. sponte. See Milt. 1, [4], 8. 7. 
Because the statement is made not as an historical fact by Nepos, 
but: asthe statement of Thucydides. 
[5] 1. Quom = quum and jam. 2. Quia = rt, ‘ because ” 


1 So Hannib. 8, 4, and Cic. Leg. Man. 3, 7, in 4 ai e luce. 
2 J. e. in the second century after Christ. 
. 


160 | QUESTIONS ON 


with ‘since? [Pr. Intr. ii. 841.]—3. Which describes 
rather the occasion of an action or the opportunity for 
performing it, than the cause or ground of it{. [Pr. Intr. 

ii. 840.]—4. Does guod ever state a real cause as such, 
and not merely an alledged-or supposed cause? | Pr. Intra 
ii. 841, d.|—5. Give the deriv. of guia. [Pr. Intr. ii. 
840, notenj=-6. Does quoniam govern the subj. ?—7. 
Why then is conegderetur the subj. ? 


EXERCISE. 


I admire his greatness of mind. We admire the 
greatness of mind [that characterizes] such men. ‘The- 
mistocles addresses the king with much greater readiness- 
and fluency than this man can, who was born 4 in Persia. 
If you choose to follow my counsels, you will conquer 
Greece. ‘Themistocles returned to Magnesia with great 
presents bestowed upon him by the king. I will present 
you with this city, to supply you with bread. The king 
promised to give Themistocles the city of Lampsacus, 
from which to supply himself with wine. There are 
[still] remaining in our days two monuments fo Themis- 
tocles. C. Nepos says that Themistocles died at Mag- 
nesia of [some] disease: though ‘he allows that his 
bones were privately buried in Attica by his friends. I 
despair of being able to make good what, I have prom- 
ised the king with reference to the conquest of Greece. 
I fear that you will not be able to make good what you 
have promised the king. LBegin with rel. clause.. See 
Pr. Intr. 1. 30.] | 





quoniam == énel, ‘ since.’ 3. Quoniam. - 4. Quod has often 


the objective meaning of quia. 5. From an obsolete plural gues, 
to which quibus belongs ; as tria from tres. 6. No... 7. It is 


given as the statement ‘made ~ peerenses, So esset damnatus. 


‘rae 


ARISTIDES, CH. I. 161 


~ &@ 8 = ARISTIDES. 


~}~ . 
e.. Le f4]@ I, Distinguish between, egualis, par, 
sumilis—2. What is the sense of @qualis ——3, 
What case or cases does egualis gover 2—4_ is 
its general construction in the sense oj™™fontemporary ? 
—5. What,js the Lat for ‘my sense ofbatempe or ‘a 
sdatibip athe 9 of mine?—6. Is Themistocli the gen. 
or dat. ?—7. Go through T’hemgstocles.—8. What is the 
force of itague here ?—9. What is thesgeaning of prin- 
cipatus here ?—10. What is the deriv. of obtrectare ?— 
11. Whaf thepyis the litéral meanipg of ob-trectare ?— 
12. Does it cy amply envy and bad ‘feeling ?— 
13. Prove this— 4. Is obtréctare ever used of things? 
—15. What case does obtrectare govern ?—16. How 
does Déd. distinguish between obtrectatio and tnvidia ? 
[2] 1. What should you remark with respect to the 
tense of antestaret ?—2. What does imnocentia mean 










Cu. I. [1] 1. Déd. equus. 3. Gen.’ or dat. 4. Gen.: 
but not exclusively —2Z. § 411. 5. Meus equalis : eq. being 
virtually a substantive. 8. ‘ Accordingly, ‘and so.’ i.e. as 
might naturally be expected from the circumstance of their being 
contemporaries. 9. The first rank in the state: its meaning in 
ii. 6, 3 is more general. 10. Ob-tractare*. ll. Zo pull 
against another: hence ‘to be an opponent or a rival.’ 12. 
Obtrectare vero alteri aut illa vitiosa emulatione, que rivali- 
tati similis est, emulari, quid habet utilitatis ? quum sit emulantis 
' angi alieno bono, quod ipse non habeat; obtrectantis autem, 
angi alieno bono, quod id etiam alius habeat. Tusce. 
4, 26. 14. Yes: e. g. qui huic obtrectant legi atque cause. 
C. Leg. Man. 8, 21. 15...Dat., and in later writers the acc. 

16. Déd. invidia (4). 

[2] 1. That general truths, i. e. assertions valid at all times are 
put in Lat. in the imperfect subj. after a past tense, according to 
the general rule for the sequence of tenses. We should generally 
use the present tense *. 2. A blameless, guileless character. 


1 is temporum illorum. Cic. 

2 Ob-trectare, according to Paul. (ex Fest.) is ‘ facere quid contra tractantem.’ 
Déd. considers it for obdetrectare, ob having the same meaning as in 0b-ambulare, 
where it = apud, ‘along by, ‘near.’ Surely the meaning of 0b = adversus is 
the true one. 

3 Not however mag e. g. he told him that God was the punisher of the 
wicked ; rather than ‘is 14% 


162 QUESTIONS ON 


here ?—-3. What mood do quamquam and quamvis re- 
spectively take in Latin writers of the Golden Age? 
[ Pr. Intr. i. p. 158, note u.]|—4. What mood does esi 
usually take ?—5. What is the meaniig# vis ? 
[Pr. Intr. i. p. 158, notg u.]|—6. Explain “abstii 

7. Why is aydierimus in the subjunctive ?—8. Give 

ie, . How would you construe quod quidem ?— 
10. at quod be considered equivalent in this 
restrictive 4 it?—11. Is cognomen or agnomen the 
usual expressiOn for a name conferred upon a man for 
some good quality or noble action ?—12. Can you give 
any other instance where Nepos calls such a name a 
cognomen ?—13,*What should you observe in the con- 
struction cognomine Justus sit appellatus ?—14. Is there 
any thing to be observed about the tensg sit dppellatus ? 
—15. From what does collabefactus ¢ ’—16. When 
do the compounds of facio take -ficior, not -fie, in the 
passive ?’—17. What is properly the meaning of collabe- 
fiert?—18. To what is the word generally applied ?— 
19. What is meant by testula illa ?—-20. What force has 
illa here ?—21. How would ‘the seven years’ war’ be 





4, Indic. 6. Disinterestedness : prop. the withholding oneself 
from another’s property, rights, &c. 7. The subjunctive is used 
in limitations of this kind, that are added after positive statements *. 
Z.§ 559. 8 numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi, quod 
quidem senserim. Cic. Am. 27, 103. 9. So far at least. 10. 
To quantum. 11. Agnomen. 12. Phocion, 1, 2, ex quo 
cognomine Bonus est appellatus. 13. That the name is 
not in the gen. after cognomen, &c. but, as if indeclinable, in appo- 
sition to it.? (B.) 14. Since it follows excellebat, the imperfect 
subj. would be the usual construction: but see Pr. Intr. i. 418.—Z. § 
512, Note. 15. Collabefieri. 16. When they change a into z 
in the active*®: perficio, perficior: ‘but labefacio, labefio, &c. 
Zumpt, § 183. 17. To be made to fall ; compare Phoe. 2, 4, 
concidit autem maxime uno crimine. 18. 'To buildings, that 
are in danger of falling. ~ 19. Ostracism. 20. That well 
known, &c. 21. Bellum (illud) septem annorum, not bellum 


1 Diahne adds, that the modesty of this expression is also increased by the — 
use of the first person plural. See Pref. 8. 

2 This is especially the case when the person bearing the name is the nom. 
to the verb: but also in other cases: Gabinio Secu i 
usurpare concessit. Suet. Claud. 24.—cui fecimus Aurea nomen. Ov. Met. 15 
96. Bremi.—Z. § 421, Note. 

8 Dat -ficio, -ficior; -facio sed dat tibi - fio 


ARISTIDES, CH. I. 163 


expressed by a writer of the Golden Age, and how would 
it 13] be expressed? Why ? 
1. Qui quidem: Explain this use of quidem. —2. 
Fro whit are the notions of reprim, coneitart, here bor- 
1—3. Is ‘to see a man write, videre aliquem 
We vibeatem:, or videre aliguem scribere?—4. Is 
querere ab aliquo the only construction ? : 

[4] 1. What is the Lat. for ‘not to, now person ? 
—2. What kind of not knowing a persgn does ignorare 
express ?—3. Give instances of this meaning.—4. Give 
the rule for wt and the subj. after yepesiecet [ Pr. Intr. 
i. 73.}—5. Why is elaborasset in the subj. ? 

[5] 1. Explain the Aic—2. Explain the per in per- 
erre.—3. What should you remark about descendit ? 
Pr. Intr. i. 514.]—4. Give the various ways of express- 

ing ‘ sia years after he was banished.’ [Pr. Intr. i. 310.] 
—5. Why is this form chosen here rather than some of 
the others ?—6. Explain de in descendit, and compare it 
with a Greek prepos.—7. What verb denotes the oppo- 
site direction, both in Greek and Latin ?—8. Does fere 
express doubt whether it was actually in the sixth year? 
—9. What is the derivation of fere according to Hand ? 
—10. What is a populiscitum ?—11. Is the derivation of 





septenne; for the adjj. in ennis, as biennis, &c., were not then 
usually employed. 

[3] 1. Pref. [4], 7 A 2. From horses: concitare is, to spur 
a horse on: reprimere or coercére, to hold him in. 3. Both are 
correct, just as in English to see a man writing, and to see a man 
write: the particp. is used when the emphasis is on the action seen 
as it was doing: if the emphasis is on the preceding person or on the 
verb, the acc. and inf. is used. 4. No: querere ab, de, ex 
aliquo.—Z. § 393. 

[4] 1. Generally non nosse aliquem. 2. The not knowing 
by sight. 3. Liv. 26, 12, 17, Productus (Numida)—i g no - 
rare se mulierem simulabat. Suet. Vitell. 17, namignoraba- 
tur. 5. It is in oblique narration. 

[5] 2. Through,i.e.to the end. + 5. If one of the forms 
with post expressed had been chosen, postquam would have occurred 
twice in one sentence. 6. It is used of motion from the interior 
of a continent or country down to the coast: so «ara Balvey. 

7. Adscendere and 4va Batvetv. 8. According to Hand, it does 
not... but his arguments do not convince me. 9. fere, ferme 
= firme, firmly, strictly. i0. According to Roman customs a 
decree passed by the whole nation; i. e. Senate and people, plebs. 
Populiscito here = populi jussu. 11. No: populus and scisco 


164 | QUESTIONS ON 


populiscitum, populus and scio?—12. What is the pie 


of sciscere ? 
EXERCISE. 


Livius was a contemporary of Ennius’s. Aristides 
had committed nothing, so far at least as I have heard, 
that should have made him considered to deserve such 
[Pr. [ff C. 10.] a punishment. It was soon seen how 
dangerous a thing it was to dispute the first place [in 
the government] with Themistocles. In the sixth year 
after Aristides was banished, the King of Persia made a 
descent upon Greece. A man was writing that Aristides 
should be banished. When Aristides saw a man wri- 
ting that he should be banished for ten years, he inquired 
of him, why he thought that Aristides deserved such, a 
piishinent. 





Cu. III. [1] 1. When is ‘ tha?’ translated by ‘ quo?” 
[ Pr. Intr. i. 63.|—2. When only should ‘ perhaps, ‘ per- 
chance,’ be translated by forte ?—3. How must you trans- 
late ‘ perhaps,’ in ‘ perhaps he will come?—4. What sort 
of numerals are quadringena and sexagena ?—5. —— 
are they used here? [P. I. Caut. 23.|—6. Why is 
Delum used, and not in Delum? [Milt. 1, [1], 29. ae 
7. Go through Delos. Why is zd, which means Dees, 
in the neut. gender? [Pr. Intr. 48.] pi 

[2] 1. Why is fuer in the sepcdive! ¢ s[Pr. Peres 
109.|—2. Why in the perf. subj.? [Pr. Intr. 40.}—3. 
What kind of abstinence or moderation is _abstinentia ?— 
4. How should guwum be construed in guwm prafuisset? 
[‘ Although,’ P. i 489.|—5. What are meant by yes ?— 
6. Parse gui in: gui efferretur. [An old form of the abl. 
fm. gui, as in pot oT What is the os of ef- 





Senatus censet, ple ec iaeit: populus jubet. 12. 
Scivi: populus jure scaivit, C. Phil. 1, 10, 26. 

Cu. III. [1] 2. Particulas si, ecquid, nisi, ne, num forte se- 
quatur. 3. By fortasse with the indicative, or forsitan with 
the subj. : 

[2] 3. Déd. modus (5). 5. Res se. iar ep a? si offices. 
So Dat. 2, 1, majoribus reba & preesse. o carry out ;’ 
that is, ‘ for burial,’ and henée it comes to mean é to bury; like the 
Greek éxgépecv. 


ARISTIDES, CH. III. 165 


ferre? to what Greek word does it answer ?—8. Does 
reliquerit follow the regular rule for the sequence of 
tenses? [P. I. 40, and note c.—418.]—9. Is it in proposi- 
tions that express a purpose, or in those that express a 
consequence, that the perf. subj. follows a past tense ? 
[418.]—10. What author is fond of this construction ? 
[418, a.]. al 

[3] 1.\How do you construe quo factum est, ut ...? 
—2. What does publice mean?—3. In what manner 
were persons entertained at the public cost ?—4. Who 
were entertained at the public cost in the Prytanéwm ? 
—5. What were those called, on whom this privilege 
was conferred for life ? [dsioiees: |—6. What was this 
support at the public cost called ?—7. What are the forms 
for ‘so many years after’ an event happened? [P. I. 
310.|—8. In this construction does postguam. usually 

take the perfect or the pluperfect? [P. 1. Notes, p. 
— :114.]> 


- 


EXERCISE. 


Aristides fixed that five hundred talents should be sent 
to Delos every year [as a contribution from each state.] 
Four hundred talents were sent every year to Delos‘, 
which they made the common treasury. You, such i is 
your integrity, will scarcely leave money for your fu- 
neral. Aristides was a man of such integrity, that his 
daughters were maintained at the public cost. Although 
Aristides had been chosen to hold public offices of such 
responsibility, he was a man of such integrity that he 
died in the greatest poverty. Aristides having died in 
the greatest poverty, his daughters received marriage- 
portions from the ae treasury. 





[3] 2. At the public det: 3. In the Prytaneum, where a 
perpetual fire was kept burning. 4. The Prytanes or presidents 
of the senate, foreign ambassadors, envoys who had returned home 
from foreign missions which they had conducted with ability ; and’ 
citizens who had been of signal service to the state, or the descend- 
ants of such citizens. [Dict. of Antiqq.] 6. Victus quotidia- 
nus in Prytanéo. De Orat. 1, 54. | 


166 QUESTIONS ON 


PAUSANIAS. 


Cu. I. [1] 1. To what words are homo and vir re- 
spectively opposed ?—2. Give an instance in which 
homo, as opposed to vir, expresses contempt.—3. Give 
an instance of its being used with an epithet which ex- 
presses praise, as it is in this chapter—4. Explain its 
use here.—5. Explain the use of homo and vir in the fol- 
lowing passage: (Marius) et tulit dolorem, ut vir; et, ut 
homo, majorem ferre sine causd necessaria noluit. Cic.'Tuse. 
2, 22, 53—6. How would you distinguish homo when 
used with epithets of praise from vir with such epithets ? 
—7. Give an instance of magnus homo from Cicero.—8. 
Explain omne genus vite —9. What is the meaning of 
varius ?—10. Distinguish between varius and diversus. 
—1l1l. What sentences are connected by ut—sic or ita? 
—12. Have they ever an adversatiwe meaning ?—13. 
How may these particles be construed when they have 





* Cu. I. [1] 1. Homo is opposed to deus or bellua: ‘ man,’ as a 
human being: vir to mulier, as a human being of the male 
SeX. 2. (Catilina) utebatur hominibus improbis multis; et 
quidem optimis se viris deditum esse simulabat, Cie. Coel. 5, 12. 
3. Ex hoc esse hune numero, quem patres nostri viderunt, divinum 
hominem, Africanum. Cic. Arch. 7,16. 4. Africanus is taken 
as belonging to the human race, and yet raised above it by charac- 
ter: he is considered, that is, with reference to the whole human 
race. 5. He endured pain like a man, that is, without any of 
a woman’s weakness, and yet, as being a human being, man and 
no more than man, he did not wish to suffer more than was neces- 
sary. 6. Homo relates rather to the qualities, whether good or 
bad, that characterize man as such; or one man from another, with 
this exception, that those which denote bravery, strength of mind, 
and all that distinguishes man from woman, are usually expressed by 
vir with a proper epithet, and also those which imply eminence and 
worth in social life: e. g. vir fortis, clarus, summus, &c. 
Virum bonum et magnum hominem—perdidimus. Epp. ad 
Att. 4, 6, 1. 8. * All the relations of life ;’ as soldier, citizen, 
commander-in-chief, &c. 9. ‘ Inconsistent, showing, as it 
were, different hues and colors, at different times. 10. Déd. 
varius (1). 1]. Comparative sentences of equality: as —— 8a, 
12. Yes: as ‘on the one hand so on the other.’ 
13. By though—yet ; or by indeed — but : = quidem — sed. 





PAUSANIAS, CH. I. 167 


an adversative force ?—14. Give an instance from Corn. 
Nep. 

[2] 1. What remark has been made on our author’s 
use of hic? [Milt. 6, [3], 1.}-—2. Govern Persarum.— 
3. Give an instance of this use of the gen. after in pri- 
mis from Cicero.—4. By what participle should we ex- 
press the phrase quos viritim legerat?—5. Does legerat 
necessarily imply that Mardonius had chosen each man 
himself ?—6. Give instances.—7. What kind of advv. 
end in sim or tim ?—8. How are they generally formed ? 
—9. Give instances of their being formed from substan- 
tives and adjectives.—10. Give instances of adverbs in 
tim from substantives or adjectives, that do not end in 
a-tim.—11. How would you construe haud ita magna 
manus ?—12. With what adverbs is haud found? [Pr. 
Intr. ii. 767, (3).]—13. Of the great writers, who do, 
and who do not, use haud wa? [Pr. Intr. i. p. 168, 
note.|—14. Give an instance of the separation of ‘1s’ 
from its substantive, as here in: e 0 que—cecidit prelio. 
[Them. 8, 3.] 

[3] 1. Give instances of miscére used to denote 
political confusion ; the disturbance of a settled consti- 
tution, &c.—2. What English word answers best te 
concupiscere ?—3. Why is posuisset in the subj.? [Pr. 
Intr. 461.]—4. What is the meaning of epigramma ?— 
5. Govern victorie—6. What should be observed with 
respect to the place of this ergo? [Pract. Intr. 207.]|— 





14. (Agesilaus) ut naturam fautricem habuerat in tribuendis animi 
re ,8ic maleficam nactus est in corpore fingendo. Ages. 

» 

[2] 3. Multaque, ut in primis Siculorum in dicendo 
copiosus est, commemoravit. Cic. Verr. Act. 2, 2, 36, 88. st. 
By the participle picked. 5. No: in Lat. a person is often said 
to do what he causes to be done. ~ 6. Atticus’s father omnibus 
doctrinis ... filium erudivit =‘ had him instructed in.’. Att. 1, 
2. Sorevocavit, Chabr. 1, 2. 7. Distributive advv. 

8. By adding im to the supine root: c@s-im, punct-im. 9. Ca- 
tervatim, gregatim, privatim. 10. Tributim, ‘tribe by tribe :’ 
and viritim, the word in our passage. 11. ‘A not very numer- 
ous army. Pract. Intr. ii. 778, q: and Diff. of Id. 75, (5). 13. 
Cic. does not use haud ita: Terence, Cornelius, Virgil, Horace do. 

[3] 1. omnia miscére, Sall. omnia armis miscére, Vell. plura 
 ‘miscere, Cic. 2. 'To covet: to long for. 4. An inscription 


168 QUESTIONS ON 


7. What does scribere mean in epigrammate scripto ?—8, 
Give instances of this meaning.—9. What are the more 
usual words ’—10. Quote the ériyeapma. 


EXERCISE. 


Alcibiades was indeed among the first of the Atheni- 
ans in political ability, but inconstant in every relation 
of life. Pausanias was first blamed for having carved 
on a golden tripod, that under his command the Persians 
were annihilated at Platea, and that their general him- 
self had fallen in that battle. Pausanias is to be blamed 
for having carved [upon it,| that he with a not very 
numerous army annihilated the Barbarians at Platea. 
The Lacedemonians are to be praised for having erased 
this inscription, and carved [on it] nothing, but that the 
Barbarians had been routed at Platea by a not very nu- 
merous army of Greeks. ‘Two hundred thousand of the 
infantry, which consisted of picked’ men, fell in that 
battle. Pausanias is to be blamed for having begun to 
create all manner of political confusion [after] he had 
annihilated the Persians at Platea. 


© Cnith: [1] 1. In what sense is Hellespontus here 
used ?—2. Govern Cyprumand Hellespontum. {[Milt. 1, 
[1], 30. 

1. What kind of similarity does par denote ?— 
2. Why | is elatius in the comparative ?—3. Distinguish 


fs 





- 


from éri and yeddw. 7. § To carve’ upon it. 8. Alcib. 6, 5, in 
quibus devotio fuerat scripta. So Suet. Ces. 85, solidam 
columnam—statuit, scripsit que Parenti Patrie: and Liv. 4, 
20,11, se A. Cornelium Cossum consulem scripserit. 
Farchibert: incidere. 
10.°*EAAfvar dpxnyis, eral orparéy @r\ece Midwv, 
Tlavoavias DoiBw prijp’ avéOnke réds. 

Cu. II. [1] 1. For the coasts of the Hellespont. 

[2] 1. Déd. equus (2). 2. It had before been mentioned that 
he was elated, elatus, by the victory at Platea: chap. 1,3. His 
second success rendered him still more so. It might be explained 
by Pract. Intr. 408. 3. Complures denotes several, generally a _ 
good many, considered together as one body or party : like plerique 
it does not. tako a partitive genitive case ®. Plures, on the other 


& Complures hostium is found, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48 


PAUSANIAS, CH. II. 169 


between plures and complures—4. What is the force of 
non-nulli ?—5. Why is redderet in the subjunctive? [Pr. 
Intr. 483.]—6. What is the force of the re in redderet ? 

[3] 1. Why cognovit, and not cognoverat? [Pr. Intr. 
_ §14.|—2. In what construction does postguam generally 
take the pluperf.? [Pr. Intr. p. 114, note s.|—3. Dis- 
tinguish between affines, necessaru, and propinqui—. 
Govern muneri. [Pr. Intr. 242, (3).}—5. Give the two 
ways of expressing ‘he wishes to be connected 
with you, using cupere and conjungere. [Pr. Intr. 
145. Z.§610.]—6. Why was it necessary to express 
the se in our passage ?—7. Do verbs of wishing ever 
take ut instead of the acc. and inf.? [Yes: Pract. Intr. 
ii. 819.]—8. With which of such verbs is this common ? 
with which very rare ?—9. Give an instance of cupere 
with wt.—10. With which verb of wishing is Cic. fond 
of inserting the acc. of the personal pron.? [Pr. Intr. 
149 r. 

a 1. Parse feceris. [Pr. Intr. i. 415.]—2. How 
does this differ from the English idiom? [Pr. Intr. 1. 
415,416: see note s.|—3. Parse volueris—4. What 
is the usual pron. for ‘any’ after sx? [Pr. Intr. 391.]— 
5. Is st quisquam ever used? [Pr. Intr. 1. 391, note w.], 
—6. What does si guisguam mean? [Pr. Intr. i. 391, 
note w.|—7. Is si aliquis ever used? [Pr. Intr. 1. 391, 
Remark, p. 138.]—8. Govern mittas. [Pr. Intr. 539, 
(1).}—9. What is there peculiar in face?—10. What 
does certus mean in certum hominem?—11. What is 





hand, is comparative, with ref. to a smaller number. 4. Some, 
and not a very few; it is however less strong, as this passage shows, 
than complures. 6. Verbs compounded with re often denote a 
duty imposed upon a person; the laying on him the obligation to do 
something. So reddere?’ debitum. Regg. 1, 5. 

[3] 3. Déd. necessarius. 6. Because otherwise the conjungi 
might have been referred to the preceding accusative [eos] quos 
ceperat. 8. Optare seldom takes the inf.: cupere hardly ever ut. 
—Z. § 613. Note. 9. Quod ego quidem nimis quam cu pio, 
ut impetret. Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 17. 

[4] 9. The usual form is fac: face occurs in Plautus, Terence, 
&e. 10. Trustworthy. 


1 Comp. renuntiare Alc. 10, 2; redigere Pel. 5,1; referre Eum. 12, 2 
reposcere Cas. B.G.5, 30,2 | | ied »15 ref 2 2; 
15 


170 QUESTIONS ON 


Nepos’s practice with respect to quocum and cum quo? 
Milt.'1, [2], 7.] 

[5] 1. What is the force of con or cum in col-laudat ? 
—2. Explain ne cui ret parcat. [Pr. Intr. i. 80.]—3. Is 
pollicetur in the usual tense and mood for such a sen- 
tence as it is here placed in?—4. The words. si fece- 
rit, nullius rei a se repulsam laturum are in oblique nar- 
ration, to which Nepos has passed, as is often done, 


a. 


from the direct form. ‘Turn them into direct narration, 


as Xerxes would use them.—5. What tense is feceris 
here ?—6. Now turn this into oblique narration: “ he 
said that if he did this, he should meet with no refusal to 
any of his requests from him.”—7. Why then is fecerdt 
used in Nep. ? 

[6] 1. To what is a quo facto equivalent ?—2. To 
what is guam equivalent ?—3. What is the usual posi- 
tion of non with a participle and est ?—4. When should 
it stand before the participle ?—5. Give instances of its 
standing emphatically before the auxiliary verb at the 
end of a clause. 


EXERCISE. 


~ 


He answers, that if he drives the garrisons of the 
Greeks from the Hellespont, he will give him his daugh- 





[5] 1. Highly, much. 3. Since que pollicetur belong to 
Xerzxes’s message as related by Cornelius, it would be more usual to 
place the verb in the swhjunctive’,—the narration being oblique 
(Pr. Intr. 460) ; since, however, it was an historical fact that Pausa- 


nias did make these promises, the indicative may stand* See Pr. 
Intr. 466, the last sentence: and compare Milt. 3, [4], 1. 4. [Id] © 
6. 


si feceris, nullius rei a me repulsam feres. 5. Fut. perf. 


Id si fecisset, nullius rei a se repulsam laturum. Pract. Intr. © 
p. 163, b. Oss. 7. Instead of a past tense, he had used the his- — 
torical present collawdat—petit: he therefore uses the perf. subj. — 
instead of the pluperf. Compare also Pr Intr. 468, with the Remark. — 


[6] 1. Dum ista facit or faciebat; the prepos. denotes duration. — 


Comp. Them. 2, [1]. 2. Et eam. 3. Before the est. 4. 
When there is another participle to which it is opposed: as, non 
deterritus—sed concitatus est. 5. Conon, 1, 3, accep- 
turos non fuisse: Han. 12, 3, ausus non est; Milt. 2, 5, 
ausi non sunt. 

1 Comp. Cim. 1, 4, si ea, gue polliceretur, prestitisset. 


2 Compare Conon, 3, 3, delibera utrum colloqui malis, an per litteras agere, 
que cogitas 


ON a ee ee 


PAUSANIAS, CH. III. 171 


ter in marriage. If you drive the Persians from Cyprus, 
I will send a trustworthy person to confer with you. If 
you do this, you will reduce Sparta and the rest of 
Greece under your power, by my assistance. The 
Ephori praise Pausanias highly, and beg him to spare 
no exertion (res) to drive the Persian garrisons out of 
Cyprus. If from meeting with equal success in this 
undertaking (res), you become still more elated, you 
will be recalled home. Miltiades was not acquitted. 
If Sparta and the rest of Greece is reduced under my 
power by your assistance, I promise that you shall not 
meet with a refusal from me in any thing [you may ask. ] 


Cu. III. [1] 1. Observe the order in post non 
multo, where the general assertion that it was after 
what had been before asserted is limited by the non 
multo: give other examples of this order from Nep.— 
2. Can you give any instance where the word or words 
marking how much, precede the post ?—3. Can we con- 
ceive any callida ratio of disclosing his views ?—4. Of 
aperire and patefacere, one means to open that whose 
top was covered; the other, to open that of which the 
sides were enclosed: which means to open an enclosed 
space ?—5. Construe cogitata——6. What should be re- 
marked in the sentences non enim, &c. ?—7. What does 
cultus here mean? 

[2] 1. Who were the gui aderant?—2. Why is 
possent in the subjunctive ?—3. Give an instance from 





Cu. III. [1] 1. Cim. 3, [4], post, neque ita mulio. Alcib. 
11,1, qui post aliquanto natus. 2. Pel. 2, 4, neque ita 
multo post. 3. Yes: that of disclosing them gradually, and 
as he found persons inclined to receive them and support him; draw- 
ing men on to commit themselves, so that they could neither recede 
nor advance without danger, and so on. 4. Déd. aperire. 5. 
‘ His plans’ or ‘ views: cogitare, to think about a thing, being often 
equivalent to planning it. 6. The distance of non from the 
solum, to which it belongs. 7. ‘Mode of living:’ it is very often 
joined to another word, as here, and then denotes al/ that belongs to 
a person’s mode of living, except what the added word denotes: 
hence here it includes his table, his tent, his furniture, his state, &c. 

[2] 1. His guests. 2. The verb is sometimes in the sul” 
after guam with a comparative. 3. Quid? tu, inquit, anin 


172 | QUESTIONS ON 


Nep.—4. Give an example from Cicero—5. With 
what verbs does this principally occur ?—6. What made 
his guests unable to bear the Persian luxury of his ban- 
uets ? 

' [3] 1. What word might seem to be superfluous in 
aditum petentibus conveniendi non dabat ?—2. What is 
aditus ?—3. Give an instance from Cicero.—4. Parse 
Troade.—5. In quum—tum which is the stronger no- 
tion ? 

[4] 1. What tense do postquam, ut, ubi (= ‘ when, 
‘after’) take? [Pr. Intr. i. 514.]—2. What was the 
scytala ?—3. Explain more illorum.—4. Why is reverte- 
retur the subj.? [Pr. Intr. i. 460, b.]|—5. Distinguish 
between reverti and redire. 

[5] 1. What does etiam tum mean ?—2. What are 
the two meanings of etiam tum?—3. Give an instance 





si isto eras, cur non in_prelio cecidisti potius, quam in potes- 
tatem inimicti venires? Eum. 11,4. And; clarius exsplen- 
descebat, quam generosi condiscipuli—ferre possent. Att. 1, 3. 
4. Postea, quidquid erat oneris in nautis remigibusque exi- 
gendis, in frumento imperando, Segestanis preter ceteros impone- 
bat, aliquantoamplius gu am ferre possent. Verr. 4, 34. 
5. With velle and posse. Zumpt, § 560. Note. 6. Their own 
moderate habits peculiarly unfitted them for bearing the extreme 
luxury of a Persian banquet. 

[3] 1. Conveniendi. 2. (1) Entrance or admission to a 

person ; then (2) the permission, or right, of entrance; then (3) a 
gen. of the ground was added to denote the purpose for which the 
admission was required. 3. Itaque si qui mihi erit aditus 
de tuis fortunis—a gendi, gc. Epp. ad Fam. 6, 10, 2. 
4. As an adj. it would be fem., but it is here used substantively (Troas 
sc. regio) and put in apposition with ager, as, flumen Garumna ; in 
campum Marathona, &c. 5. That introduced by tum = and 
also. 

[4] 2. A black stick ; the Ephori kept one, and gave another of 
exactly the same size to their Commander-in-chief. When 
wished to send an order, they wound a thong round this stick, and 
wrote the order on it: no one could read this, till the letters were 
again brought properly together by being wound round a stick of the 
same size in the same way. 3. In the concise way called La- 
conic, from its belonging peculiarly to the Lacedemonians, Lacones. 

5. Déd. reveriz. . 

[5] 1. * Even then,’ that is, still. 2. The meaning of the 
words is not altered, but their reference. ‘ As late as that,’ and, 

as early as that.’ 3. Etiam tum vita hominum sine cupi- 


PAUSANIAS, CH. III. 173 


of its meaning ‘as late as that..—4. Explain regi.—5 
Was Pausanias a king ?—6. What is negue equivalent 
to in neque eo magis ? 

[6] 1. On what principle is genus hominum, quod 
Tlote vocatur, to be preferred to genus hominum, qui 
Tlote vocantur? [Pr. Intr. i.48,49. Z. § 372.|—2. 
Give an instance of genus, qui vocantur. [Milt. 4, 
[3].]—3. What is the Greek form for [lote ? [E"Acirau.] 
the Eng. ? [Helots.|}—[See Z. § 1. Note.] 

[7] 1. What is there peculiar in non putabant 
oportere ?—2. Give an instance from Cic.—3. What is 
there peculiar in the use of et with exspectandum ?—4. 
Give instances.—5. Can you produce an instance from 
Nep. !—6. Would se ipsam aperiret be here admissible ? 








EXERCISE. 


Pausanias answered more haughtily, and governed 
more cruelly, than the Lacedemonians could endure. 
Pausanias not long afterwards withdrew to Colone, 
which is a place in the Troas. It was written on the 
scytala, that unless he granted an audience to those who 
applied [for it,] they would throw him into prison. The- 
mistocles was of opinion that they should not wait, till 
Pausanias returned home. ‘The Ephori cannot endure 
this, but sent ambassadors to him with the scytala. Any 
one of the Ephori may throw even one of their kings into 
prison. 





ditateagitabatur. Sall. Cat. 2. 4. It is equivalent to vel _ 
regi: ‘even to one of their kings.’ 5. No: he was guardian 

- to his cousin Pleistarchus, the son of Leonidas, who commanded at 
Thermopyle. 6. Neque tamen, or vero. 

[7] 1. That with verbs of thinking, the ‘ not’ is prefixed to the 
verb rather than the infin. 2. Non censet lugendam esse 
mortem. De Senect. 20, 74. 3. When a negative and affirma- 
tive sentence are joined together in this way, et, atque, or que are 
used, where we should use ‘ but.’ 4. Equidem illud ipsum 


non nimium probo et tantum patior. C. de Fin. 2,9, 27. Neque 
desideravit quemquam et potius discessu nostro letatus est (C.). 
5. Huic ille primum suasit, ne se moveret, et exspectaret 
ad Alexandri filius regnum adipisceretur. Eum. 6, 2. 
. No: for se ipsam aperiret would be ‘ to discover itself, rather 
than something else.’ 
15* 


i174 QUESTIONS ON 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. Distinguish between interim and 
interea. ['Them. 6, [5], 5.|—2. How would ‘a letter to 
Artabazus’ be generally expressed in Latin ?—3. On 
what principle would the participle be used ?—4. Are 
there no instances of epistola ad aliquem without a par- 
ticiple ?—5. Is a ‘ letter from a person’ ever epistola or 
littere ab aliquo without a participle ?—6. What kind of 
substantives are more frequently modified by preposi- 
tions with their cases than others ?—7. Give instances. 
—8. What is the English of e7 in suspicionem venit ?—9. 
Give other instances, in which the Romans expressed 
the beginning of a state by a circumlocution with venire. 
—10. What is the usual meaning of in suspicionem ve- 
nire alicui, when the verb is used personally ?—11. In 
what meaning is super used with the abl.?—12. With 
what kind of verbs is it so used ?—13. Give some in- 
stances.—14. What part of speech is eodem?—15. How 
were letters done up in Greece and Rome !—16. What 
is the general Latin expression for opening a letter ?— 





Cu. IV. [1] 2. Epistola ad Artabazum scripta, data, missa, 

: 3. In Latin a substantive is not often modified by another 
substantive governed by a preposition’. 4. Yes: such examples 
are not rare: Cic. de Off. 1, 11, 37, senis est Marci quidem Catonis 
epistola ad filium; de Off. 2, 14, 48, exstant epistole Philippi 
ad Alexandrum. 5. Yes: for instance, Liv. 23, 34, littere 
quoque ab Hannibale ad Philippum, which is just like our 
passage. 6. Verbal and other substantives expressing an action : 
e. g. those in io. 7. Deductio in agros; via ad gloriam; man- 
sio in vita; fuga ab urbe; defectio ab Romanis. 8. ‘ He sus- 
pected, ‘began to suspect, or ‘came to suspect.’ 9. Milt. 
7, [3], wtrisque venit in opinionem signum a classiariis re- 
giis datum: so Att. 9, 6. 10. ‘'To become suspected by any- 
body :’ ‘ to fall under his suspicion.’ 11. Nearly in the sense of 
de=‘about, ‘concerning.’ 12. With verbs of speak- 
ing, thinking, asking, doing, or, as here, sending on a mission or 
errand. 13. Cic. Att. 16,6: Hac super re scribam ad te. Att. 
14, 22: Cogites, quid agendum nobis sit super legatione 
(it is however rare in Cic.). Virg. Geor. 4, 559: Hee super ar- 
vorum cultu pecorumque canebam, Et super arboribus. 
15. Something in this way: they were folded in the form of a little 
book, then tied round with a thread [lino obligare], the knot being 
covered with wax or a kind of chalk, creta. 16. Epistolam 


1 In such constructions the subst. with the preposition is joined attributively 
to the other substantive; almost, that is, like an adjective. ' 


PAUSANIAS, CH. IV. 175 


17. Explain the meaning of vincula laware, and signum 
detrahere here. : 

[2] 1. Translate ‘the points which had been agreed 
upon between the king and Pausanias’ in two ways.—2. 
In has ille litteras, why are has litteras separated ? : 

[3] 1. What is the meaning of gravitas ?—2. Dis- 
tinguish between se ipse and se ipsam. [Pr. Intr. 368.] 

[4] 1. What is the most exact rendering of itaque ? 
—2.Is the inf. act. ever used with nefas putare, satius 
putare or ducere, &c.?—3. Distinguish between the act. 
and pass. inf. in this construction.—4. Distinguish be-. 
tween fanum, edes, templum.—5. What is the grammati- 
cal term for placing the prepos. after its case 7—6. With 
what words is the prepos. not uncommonly placed after 
its case ?—7. Give instances from Corn. Nep.—8. What 
prepositions always follow their cases ?—9. From what 
verb does consedit come ?—10. With what prep.;is con- 
sidere generally construed ?—11. Explain in ara.—l2. 
After what particles is ‘quis’ the usual pronoun for ‘any’ ? 
[ Pr. Intr. i. 391.] 

[5] 1. Is any other form used besides confugere in 
aram ?—2. Since confugere in aliquid means to fly into 
some space, how would you explain in aram ? 





aperire, resignare; or solvere (Abe). 17. Argilius meant to 
restore the fastening and seal, that is, to do the letter up again, if he 
found nothing written in it against himself. He therefore loosened 
the thread or string, and pulled it off with the seal unbroken’. 

[2] 1. ea que inter regem Pausaniamque convenerant; or ea 
que regi cum Pausania convenerant. 2. Such separation both 
gives emphasis to has litteras ( = this’ letter), and avoids the concur- 
rence of two terminations of the same sound. 

[3] .1. ‘Their deliberate method of proceeding: as contrasted 
with the impetuosity of an excitable people. 

[4] 1. ‘And so,’ ‘and accordingly,’ or ‘ accordingly’ only. 

2. Yes. 3. The pass. is preferred for general truths and asser- 

tions: when, that is, there is no reference to particular persons. 

4, Déd. templum. 5. Anastrophe, from dvé—orpégecv. 

6. With pronouns. 7. Con. 2, 2, hune adversus ; Chabr. 3, 1, 

quam ante. 8. Vessus and tenus. 9. From con-sidere. 
10. With ¢ in’. 11. On the steps of the altar. 

[5] 1. Sometimes ad aram. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 8, wt numquam ante 
hoc tempus ad aram legum confugerint’. 2. Ara 





1 Thucydides says he prepared a false seal. 
2 Tibull. 4, 13, 23:—Veneris sancte considam vinctus ad aras. 


176 QUESTIONS ON 


[6] 1. What is the English of modo here ?—2. Wha 
is its usual meaning as a particle of time? [Pr. Intr. ii. 
502.]—3. In the sentence, he begged him ne enuntiaret, 
nec se———proderet, what would be more usual than the 
second nec ?—4. Give other instances of nec for neu or 
neve.—5. What is the past participle of implicare ?—6. 
With what distinction does Nep. appear to use them ?— 
7. Does this agree with the practice of other writers ?— 
8. On what does futurum, i. e. futurum esse, depend ? 
[ Pr. Intr. 460, c, 1.] 


EXERCISE. 


Argilius, who had received a letter from Pausanias to 
Artabazus, loosened the thread (partic.) [that bound it, 
and pulled off the seal. If I convey’ it, [ am to perish. 
Of those who had been sent on the same errand, not one 
had returned. He learned that all who had been sent to 
the same place ona similar errand had perished. To 
these he discloses, what had been agreed upon between 
Pausanias and the king. To these he will disclose 
those [points,] which have been agreed upon between 
Pausanias and the king. I will tell this informer what 
I wish to be done. Jn this place, if any one holds any 
conversation with Argilius, we shall hear it. When they 





+ a, 


means the whole space to which the protective power of the altar ex- 
tended; perhaps an enclosed space round the altar, but at all events, 
the altar and its steps. Hence also in ara considere before’. 
[6] 1. ‘Now? ‘ upon this.’ 3. Neve; for: 
* And not,’ or ‘ not’ which follows ut or ne, 
By neu or neve should translated be, 
4. Liv. 3, 21, dum ego ne imiter tribunos, nec me contra sena- 
tusconsultum consulem renuntiari patiar. Cic. Rep.1,2. Tene- 
amus eum cursum....neque ea signa audiamus, que receptui 
canunt. 5. Implicatus or implicitus. 6. He uses impli- 
catus except when speaking of a disease : as Cim. 3, 4; Ag. 8, 6 
. Liv. has ‘in morbum implicitus ;? ‘ gravi morbo impli 
citus: but implicatus bello, 26,24,16. So Ces. has gra 
viore morbo implicitus, B. C. 3, 18,15 but quini erant or- 
dines—im plicati, B. G. 7, 73, 4.—Cicero has nearly always im- 
plicatus. Later writers use either form without distinction. 


1 Or ara may be considered as used for the protective power of the altar: so 
sonfugere in alicujus fidem, misericordiam, &c. 
ca Pr. Intr. 415. 


PAUSANIAS, CH. V. 177 


saw him loosening the thread, and pulling off the seal, 
they inquired what reason he had for so sudden a reso- 
lution. A certain Argilius had come to suspect, that if 
he conveyed the letter, he was to be put todeath. If he 
conveys’ this letter he will be put to death. 





Cu. V. [1] 1. When is ‘better’ to be translated by 
satus? [Pr. Intr. p. 84. Obs. to Ex. 34.]—2. What 
is the English of in eo esset, ut, Gc. ? [Pr. Intr. 479.]— 
3. What might be used instead of gui eum admonere 
cupiebat ?—4. With what difference ?—5. Is there still 
a third way ?—6. What difference would this make ?— 
7. Distinguish between vultus and facies. [Did facies. ] 

[2] 1. What ambiguity is there in gue yarxiomog 
vocatur ?—2. Prove that the temple was sometimes 
called yadxioimog.—3. To which does the gue probably 
refer ?—4. Give your reasons for this.—5. Distinguish 
between valve and fores. 

[3] 1. What is there unusual in dicitur eo tempore 
matrem Pausanie vixisse? [Pr. Intr. 297.]—2. With 
what forms is the impersonal construction* very com- 





Cu. V. [1] 3. Qui eum admoneri cupiebat. 4. The expres- 
sion would be then more indefinite : it would assert that he wished 
him to be warned some how or other; not, that he wished to warn 
him himself. 5. Yes: qui eum admonitum cupiebat. 6. The 
expression would be indefinite, like the gui eum admoneri cupiebat, 
but would imply a wish that the state of his being warned (i. e. the 
effect of the warning) should continue.—2Z. § 611. 

[2] 1. The que may refer to the preceding edem or to the pre- 
ceding Minerve: for both the goddess and her temple were called 
XaAxiorKos. 2. Aitoli circa Chalciecon (Minerve est templum 
@reum) congregati ceduntur. Liv. 35, 36. 3. To Minerve. 

_ 4, (1) Since it can refer to both, it is more likely to refer to the 
nearest: an ear hearing Minerve, que xaAxloxos vocatur, could 
hardly help referring the que to Minerve. (2) Thucydides has 7d 
lepdv Tis xaAKtolKov *, 5. Déd. ostiwm—Jaumann says that valve 
are the leaves of a folding-door that opens inwards; fores of one 
that opens outwards. 


1 Pr. Intr. 415. 

2 Bremi thinks that the ejus edis which follows is a reason for its referring 
= oot temple, but since edem had preceded, the ejus edis is sufficiently ex- 
: 3 Kriiger says, that the impersonal construction is almost invariably used 
with intelligitur, nuntiatur (with definite announcements), dicitur (it is main. 
tained), less frequently with traditur, dicitur (people say), narratur, declaratur 
with putatur, creditur, existimatur, it is only an exception. \ 


£718 QUESTIONS ON 


mon? [Pr. Intr. 297, note c.]—3. What part of speech 
is natu in; magno natu ?—4. Does Nep. use this word 
elsewhere ?—5. Can you give an example from any 
other writer ?—6. In what form is natu also, and more 
commonly found ?—7. Is postqguam comperit in oratione 
obliqua ?—8. How is it then that it is not compererit, in 
the subj.? [See Milt. 3,[4], 1: and Pr. Intr. 465, 466.] 

[5] 1. Is there any thing unusual in quo hi qui— 
essent dati ?—2. What degree of distance is usually 
marked by procul ?—3. Does Cic. ever use posterius ?— 
4. What expression does Nep. use, that may be com- 
pared with vitam ponere ? 


EXERCISE. 


Pausanias on learning this, fled for refuge into the 
temple. They say, that he was buried in the same 





[3] 3. A verbal subst. of the fourth declension, occurring only in 
the abl. 4. Yes: Timoth. 3, 1, hic quum esset magno natu ; 
and Dat. 7, 1, Scismas, maximo natu filius. 5. Yes: Liv. 10, 
38, 6: sacerdote Ovio Pactio quodam, homine magno natu. 

In: major natu, maximus natu, grandior natu. Fa. OMe 

[5] 1. It should be regularly quo hos’; for in an elliptical sen- 
tence of this kind the subject is placed in Latin in the accusative 
(not in the nom. to the verb understood) if the subject of the other 
sentence is in the acc. (with inf.). Thus: ‘they say that Plato felt 
the same as Pythagoras [felt] >) Platonem ferunt—sensisse idem, 
quod Pythagoram:—not Pythagoras. C.Tuse.1,17. See 
Pr. Intr. ii. Caut. 15. Z. § 603, (a). 2. A considerable distance’, 
but yet generally within sight: opp. juzta, Déd. 3. Yes: Ipse 
enim Thucydides si posterius fuisset. Brut. 83, 288. 4. 
Animam deponere. Han. 1, 3. 


1 Of course it is a slight irregularity to say, cujyus mortui ¢ hi, 
instead of cujus mortui corpus—quo horum corpora; or quem mortuum—quo hi: 
but this is a sort of thing that occurs in all languages. (Bremi.) 

2 Bremi doubts whether the meaning is that he was buried ‘ at some distance 
from the place where he died,’ or ‘at some distance from the place where malefac- 
tors were buried’ (quo hi inferuntur qui ad supplicium essent dati): eo scilicet 
loco, quo erat mortuus. He prefers the former with good reason; though he 
says Nep. must then have taken the account, not from Thucydides, but from 
some other authority. Thucydides’s words (1, 134) are kat abrdv éuéAAnoav 
pév és Tov Katddav, obrep rods Kaxotpyous, éuBdddewv, Enecta Boke wAnolov 
mov Katgptéat. Does the tAnoloy mov mean somewhere near where he died 2— 
or somewhere near the Ceadas? If the former, Nep. agrees with Thucydides, 
and his use of inferri—infoderunt (in exact correspondence with éuBdA\ew— 
karoptlat) proves him to have had the passage before his eyes. Is it not pos- 
sible that a non or haud has been omitted before procul? though procul and 
xAnotoy mow are not contradictory, according to Déderlein’s explanation of 


CIMON, CH. I. 179 


place as Pausanias. They say that he was buried not 
far from the spot where he breathed his last. It is said 
that Pausanias, being carried out of the temple still alive, 
immediately expired. After the Ephori discovered the 
guilt of Pausanias, they immediately blocked up the 
doors of the temple which is called yadxiomos. When 
the thief was on the point of flying-for-refuge to the 
temple, he was arrested in the city. When he was on 
the point of being executed, he expired. 





CIMON. 


Cu. I. [1] 1. What is the meaning of uti here ?— 
2. Is it often used, as here, of disagreeable things ?—3. 
At about what age did a young person begin to be an 
adolescens ?—4. Explain lis estimata.—5. What is the 
Eng. of vincula publica?—6. What is mostly used in- 
stead of ‘and not’ in Latin?—7. By what tense will 
solvisset be construed ?—8. What tense would be used 
if the present of posse preceded? for instance, translate 
you cannot be let out, unless you pay the fine imposed. 
[Pr. Intr. 415.]  ~ 

[2] 1. Explain the use of autem in habebat autem, 
Ge. [Milt. 4, [1], 1.]}—2. Explain germana soror. 
[ Pref. [4], 2, 3.]—3. What is the name given to the 
concurrence of two words with nearly the same letters 
and sound; as, non magis amore quam more?—4. Give 
instances of Paronomasia.—5. Explain the use of ducere 
in the sense of ‘to marry.”—6. Can it be said then of 





Cu. I. [1] 1. To have or experience. 2. No. 3. Déd. 
puer. 4. Litem estimare is to fix the sum which the accused is 
to pay as compensation, if condemned: hence lis estimata is used 
for the fine imposed upon a defendant. _ 5. The public prison. 

6. Neque or nec. 7. By the perf. indic.—‘ unless he paid ;’ 
our language not being so particular as the Latin in marking that 
one action must have been completed before another begins. 

f2] 3. Paronomasia. 4. Just below: non tam generosus 
quam pecuniosus. Cic. ad Div. x. 28,1: in ore et amore. 5. 


180 QUESTIONS ON 


a woman ?—7. What word for ‘ to marry’ can be said of 
a woman only, and what is its real meaning ? 

[3] 1. In Awjus conjugu cupidus; does hujus agree 
with conjugi, or is it the gen. dependent on it; conju- 
gium hujus being ‘a marriage with her?’—2. What is 
the preposition used for ‘ making money by any thing ?— 
3. Does sibi refer to the person who is the nom. to 
daret ?—4. How then can it be used? [Pr. Intr. 370.] 
—5. On what does soluturum [esse| depend? [Pr. Intr. 
460, (c) (1).]—6. In what tense would «npetrare stand, 
if the narration were direct, as in, ‘ J will pay the money 
if I obtain my request?’ [Pr. Intr. 415.] 

[4] 1. Does conditio here mean ‘a proposal of mar- 
riage,’ or merely ‘proposal, ‘terms.—2. Distinguish 
between spernere, contemnere, despicere, aspernari.—s3. 
What is there peculiar in negavit se passuram—seque 
nupturam, Se.?’—4. What is negavit equivalent to ?—5. 
Is progenies ever used of a single person ?’—6. Give a 
similar instance, where veto must be understood to imply 
the positive jubeo’.—7. Does quoniam govern the subj. ? 
—8. Why is posset in the subj. here? [Pr. Intr. 460. 


Remark J{}. |] 


EXERCISE. 


He says that he will not allow the daughter of Milti- 
ades to be given in marriage to one Callias, since he 
can prevent it; and that he rejects such a proposal. I 
will marry Callias, if he performs what he promises. 
She says that she will not marry Callias, unless he 
performs what he promises. She said that she would 
not marry Callias, unless he performed what he prom- 





ducere sc. domum, because the husband led the bride to his home. 
7. nubere, ‘to veil.’ 
[3] 1. It is probably the dependent gen.: hujus sc. Elpinices’. 
[4] 1. Probably only ‘terms ;’ ‘ proposal.’ 2. Déd. spernere : 
see especially (3). 3. The nupturam cannot depend on negavit, 


but on affirmavit understood. 4. Dizit or affirmavit—non.. Z. 
§ 774. 6. Pheedr. Fab. 4,17, 30: non veto dimitti, verum 
cruciari fame. 7. No.> F 74 4 ae 


1 So both Bremi and Dé&hne. De 
2 With this use may be compared; wt nemo—contentus vivat, , Hor 
Sat. 1, where nemo cannot be the nom. to daudet, but guisque impli ee 


CIMON, CH. Il. 181 


ised. If | obtain this request, I will not suffer the off- 
spring of Miltiades to experience so harsh a beginning 
of manhood. Cimon will reject such a proposal with 
disdain, and not suffer Miltiades to. die in the public 
_ prison. I will not suffer the son of Miltiades to be con- 
fined in the same prison, since I can prevent it. She 
says that she will not suffer her brother, her own fa- 
ther’s child, to die in a public prison, since she can 
prevent it : 


Cu. II. [1] 1. What has been remarked about the 
use of talis? [Them. 2. [8], 1, 2, 3.]—2. What is the 
meaning of satis eloquentie ?—3. Does it exclude the no- 
tion of a very high degree of the thing spoken of, or not ? 
—4. What is prudentia ?—5. Does this passage seem 
against that distinction ?—6. What is the derivation of 

rudens ?—7. Give Hill’s explanation—8. What is 
Bremi’s opinion ?—9. Are prudens and prudentia often 
used of military science ?—10. What are guum—tum ? 
[tum—tum?]| [P. 1. 271, 272.] 





Cu. II. [1] 2. Enough for a statesman; enough for one who 
did not trust to eloquence only for the means of arriving at distine- 
tion. 3. It excludes it, inasmuch as it always implies a refer- 
ence to some object, for which no deficiency exists. 4. Ac- 
cording to Déderlein the prudens uses right means and regulates 
them with circumspection, from a natural judiciousness pervading a 
man’s whole nature. 5. Yes: since it attributes Cimon’s pr u- 
dentia rei militaris to his early acquaintance with warlike opera- 
tions in his father’s camp. 6. Providens. 7. “ Prudens 
refers to a nice apprehension of the nature of the circumstances that 
are present, and of that conduct that will lead to effects that are 
most beneficial to the agent. It supposes also, that the natural 
talent is fortified by experience and practice’ in human affairs.— 
Prudentia regards those truths that enable a man to play his part 
successfully in life, and both to foresee what is likely to happen, and 
to be ready to meet it.” 8. It agrees with this ; as he consid- 
ers it ‘to include both theory and practice, 9. Not very 
often; but in Hann. 1, 1, the surpassing prudentia of Hannibal 
is spoken of and compared with the fortitudo of the Romans; and 
Conon is called prudens rei militaris, Con. 1, 23; and Vell. Pa- 


1 Comp. Cic. de Div. 1, 49, \11. Alii autem in republica exercitati —— 
orientem tyrannidem multo ante prospiciunt; qusprudentes pos 
sumus dicere,id est, providentes. 


182 QUESTIONS ON 


[2] 1. In such a word as Strymon, dnis, is the acc. 
in em or the Greek acc. in a the more common ?—2. Of” 
a noun of the third in zs, not increasing in the gen. is 
the acc. usually im or in?—3. What is ‘ mittere in colo- 
niam ?’—4. To what Greek prep. does ‘ in’ so used an- 
swer ? 

[3] 1. What is the derivation of statim?—2. What 
is its real meaning ?—3. What should be remarked in: 
barbarorum uno concursu maximam vim prostravit ? 

[4] 1. What does impertt mean ? 

[5] 1. Might it have been quod contumacius se ges- 
sissent ?—2. With what difference ?—3. What is the 
meaning of sessor ?—4. What does fretus often denote ? 
—5. Is there any force in suo adventu ?—6. What were 
manubie® ?—7. What was the usual division of the 





terc. 2, 29, has ingenium singulari rerum militarium prudentia 
(dat.) coluerat' ; ‘ had cultivated his natural talent to a wonderful 
practical acquaintance with military affairs, 

[2] 1. That in em,—but Nep., Livy, and Curtius, with the 
writers of the silv. age, frequently use a. 2. Im, but even Cie. 
has ‘ in’ in Zeuxin, poésin. 3. To send them for a colony, 
i. e. to form or found a colony. 4. 'To éxi with acc.—mark- 
ing the object. 

[3] 1. From stat- supine root of stare. 2. On the spot ; 
while the person stood there, i. e. immediately’. 3. The em- 
phasis added to maximam vim by separation from its dependent gen. 
and removal to near the end of the clause. 

[4] 1. The iron rule of the Athenians. 

[5] 1. Yes. 2. Their conduct would then have been rela- 
ted, not as an historical fact by Corn. Nep. but as Cimon’s alleged 
motive, whether really his motive or not. 3. ‘one who sits? 
sessores is here used for the inhabitants of the island, which is the 
only instance of this meaning. 4. A vain confidence. 5. 
Yes: it means by his mere appearance, without the necessity of 
having recourse to arms. 6. Manubius is an adj. taken by the 
hand: manubie sc. res. It originally meant the booty, but espe- 
cially the general’s share of it: it was afterwards used of the mo 
realized by the booty, preda being the articles themselves that were 
taken from the enemy. 7. A division into three parts; one for 
the public treasury, one for the soldiers, the third for the general, 
who often employed it in building or beautifying some public edifice 


1 Others read prudentia excoluerat. 

2 Statim (= eb0éws, éxecra) often follows an abl. absol. 

3 His ex manubiis.—Cic. pro domo, 38, has; porticum-——de manubiis Cim- 
bricis fecit ; Liv. 33, 27, de manubiis duos fornices—fecit 


CIMON, CH. III. 183 


booty ?—8. Explain qua.—9. What is the meaning of 
ornare here ? 


EXERCISE. 


Scyros was depopulated (partic.), [and] its old occu- 
piers sent to found a colony at Amphipolis. Having 
landed his forces, he utterly-routed a vast body of the 
barbarians at the river Strymon. Cimon, who had great 
influence with the army, was sent to Amphipolis, to con- 
firm the well disposed states [in their allegiance.] By 
his mere appearance there he compelled the disaffected 
states to return to their allegiance. Cimon [when] 
commander-in-chief routed numerous forces of the Thra- 
cians at the river Strymon. ‘Out of whose [share of the] 
booty was the western side of the citadel fortified ? 


Cu. III. [1] 1. What is the meaning of unus in 
civitate maxime floreret? [Milt. [1], 14, 15, 16.J— 
2. Fill up the sentence guam pater suus.—3. Can you 
give an instance from Nep. of any similar omission of 
the prepos. before the rel. pronoun ?—4. Can you give 
any example exactly like that before us ?—5. When only 
can the preposition be omitted in this way before the 
rel. pron. ?—6. What would be more regular than pater 
suus ?—7. How can suus be defended?—8. What is 
there remarkable in testarum suffragia, quod illi i¢rea- 
xigpov vocant ?—9. ‘Translate it in the two regular ways. 
[Pr. Intr. 48.]—10. Why should we not expect guem 
60re. vocant here? [Pr. Intr. 49.]}—11. How can quod 





to be a monument of his victory. 8. = ab ea parte, qua. See 
Milt. 3, [1], 2. 9. = munire. 

Cu. III. [1] 2. [Jn] quam [invidiam] pater suus [inciderat]. 

3. Yes: Att. 22, [1],.ne adid, quod {for ad quod] natura 

cogeret, ipse quoque sibi accelerarct. 4. Vitavit, ne in id, 
quod {forin quod] Homerus,incideret. Vell. Paterc. 1, 7. 
5. When the same preposition has been exprossed before the demon- 
strative. 6. Pater ejus. 7. The ‘ his’ is referred to Ci- 
mon, the nom. of the principal sentence’ ; ejus would be the proper 
word for the historian speaking of both Cimon and his father. 
8. The quod does not agree either with suffragia or éotpaxtopéy. 
11 It is used vaguely —‘a thing which,’ ‘a proceeding which’ 


4 Comp. Milt. 1, [1], 21, cives suz 


184 QUESTIONS ON 


be justified ?—12. Can you give any other instance of 
similar negligence or vagueness of reference from Nep. ? 
—13. What kind of adjectives were unusual in the golden 
age of the Lat. language ?—14. How was this notion 
expressed ? 

[2] 1. What kind of desire is desiderium ? 

[3] 1. What other forms might be used for ‘ five years 
after he was banished?’ [Pr. Intr. 310.]—2. Construe 
and explain hospitium. ['Them. 8, [3], 9.]}—3. Why is 
utebatur in the indic.?—4. Might it have been in the 
subj. ?—5. What is he now represented as saying ?—6. 
May sua sponte or sponte sua be used indifferently ? 
{ Milt. 1, [4], 5.J-—-7. What is here meant by sua sponte ? 

[4] 1. What may you compare with post neque ita 
multo ?—2. What does ita mean here ?—3. What form 
is also used for in morbum implicari ? 


EXERCISE. 


Cimon was-banished by [that] same ostracism by 
which his father [had been banished,] and ‘Themisto- 
cles, and Aristides. ‘The Athenians will be sorry for 
this before I shall. He brought about a peace between 
the same states as his father. Cimon had the same 
guest-friendship with the Lacedemonians, that his fa- 
ther [had had.] Aristides was recalled five years after 

he was banished. 





12. Yes: Timoth. 1, 2, where in ‘id restituit, the id (= ‘that 
sum’) refers to mille et ducenta talenta.. 13. Those in ennis, 
meaning, ‘of so many years.’ 14. Annorum with a numeral. 

[2] 1. The desire of something that we miss: hence often 
== ‘regret.’ 

[3] 3. The statement is made as an historical fact by Nep. 4. 
Yes: if referred to the mind of Cimon: it would then represent him 
as saying, “ Since Iama guest-friend of the Lacedemonians, I 
had better, §-c.” 5. The historian as good as says this about 
Cimon. ‘“ Cimon had a guest-friendship with the Lacedemonians: 
accordingly he thought it better, &c.” 7. Without any author- 
ity from the Athenians. 

[4] 1. Paus. 3, [1]; at ille post non multo. 2. ‘Very’ 
== valde. 3. Lucretius, Pliny, and others have morbo impli- 
cari. 


4: 
; CIMON, CH. IV. 185 


Cx. IV. [1] 1. What are the usual forms for ‘ not 
 only—but also! ?—2. What is the difference between 
non solum—sed and non solum—sed etiam? ?—3. Does 
this seem to be the case here ?—4. Give the meaning 
of predium.—5. What should be remarked about the 
__ tense of imposuerit ?—6. Is ponere, imponere,’ collocare in 
_ aliqua re a usual construction ?—7. Give an instance 
nearly like that before us.——8. How must ‘ to place a 
keeper over a person be translated ?—9. How are ‘ that 
_ nobody, ‘ that nothing, ‘ that never’ translated ? [ Pr. Intr. 
- 80.}—10. In what kind of sentences must ut nemo, nihil, 
numquam stand? [Pr. Intr. 81.]}—11. What verbs are 
followed by guo minus? [Pr. Intr. 94.]—12. How is the 
verb after quo minus usually construed ?—13. In the 
sentence before ne quis impediretur is any thing omitted 
that is required for the full expression of the thought ? 
[2] 1. What cases do egeo and indigeo govern? [ Pr. 
Intr. 269.]|—2. Give the derivation of statim.—3. What 
is offendere aliquem?—4. Construe offensum fortuna.—5. 
Is this use of fortuna common ? 





——— 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. non solum—sed or verum etiam: non modo— 
sed or verum etiam. — 2. In non solum—sed, the notion with 
sed is often a more comprehensive notion than the former which it 
includes : as Pollio omnibus negotiis non interfuit solum, sed pre- 
fuit. Cic. ad Fam. 1, 6. 3. No: his being regretted in peace 
does not necessarily imply any warlike ability. 4. Dad. villa. 

5. Milt. 5, [2], 1—3; and note on p. 79. Pr. Intr. 418, with 
remark a. 6. Yes: but in with the acc. is used, when motion 
or removal is implied ; as in in naves imponere: turrim in muros 
collocare. 1. Cic. pro Flacco, 19, 45: custos—in [in om. 

 Orell.] frumento publico est positus. 8. By the dat.: as Ces. 
—B.G. 1, 20, Dumnorigi custodes ponit. 12. By the par- 
ticipial substantive. 13. Yes: eo consilio, [ne quis, &c.] 

[2] 3. To meet a man unexpectedly*. 4. ‘met hy accident’ 
i. e. ‘whom he had accidentally met.’ 5. No: but Cic. has 
aliquo casu atque fortuna. De Off 2, 13, 3. 


1 See Pr. Intr. ii. 503. 

2“ Instead of sed etiam we find pa alone, by which regularly a more compre- 
hensive notion is introduced which includes the former: it is often however 
used without this accessary notion.” Madvig’s Grammar, p. 427 

8 In Greek truyxdvewv. 


Re haat should rather be noticed as an exception to this class of words, in 
abl. being unusual after it. With collocare, ponere, &c. in with the 
acc. is very rare. See Z. §§ 489, 490 . 


16* 


{86 QUESTIONS ON 


[3] 1. Distinguish between quotidie and indies or in 
dies. [Pr. Intr. 69, t.]}—2. Could indies be used here ? 
—3. Does invocatus come from invocare ?—4. What is 
the Greek term for to invite to dinner, &c. ?—5. Why is 
vidisset in the pluperfect subj.?—6. What does de in 
composition mean ?—7. Translate according to the reg- 
ular form, “ I never pass a day without doing this.”—8. 
When is pretermittere usually followed by the inf. ?—9. 
Is any other construction used when dies or tempus is 
expressed ?—10. Is the construction here used by Nep. 
unusual ?—11. What does fides here mean ?—12. Why 
is reliquissent in the subj. ?—13. Explain ewxtulit.—l4. 
What similar instance have we lately had ? 

[4] 1. What should be remarked in, minime est mi- 
randum, s 1 vita—f ut t*?—2. Compare the practice of the 
Greeks. 


EXERCISE. 


If anybody needs your assistance, give at once, that 
you may not, by putting it off, appear to refuse. I will 
immediately invite [to my house,| those whom I find in 
the forum uninvited [by anybody else.] If I meet any- 
body in the forum poorly clad, I will give him my own 





[3] 3. No: from vocatus, = invited, and the negative particle 
in; so that invocatus = non vocatus, ‘ uninvited.’ 4, xaXsiv, as 
in Lat. vocare. 5. From the indefiniteness of the reference = 
‘such as at any time he found uninvited.’ 6. (1) Down from 
a higher place, (2) away from a particular place to another. 

7. Nullum diem pretermitto,quin hoc faciam. 8. When 
it stands, without any word of time, and in a positive sentence: as 
in dicere pretermitiam, &c. 9. The thing done or not done 
may depend on dies or tempus and stand in the ger. in di: as A me 
nullum tempus pretermittitur de tuis rebus et agendi et cogi- 
tandi. Cic. ad Fam. 1, 5. 10. Yes. 11. Protection : 
especially the faithful granting of that protection, which he had vir- 
tually or expressly promised to grant. 12. From its vagueness 
of reference, and from its being not stated historically, but as what 
was Cimon’s motive. 13. Extulit here = efferendos curavit : just 
as we can say: ‘he buried them at his own expense’ for ‘he 
caused them to be buried 14. Legerat, Paus. 1, [2.] 
[4] 1. The use of si for quod. 2. Oavpdtw ef for bre. 


1 So nearly: non hercule miror.. sit qui comedunt bona. Hor. Ep. 
40 


15, 40. 


LYSANDER, CH. I. 187 


garment. He buried at his own expense a poor man, 

who at his death had not left enough for his funeral. 
_ Let all enjoy my property, every man what he pleases. 

By this conduct, it is by no means to be wondered at, 
_ that he hardly left enough for his funeral expenses 





LYSANDER. 


 Cu.I. [1] 1. Explain suz—z2. Distinguish between 

_ felicitas and fortuna.—3. Is felicitas here merely =for- 
tuna ?—4. In apparet—confecisse is the construction 
probably (is) apparet—confecisse ; or apparet (imperson- 
_ ally)—(eum) confecisse ?—5. Give your reasons for think- 
ing so.—6. Quote such an instance.—7. Quote passages 
to prove that the personal use is possible-—8. What 
_ Greek construction is like this ?—9. Explain conficere’. 
_—10. How is the present tense to be construed in seato 
et vicesimo anno bellum gero? [Pr. Intr. 308. end.|— 





Cu.I. [1] 1. Sui is the objective gen. — de se, of or concern- 
himself. 2. Fortuna excludes our own endeavors ; felici- 
_ tas generally presupposes them, but as blest with success. 

Not necessarily, for Lysander availed himself dexterously of the 
want of discipline that prevailed in the Athenian camp. ., 4. Ap- 
 paret eum confecisse. 5. (1) Apparet is always used imper- 
sonally by Nep.: (2) he leaves out the acc. pron. in other instances. 
6. Paus. 1, 3, in quo erat hec sententia: suo ductu barba- 
ros apud Plataas esse deletos, jusque victorie ergo Apollini donum 
_ dedisse for se dedisse.? Quo facilius appareat ita 
_ degenerasse—Nero. Suet. ‘iter, 1. Membra nobis ita data sunt, 
_ ut ad quamdam rationem vivendi data esse appareant. 
_ Cic. de Fin. 3, 7, 23. 8. The personal use of gavepdy or dijAov 
elvat. 9. It means properly to do a thing so thoroughly, that 

there is an end of the matter: thus conficere bellum to end awar; 
hence applied (1) to things with reference to which the thing is done, 

e. g. conficere provinciam, to settle a province: i. e. to arrange 
its affairs completely, or put an end to its disorders: and (2) to per- 
sons or living creatures who are overpowered: e. g. conficere 


A 


> 


1 empere the vulgar English, ‘to do for a person;’ ‘to do anybody up.’ 
2 So also Paus. 2, 2, effugisse ; 2, 5, laturum. 


188 QUESTIONS ON 


11. Is there any inconsistency in saying that the cause — 
ts unknown, and then immediately declaring it ? 

[2] 1. What is the usual form to express ‘for—no?’ 
in Lat.?—2. Is non enim ever used by Cic.? if so, 
when ?—3. Is that the case here ?—4. Explain the use 
of suz in sui exercitus. [See Cim. 3, [1], 7.]—5. What 
is the derivation of immodestia?—6. How is it to be 
construed ?—7. Does Nep. use it elsewhere ?—8. What 
other expression does he use to express this ?—9. Dis- 
tinguish between vagar1, errare, palari.—l10. Why does” 
quod here take the indicative ?—11. In dicto audientem 
esse alicui, what case is dicto ?—12. Is it ever used, 
when that to which the person is disobedient is a thing ? 

[3] 1. Explain factiosus.—2. What is sbi indulgére ? 

[4] 1. What sort of verb is dictztare ?—2. Explain 
tmpotens.—3. Give an instance of its being applied to 





maximam vim serpentium, Cic. N. D.1, 36,101. 11. No: 
Nep. means that it is generally unknown: unknown by those who 
think so highly of Lysander’s military character because he termina- 
ted the Peloponnesian war. 

{2] 1. Neque enim: the neque pointing out the reference toa 

preceding assertion. 2. It is ** not so uncommon in his works, 
as some critics imagine. When it occurs there is generally an anti- 
- thetical word or notion which the negative has to bring out’.” 3. 
Yes: there is an antithesis between 2m modes tia adversariorum; 
and sui exercitus virtus. 5. In, ‘ not’—modestia from modus, 
‘the not keeping within proper bounds.’ 6. ‘ Insubordination’ 
‘or ‘ want of discipline.’ 7. Yes: Alcib. 8, 5. 8. Intem- 
perantiamimiaque licentia. Eum. 8, 2. 9. Déd. errare. 
10. Nep. relates their want of discipline as an historical fact ; as the 
actual cause ultimately of their defeat. 11. Probably the abla- 
tivus causalis, ‘not to hearken to a man, at his word.’ 12. 
Yes: dicto audiens fuit jussis absentium magistratuum. Ages. 
4, 2. 

[3] 1. One who was fond of making himself the head of a party: 
a turbulent intriguing person. 2. 'To take liberties ; to throw off 
proper restraint. 

[4] 1. A frequentative, signifying a repeated action. 2. 
Properly : ‘not having power over itself :’ hence, ‘ unable to restrain 
itself,’ ‘ ungovernable,’ ‘ lawless. 3. regnum impotens, 
Liv. 8,5: cujus nomine diu regnasse impotenter Gany- 


1 Pr. Intr. ii. 789. 


i Kriiger considers it a dative dependent immediately upon audientem, with 
which it forms one notion, and takes a dat. of the person. See also Freund. 


LYSANDER, CH. I. 189 


governors or government.—4. By what particles are nzhil 
aliud, non aliud, followed ?—5. How is ‘he pretended to 
be doing it,’ translated in Lat. 2 [Pr. Intr. Diff. 3.]—6. 
Distinguish between simulare and dissimulare. 

[5] 1. How must undique be construed ?—2. What 
is more usual than ezcere only ?—3. Does Cic. ever use 
_@icere absolutely ?—4. What is omitted before gui ?—5. 
How may illius proprium be construed ?—6. How does 
it happen that the verbs in gui aut contineretur—aut 
confirmarat are of different moods and tenses ? 


i) 
o 


EXERCISE. 


It i is evident that he acquired a great reputation more 
by good luck than by merit. For the war was ended not 
_by the valor of their opponents, but by their own want 
of discipline. ‘It is plain that the Athenians fell into the 
power of their enemies after they had been waging war 
(partic.) for above twenty-five years. The Lacedemo- 
_hians used to say repeatedly, that their object in the war 
was to crush the Athenians. The Lacedemonians make 
it their sole endeavor, to banish from every [state] [all] 
who have supported the cause of the Athenians. He 
pretended to be his creature. 





7 BS 


_meden docuimus, Hirt. Bell. Alex. 33. 4. By quam, ac, or 


[5] 1. ‘ All from every state.’ 2. Ejicere e republica or e 
itate. See Them. 8,1: Alcib. 4,6: also ejicere in exsilium, 
as i. 1, 4. 3. Yes: ejicere nos magnum fuit, excludere 
: facile est. Ad Div. 14, 3. 4. The antecedent pron. iis. 

. * His creature.’ 6. One use of the. ,imperf. subj. is “ to mark 
hing contemporary and continuing.” The guest-friendship 
“with Lysander was a continuing thing: but the preceding oath was 
a definite act: hence Nep. must have used gqui—contineretur, 
—confirmasset, even if he had chosen to describe both 

classes indefinitely (= such as were retained, or had sworn, &c.): 
he has preferred making the reference indefinite and as a thought 
ity ac s in the first case, and definite, as an historical fact re- 

by himself, in the second’. 





1 phage says, “‘ Quam and ac refer to the aliud: nisi to the negative: quam 
ae are comparative, nisi exclusive—Nihil aliud nisi approaches to the 
ning of hoc unum: nihil aliud quam to that of idem: yet he himself makes 
= hoc unum molitus est.—See Z. 
e whole may be given thus; “ ezcept such as would (he presumed) 
beket true to him by their connection as his guest-friends, or those who had 
actually sworn to remain true to him.” 


190 QUESTIONS ON 





























Cu. II. [1] 1. To whom or what does apsws refer? 
—2. What is the force of de in defatigare ? 7 
[2] 1. Is dwertere used as well as devertere in the 
sense of turning aside to visit a place or person ?—2. 
What is the usual meaning of proinde ?—3. What are 
the usual particles for ‘ as if ;’ ‘just as if ?—4. When is” 
proinde ac si, or proinde quasi! so used?—5. Give an 
example from Sallust—6. Does Nep. use proinde ac in 
any other passage ?—7. Are the words proinde ace si—_ 
solerent a remark of Cornelius’s, or do they express 
Lysander’s motive !—8. ‘To what Greek particle does” 
er in pervertere correspond ? ; 
[3] 1. Give the different meanings of consulere alt 
guem ; consulere alicui ; consulere in aliquem. [Pr. Intr © 
233.|—2. How did Lysander deceive the Thasians? 





Cu. II. [1] 1. To Lysander: not to the decemviralis potestas. 
2. It is equiviont toa strengthening particle but without losing 
its real meaning of ‘down.’ ‘to weary them down,’ i. e. till they) 
sink, as it were under the weight. 
[2] 1. Bremi thinks it is, when separation from one’s companions 
is to be marked, and Georges quotes from Liv. (but without a refer- 
ence to the passage) cum perpaucis maxime fidis via divertit* 
Freund denies that it ever occurs in the.classical age. 2. ‘ There- 
fore’ in exhortations (= igitur cum exhortatione quadam). Hein- 
dorf. [P. I. ii. 368.] 3. Perinde with ac, atque; ac si; or quasi. 
4. When the ‘ just as if’ does not introduce a simple compari- 
son, but one that is founded on a statement made just before. 54 
Per latrocinia potius, quam bonis artibus ad imperia et honores 
nituntur; proinde quasi pretura et consulatus ...—per se 
ipsa clara et magnifica sint, gc. Jug. 4, 7. 6. Yes: Alcib. 6, 
4, ut nemo tam ferus fuerit, quin ejus casum\acrimarit,—p roi in de 
ac si alius populus, non ille ipse, qui tum flebat, eum sacrilegit 
damnasset : so also in the same chapter: 1, tanta fuit omnium ex 
spectatio visendi Alcibiadis, ut ad ejus triremem vulgus conflueret, 
proinde ac si solus advenisset. 7. The remark is Corne- 
lius’s. 8. To dd in dtarépberv, meaning ‘ through and through 
= ‘utterly.’ | 
[3] 2. They fled into the Tomple of Hercules, but he persuaded 
them to come out by promising them full forgiveness, and swearing” 
that they should receive no harm at his hands. In a few days them 
all disappeared. | 
1 Cf. Cic.de Nat. Deor. ti. 38, megue admirantur, neque requirunt rationes 
earum rerum, quas semper vident: proinde quasi novitas nos is, hg 


magnitudo rerum debeat ad exquirendas causas exeitare. Proinde ac, Ows. 
iii. 60. 


k This passage is cited from Liv 44, 43, under deverto in Freund’s Lexicon. — 


LYSANDER, CH. In 191 


EXERCISE. 


He wearies his readers by enumerating many in- 
stances, just as if it was not sufficient to produce one 
fact by way of example. He saw that the decemviral 
power would be established in all the cities. They 
see, that unless the decemviral power established by 
Lysander is dissolved', every thing will be conducted 
[exactly] according to his pleasure. 


Cu. Ill. [1] 1. What is there peculiar in dolore? 
—2. Is there any thing peculiar in init consilia—tol- 
lere ?—3. Give an instance from Cic.—4. Give an in- 
stance of the inf. following any other substantive.—5. 
Give instances from Nep.—6. What is the Eng. of con- 
suevi, consueveram ?—7. Since it was the reason felt by 
Lysander, why is not the subj. used ? 

[2] 1. What is there peculiar in Delphos, Dodonam ? 

[3] 1. What is the derivation of antistes ?—2. Why 
is conatus esset in the subj.? [Pr. Intr. 461.]—3. Dis- 
tinguish between templum, edes, fanum. [Did. templum.] 

4] 1. Govern subsidio—Orchomenits. [Pr. Intr. 
242, (1).J—2. What kind of finding does reperire ex: 





Cu. III. [1] 1. It is used for the cause of the grief; the wrong 
which he.believed himself to have suffered, and which he was vexed 
at. 2. Yes: consilia tollendi would be the regular construction: 
but consilia capere or inire being nearly equivalent in meaning to a 
single verb expressing purpose, intentior; &c. (e. g. meditari, consti- 
tuere, Gc.) are often followed by the inf? See Z:§ 598. 3. Te 
consilium cepisse, hominis propingui fortunas funditus 
evertere, pro Quint. 16, fin. 4. Cic. Acad. 2, 6, 17: nec enim 
esse ullam rationem disputare cum his, qui nihil probarent. 

5. Ages. 3,4, Huic quum tempus esset visum, copias extrahere 
ex hibernaculis: so Dat. 11,1, Han. 13,4. 6. Consuevi = eiw6a, 
*I am accustomed : consueveram = #1 é0e+v, ‘I was accustomed. 

_ 7. Being also an historical fact, it is here so stated by Nep. 

[2] 1. They are used for the oracles at Delphi and Dodona re- 

spectively. 
- [3] 1. Ante-stare. 
[4] 2. “ Qui querit reperit, non quesita inveniuntur ” 


1 Tollere. 
2 Just as we can say ‘adopted the resolution of doing a thing’ or to ao st. 


- 


q 


192 QUESTIONS ON 


press book. Why is it used here ?—4. What have you 
to remark on guam—se habiturum—non dubitabat? | Pref. 
[1], 1-6.] 
EXERCISE. 
They not only abolished the decemviral government, 


[which] he had instituted, but also accused him of hav- 
ing deceived the priest of Jupiter Hammon. Lysander 


proposed to bribe the oracles of Delphi and Dodona. — 
I feel that I cannot do it without the assistance of the — 


oracle at Delphi, because the Lacedzemonians are accus- 
tomed to refer every thing to the oracles, [for their de- 
cision.] He feels that he cannot do it except by bribing 
the oracle at Dodona, for the Lacedemonians are accus- 
tomed to refer every question to the oracles [for decision. } 
Trusting in [the power of] money, he felt no doubt, that 
the priest of Jupiter might be bribed. 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. How many and what forms of the 


nom. case of the word ‘ Satrap’ occur in Latin ?—2. Is 
there any difference between Jello and in bello ?—3. On 


what does the sentence quanta sanctitate. .. gessisset — 
depend ?—4. What is sanctitas ?—5. What is the deri- 


vation of accuratus ?—6. Of what is accuratus not used ? 
—7. What would an epistola accuraia be ?—8. What 





3. The papers of a deceased person are naturally looked over by his — 
heirs to find documents of importance. Perhaps too, from the sus- — 


picion that had fallen on Lysander, his papers were searched after 


his death by the Ephori, for-the purpose of discovering whether he 


had been guilty, or not. 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. Three: satrapes, satrapa and satraps'.—See — 
Z. § 46, (3). Note. 2. Them. 2, [1], 5. 3. Such a parti- | 


ciple as ‘ declaring’ may be supposed understood in agreement with 
testimonium: but in all languages it is usual to place indirect ques- 


tions in this, strictly speaking, inaccurate way: the clause is explan- — 
atory of testimonium, of which it states the purport. 4. The | 
conscientiousness of a good man: here denoting conscientious hon- — 
esty, preventing him from indulging in rapacious conduct. 5. Ad 
and curare. 6. Of persons: we must not translate ‘ an accu- — 
rate man’ by homo or vir accuratus, but by diligens, &c. Le 
One carefully and fully drawn up. 8. To write a careful and 


1 In Nep. we have satrapes Paus. 1,2: Alc. 10,3: satrapen Con. 2, 1: sa 


trape# (pl.) Dat. 3, 1, &c. and here satrapis 








js a 


LYSANDER, CH. IV. 193 


then is accurate scribere?—9. How may auctoritas be 
construed here ?—10. On what does magnam enim ejus 
auctoritatem futuram (esse) depend? [Pr. Intr. 460, 
c) (1).] . 
oh) A What does lberaliter properly mean ?—2. 
Give instances of /iberaliter polliceri or promittere, 
—3. Is liber necessarily ‘a book?-—4. What is the 
original meaning of liber? and how did it get the mean- 
ing of ‘book ??—5. What is liber gravis ?—6. A ‘long 
letter’ is grandis epistola, e. g. Cic. ad Att. 13, 21; ad 
Hirtium dederam epistolam sane grandem: now 
grandem is found in some manuscripts here: why is its 
being an epithet of more common occurrence than gra- 
vem a reason against its being the true reading ?—7. 
Ferre laudibus is an unusual expression: what is the 
usual one —8. Give an instance or instances of ferre 
with laudibus——9. What should be remarked in guem 
quum legisset probassetque .. .subjecit?—10. Explain 
the tense of signatur'. [Pr. Intr. 509.]—11. What might 
be used instead of dum signatur?—12. What is subji- 





circumstantial statement. 9. § Weight’ or ‘ the weight of his 
testimony.’ 
[2] 1. Ina manner that becomes one who is (liberalis) of good 
birth and education—hence : courteously, kindly, &c. As such po- 
liteness is often accompanied with insincerity, the expression is fre- 
quently used of promises made in a courteous manner, and without 
hesitation, but not fulfilled. 2. Ante adventum meum liber- 
alissime erat pollicitus tuis omnibus. Cic. ad Att. 5, 
13. Quibus auditis, liberaliter pollicitus—eos domum 
remittit. Ces. B. G. 4, 21. 3. No: any written document of 
several leaves. 5. An earnestly written letter: one likely to 
have weight with those to whom it was addressed. 6. Because 
a transcriber would be likely to change the less usual epithet (gr a- 
vem) into the more usual (g rand em) : but it is very unlikely.that 
many transcribers would change the usual grandem into the rarer 
gravem. 7. Aliquem efferre laudibus. 8. In Nep. Att. 
10,6; quod si gubernator precipua laude fertur, &c. Ces. B. 
C. 1, 69; Duces eorum suum consiliumlaudibus ferebant, 
9. That Lysander is the nom. to legisset, &c. Pharna- 
bazus to subjecit. See Them. 5, [1], 9, 10. 11. Inter sig- 
nandum, ‘ during the sealing ; ‘ while the sealing was going on ; or 
‘while it was a-sealing.’ 12. Properly to thrust beneaths 


1 Others read obsignatur 
17 


194 QUESTIONS ON 


cere?—-13. What is subjicere testamentum?—14. Ex- 
plain accuratissime accusare—15. What should you re- 
mark about the use of accusare here !—16. Give similar 
instances. 

[3] 1. What should be remarked in postquam—que 
voluerat, dixerat?—2. What is cognoscere epistolam? 
—3. What is the corresponding Greek word ?—4. Parse 
legendum. [Pr. Intr. 351 (a), (8).]}—5. What is the 
meaning of imprudens?—6. What is there unusual in 
ipse suus fuit accusator?—7. Give instances of a posses- 
sive pronoun used with a subst. of this kind 


EXERCISE 


You have unintentionally been your own accuser. 
Lysander, having said what he wished, was removed 
by [order of ] the Ephori. Pharnabazus in an important 
letter, written at great length, extols Lysander to the 
skies. After I have said (Diff. 98.) what I wish [to 
say,| before the first magistrates, 1 shall hand in, by 
way of testimonial, the letter written by Pharnabazus. 
The Ephori having perused the letter of Pharnabazus 
order Lysander to withdraw. After the Ephori had 
[attentively] read:the letter, which was put into their 
hands by Lysander‘¢partic.), they gave it him to read. 





hence to ‘ substitute’ one thing for another. — 13. Properly to 
substitute a false will for a genuine one: hence to forge a will. 

14. ‘ Very circumstantially :’ making definite charges and accom- 
panying them with satisfactory proofs. 15. That its accusative 
is not a person, but the thing with which the person is charged. 

16. Cujus tu desperationem accusare solitus esses, Cic. Ep. 
ad Div. 6, 1, &c. 

[3] 1. (1) Postquam with the pluperfect, the perfect being the 
more common [Pr. Intr. 514]; and (2), the use of voluerat to mark 
the wish as having existed before the time of his address. We 
should use the perf. ‘ after he had said what he wished to say’ 

2. To read it attentively; properly, ‘to make oneself ac- 
quainted with it.’ 3. dvayiwdoxsyr, 5. ‘ Without intending it ;’ 
‘ unintentionally.’ 6. Verbal substantives in or, iz, 10 and us 
usually take the objective gen: of the personal pronoun: e. g. accu- 
sator sui rather than suus accusator. 7. Habenda ratio non 
su 3z' solum, sed etiam aliorum, Cic. De Off. 1, 39, 139 


2 Where however there is some authority for sui 


ALCIBIADES, CH. I. 195 


While they were causing Lysander to withdraw, Phar- 

nabazus substituted another letter. Pharnabazus sends 

to the Ephori a testimonial [setting forth] what con- 

_scientious-honesty Cimon had observed, both in his 

management of the war, and in his dealing with the 
es. 





ALCIBIADES. 


Cu.I. [1] 1. What tense is experta (esse) ?—2. 
How then do you explain the use of possit rather than 
posset? [Pr. Intr. 465; and 468.]—3. What should 

be remarked in, nihil illo fuisse excellentius?—4. Give 
an example from Cic.—5. Does the use of the neuters 
nihil, quid?, quidguam, for nemo, quis?, quisquam, add 
strength to the assertion ?—6. What should be remarked 
of excellere?—7. What is the derivation of vel? [Pr. 
Intr. 456, note a.]}—8. Explain vel—vel here. 

' [2] 1. Distinguish between pulcher and formosus.— 
2. What adverb is more frequently used with a superla- 
tive than multo ?—3. Give an instance of multo with the 
superlative.—4. What does summus here mean ?—5. 
What two interpretations are given of ‘os’ and ‘ oratio? 





Cu. I. [1] 3. The use of the neut. nihil instead of nemo. 4. 
Nihil me infortunatius, nihil fortunatius est Catulo: Ad 
Att. 2, 24; compare also Milt. 5, [5], where nihil relates to the fem. 
on : gua pugna nihil adhuc est nobilius. 5. Yes. 6. 

hat it here marks pre-eminence in what is bad, as well as in what 

is 8. They are nearly equivalent to sive—sive, ‘ whether— 
or; etther—or*. See Pr. Intr. ii. 541. 


[2] 1. Déd. formosus. 2. Longe. 3. Si ita res esset, 
multo pulcherrumam eam nos haberemus. Sall. Cat. 52, 
) 4. Not the chief in rank, but most distinguished. 5. 


Some translate ‘os,’ by ‘manner’ generally, including his appear- 
ance, action, &c.: oratio is then the style and language of what he 
said: but it is better, with others, to consider ‘ os’ to mean ‘ pronun- 


1 They may generally be resolved by ‘whether you consider this or that.” 
ixeris (or respicias), sive, &c. 


196 QUESTIONS ON 


6. Give instances where os plainly means ‘ pronun- 
ciation. —7. Distinguish between disertus, facundus, elo- 
guens.—8. What kind of ‘for’ do nam, namque often 
express ? BOL 

[3] 1. What do adjectives in osus generally mean? 
—2. Does this meaning belong to laboriosus ?—3. In 
non minus in vita, quam victu, distinguish between vita 
and victus.—4. Give an instance or instances of vita and 
victus so connected.—5. Explain callidissime. [Them. 
1, [4], 2—4.] 

4| 1. What is remittere se? from what is the notion 
taken ?—2. What word expresses the opp. notion ?—3. 
What other word is used in the same sense as remittere, 
and is also taken from the notion of unstringing a bow, 
or at least of slackening what has been strung or stretched? 
—4, What tense does simul ac usually take? [Pr. Intr. 
514.]|—5. When is the pluperf. used with simul ac ?— 
6. How is neque to be construed ?—7. What is the no- 
tion of suberat here ?—8. Is ‘why’ after non (or neque) 
est causa always translated as here by quare ?—9. Dis-» 
tinguish between mirari, admirari, demirari. [Pref. [3], 
4.|—10. What does diversus mean here ? 





ciation, or ‘ elocution,’’ and ‘oratio, ‘language. 6. In os 
planum, Plin. Ep. 6, 11; os confusum, Id. ib. 4, 7: and oris—vitia 
in peregrinum sonum corrupti. Quint. 1,1, 13. 7. Déd. disertus. 
8. They are sometimes explanatory. Pr. Intr. ii. 789, (q). 
[3] 1. The being full of or abounding in what the root denotes. 
2. It may be considered as meaning “ abounding in labor ;” but 
it rather means inclined to labor; as libidinosus, luxuriosus, 
‘inclined’ or ‘ given up’ to lust and luxury respectively. 3. Vita 
relates to his life in public ; victus, to his manner of living at home. 
Déd. vita. 4. Nobilium vita victuque mutato, mores 
mutari civitatum puto. Cic. de Legg. 3,14. C. Tuditanus quum 
omni vita atque victiu excultus,—tum ejus elegans est 
habitum etiam orationis genus. Brut. 25. 

[4] 1. To wnbend onefelf: the notion being taken from a bow 
that is wnstrung. 2. Intendere. 3. Relaxore. 5. When 
the verb expresses a repeated action or continued state, the verb of 
the principal sentence being in the imperfect. Pr. Intr. 514. Z. 
§ 507, b. 6. “And—no.’ 7. Subesse, when spoken of a cause 
or ground, has the notion of being placed under as a foundation or 
support. 8. No: but more frequently by cur: sometimes by 
quamobrem. Pr. Intr. ii. 575, 577. 10. ‘ Opposite ’—so, diversa 
tnter se mala, luxuria atque avaritia. Sall. Cat. 5. 


1 Compare summa suavitas oris ac vocis. Att. 1,3. 


ALCIBIADES, CH. II. 197 


EXERCISE. 


Of all his contemporaries Alc biades adapted himself 
the most dexterously to the times. In Alcibiades nature 
seems to have tried, how great a difference there can be 
in the same individual. Alcibiades, than whom nobody 
was more extraordinary whether in [his] virtues or in 

his] vices, had a talent’ for business of every kind, and 
was full of ability. Cicero was by far the most eloquent 
man of his age. Nobody could oppose Cicero in oratory 
[with success.] Alcibiades was by far the most princely 
of all his contemporaries both in his public and private 
life. I for my part’ have unbent myself, nor is there 
[any] reason, why I should undergo such labors. 


Cu. Il. [1] 1. Why in domo?—2. Give examples. 
—3. Give the derivation of privignus ‘step-son.’—4. 
What therefore does it properly mean ?—5. Of dives is 
ditissimus or divitissimus the usual. superl. in writers of 
the golden age ?—6. Is the usual comparative ditior or 
divitior ?—7. How would you construe vellet, posset ?— 
8. Justify this. [Pr. Intr. 439.]—9. What is the deri- 
vation of miniscor, re- miniscor, con- miniscor, &c. ?— 
10. What does reminiscor seem to mean here, its usual 
meaning ‘to remember’ being obviously inapplicable !— 
11. Is there any other passage in which it seems to 





Cu. II. [1] 1. Domus takes the prepos. when it means the 
house as a building or family. 2. In next chap.in domo 
sua: in domo furtum factum est ab eo, qui domi fuit. Quint. 
5, 10,16. Quum omnes impuritates pudica in domo quotidie 





susciperes. Cic. Phil. 2, 3. 3. Privus and geno, old form of 
gigno. 4. One who belongs to a family of his own: not, that 
is, to that of him who represents, as it were, his father. 5. Di- 
vitissimus : ditissimus belongs rather to poetry and the Post-Au- 
ae prose writers. 6. Divitior, except in Horace. , a 
fhehad chosen or wished he would not have been 
able’. 9. Men- the root of meno, memini, mentum ; from which 
also men-s and men-tio are derived. Georges. 10, To 
imagine. 11. Yes, in the late writer Appuleius: saltem fin- 


gite aliquid: reminiscimini (think over) quid responderitis. Apol. 


16 Was fitted.’ 2° Equidem. 
8 As if it were si voluisset—potuisset. 


LT? 


198 QUESTIONS ON 


bear this meaning ?—12. Does the derivation make it 
improbable that the word may have this meaning ?—13. 
Compare another verb with reminisci so used.—14. How 
does Déderlein account for the meaning of re as a 
strengthening prefix'? [Pr. Intr. 249, note v.] 


Cu. III. [1] 1. How should hwus consilio—bellum 
indixerunt be construed? and why ?—2. Do other au- 
thors use Peloponnesius or any other form ?—3. What is 
omitted with dats ?—4. Give other instances from Nep. 
of the omission of est or sunt.—5. What writer is fond 
of this omission ? 

[2] 1. To translate ‘ when he, ‘when it, &c. should 
you use, ‘quum is,’ ‘quumid??—2. The principal verb 
being here in a past tense accidit, what tenses of what 
moods might follow priusquam? [Pr. Intr. 500, 501. 

3. Does there appear to be any “ closer connection than 
mere priority in point of time” here ?—4. Give other in- 
stances where the imperfect subj. is used with anteguam 
or priusquam when there seems to be no notion of a pur- 
pose, &c. involved’.—5. What were the Herme ?—6. 





p. 338, 38. 12. No: for reminiscor may mean to ‘ think over 
and over’ as well as ‘ to think back, or ‘recall ‘by thinking’ 
13. Reputare. 

Cu. III. [1] 1. The hujus consilio being emphatic should be 
placed in a principal sentence, ‘ it was. ‘It was by his advice,— 
that the Athenians declared war, &c.’ 2. Peloponnesiacus 
the usual form, but Nep. uses Peloponnesius exclusively. 3. 
Sunt. 4. Paus. 5, 5, inde posterius [dei] Delphicit responso 
erutus, &c. Dat. 8, 6, sic bellum, quod rex adversus Datamem 
susceperat, sedatum. 5. Livy. 

[2] 1. Not when they follow a full stop: but ‘is quum;’ ‘id 
quum, &c. 3. No: or if any, it is extremely slight. 4 
Paucis ante diebus quam Syracuse caperentur, Otacilius—Uticam 
—transmisit. Liv. 25,31. Que causa ante mortua est, quam tu 
natus esses. Cic. Rab. 9, 25: and above, Arist. 2, 1, que (pugna) 
facta est prius, quam pena liberaretur. 5. Square blocks of 
stone surmounted with a head of Hermes or Mercury: the name 
was afterwards given to similar busts of other deities. Houses in 


1 Déderlein, who defends reminisci, makes re here = extrinsecus ; unneces- 
sarily I think. Heusinger proposes to read eminisci after the analogy of eves- 
tigare. : 

2 Kriiger says that (as in the case of guwm) the imperf. subj. is generally used 
even when the relation is a simple relation of time, unless that relation of time 
is to be emphatically pointed out. ‘ 


ALCIBIADES, CH. III. 199 


Parse Athenis. [Diff. of Id. 27.]—7. What does dez- 
cere here mean ?—8. What other verb is used of throw- 
ing down a statue ?—9. What sort of verb is vocitare ? 

[3] 1. What kind of “appear’ is translated by apparére ? 
—2. When is the preposition repeated before the sec- 
ond of two substantives that are governed by the same 
preposition ?—3. By what forms is the degree of opposi- 
tion generally implied, that requires the repetition of the 
preposition ?—4. Why is pertineret in the subj. after 
quod ?—5. What are the conjunctions after which ‘ any’ 
is usually guis ?—6. What is exsistere?—7. Give in- 
stances of this use of ewxsistere—8. Why is opprimeret 
in the subj. ? . 

[4] 1. What is the meaning of convenire in aliquem? 
—2. To what word or words does maxime belong ? 

[5] 1. Why is fiebat used and not factum est ?—2. 
How is prodisset to be construed ? and of what differ- 
ence between the English and Latin use of the tenses is 





Athens had one of these statues placed at the door. 7. To 
‘ throw down’ from their base or pedestal’. 8. Depellere— 
Simulacra—d e pulsa sunt et statue veterum hominum dejecte@ 
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 19. 

[3] 1. To appear obviously : ‘ to be apparent :’ and also ‘ to be 
seen,’ ‘ to be visible. 2 When the two notions are opposed to 
each other, or sharply distinguished from each other. 3. Non 
—sed: et—et: nec—mnec: and nearly always after aut—aut : vel 
—vel: nisi; and quam after the comparative’. 4. It is refer- 
red to the minds of the multitude, as what they thought or com- 
monly observed to one another. 6. * To stand forth,’ or ‘ begin 
to be —used especially of sudden unexpected occurrences. 7. 
Neque umquam ex illo delendi hujus imperii tam consceleratus im- 
petus exstitisset, nisi, gc. Cic. pro M. Celio, c. 6—Quid 
futurum deinde, si quod externum interim bellum existat? 
Liv. 2, 32. 8. The relat. gue may be resolved into of such a 
kind as to. Pr. Intr. 476. 

[4] 1. * To be applicable to a person :’ ‘ to be likely to be true of 
him.’ 2. To in Alcibiadem, i. e. ‘ to Alcibiades in a higher de- 
gree than to anybody else.’ 

[5] 1. It was a consequence of repeated occurrence, inasmuch 
as instances of it occurred, whenever he went abroad. 2. By 
the perfect : it is an instance of the exactness with which the Ro- 
mans defined the time of an action that must be completed before 


1 Thue. says, of wAcioron mWeptexkéanoav tad rodcwra. 
2 Et in bello et in pace: in nulla alia re nisi in virtute; in nulla re melius 
quam in wirtute. 


200 QUESTIONS ON 


it an instance ?—3. How is ‘and nobody’ usually trans- 
lated into Latin ?—4. Give another instance of pont = 
censeri, haberi.—5. What irregularity is there in 
the construction non solum spem in eo habebant maximam, 
sed etiam tymorem ?—6. What is the grammatical name 
for the use of a verb, &c. with two words, to one only 
of which it is in strictness applicable ?—7. Gene other 
examples from Nep. 

[6] 1. Give the two constructions of sdibinaatin 
[Pr. Intr. 233.]—2. Why in domo sua rather than dome 
sue ?—3. Why dicebatur, not diceretur ? 


EXERCISE. 


The consequence will be that, whenever you go into 
public, you will draw upon you the eyes of all. The 
throwing down of all the statues that were in the cit 
of Rome, on one [and the self-same] night filled the 
multitude with great fear, lest the thing should have ref- 
erence to [some] conspiracy. It was said that Alci- 
biades celebrated [certain] mysteries in his own house. 
The Athenians entertained great hopes of Alcibiades ; 
and considered nobody in the state his equal. It being 
manifest that this [war] was declared by the advice of 
Alcibiades, Nicias was filled with great fear, lest the 
liberty of the people should be crushed. 


Cu.1V. [1] 1. By hoc crimine—compellabatur is it 
meant that he was formally accused ?—2. What is the 
proper meaning of compellare ?—3. What is intueri ?— 





another began. 3. By ‘ nor—anybody,’ 4. Pref. [5] que 
partim humilia atque ab honestate remota ponuntur. }. 
Though spem in aliquo habere is correct, timorem in aliquo 
habere is not ; so that some other verb must be supposed as governing 
timorem. 6. Zeugma’. 7. Amor—non vis expresserat : 
. e. ‘love had won, not force wrested (or extorted), 

[6] 3. It is stated as an historical fact by Corn. Nep. 

Cu. IV. [1] 1. No: the expression only alludes to strong. decla- 
rations, censures, &c., which seemed to threaten a future persecu- 
tion. 2. To address a man, especially in a harsh manner. 

3. To look at any thing attentively: and then, figuratively, to con- 


1i.e. Gedypa: ‘a joining.’ 


ALCIBIADES, CH. IV. 201 


4, What is the force of neque ignorans ?—5. Give simi- 

lar instances.—6. What is the grammatical name of this 

construction ?—7. What is invidie crimen ?—8. What 

is invidia ?—9. What is Cicero’s distinction between 
invidia and invidentia?—10. Does this always hold 
good ? 

[2] 1. What form is found besides in presenti ?—2. 

Is there any difference ?—3. What is Déderlein’s opin- 
ion ?—4. Ut sic absentem aggrederentur : how may sic 
here be construed !—5. Does it lose its meaning of ex- 
pressing manner ?—6. What Greek particle is so used ? 
—7. Give an instance.—8. What is ztaque here ? 

[3] 1. In guum missus esset nuntius—essetque, &c. 
is gquum used in the same sense with each verb ?—2. 
What else should you remark ?—3. What is provincia 
here ?—4. On what does ut rediret depend ?—5. Is in 








sider or observe any thing, for the purpose of regulating one’s con- 
duct by it. 4. ‘And being well acquainted with: the neque 
“a placed emphatically before the negative word ignorare. 
5. Non is frequently used before nullus, nemo, nihil, &c. So also 
§ 3. non—noluit ; chap. 7, 2, nihil—non efficere, §c. 6. Li- 
totes or Meiosis (lessening), less being asserted than is really meant. 
7. ‘Two meanings are possible, (1) ‘ a charge proceeding from 
envy: or (2) ‘a charge intended to make him an object of popular 
hatred', = invidiosa criminatio. 8. Either envy: or the ha- 
tred, pepapylertty, &c., which attaches itself to the person envied. 
9. Invidia est, quum invidetur; invidentia quum 
quis invidet. See Tusc. 3, 9, 20. 10. No: not of invidia. 

[2] 1. In presentia. 2. Hand says no. 3. That in 

-presentia means simply ‘ at present,’ ‘ at the present moment ;’ in 
presenti, ‘ under present circumstances.’ 4. By an emphatic 
‘ then, 5. No: it really means ‘ so’ still. 6. ofrws, espe- 
cially after participles. 7. mocevédpevot Oeots—otrw déBatvov ra 
bpia. 8. Et ita. 

[3] 1. No: with the first it is a simple particle of time; with 
the second it has rather a concessive or adversative force: = 
‘ though. 2. 'That the two verbs have different subjects. 

3. The charge, duty, or command with which a man is intrusted. 

4. Strictly upon a participle telling or directing him: but 
such an omission is frequent in all languages. 5. Navem or in 
navem conscendere is also used. 


1Le.‘a charge which proceeds from invidia’ (subjectively ; from envy 
a by the accusers) : or ‘a charge which causes invidia, (objectively ; makes 
accused an object of invidia.) 


202 QUESTIONS ON 


navem adscendere the only form for going on board a ves- 
sel? if not, what other form is used ? 

[5] 1. Who were the Eumolpide ?—2. From whom 
“were they descended ?—3. Is cogere often followed by 
ut ?—4. Can you give an instance of this construction 
from Cic. ? 

[7] 1. What is the Greek name of Deceléa?—2. 
What other form therefore would be correct ?—3. Give 
an instance of a Greek word, the s: of which is in Latin 
sometimes @, sometimes 7.—4. What is in obsidione te- 
nére ?—5. Give-a similar instance. 


EXERCISE. 


If you wish any thing to be done with reference to 
me, let me rather be impeached now that I am present, 
than have an invidious accusation brought against me 
in my absence. I weigh this well, and am thoroughly 
acquainted with the usual conduct of my fellow-citizens. 
I do not choose not to obey, but shall go on board the 
trireme. Considering this, | do not choose to obey, but 
shall secretly make my escape from my keepers. Con- 
sidering this, and being well acquainted with the lawless 
violence of my fellow-citizens, I shall remove to Lace- 
demon. Alcibiades cannot be hurt. We are aware 
that Alcibiades cannot be hurt, while he is present. The 
Eumolpide must be compelled to pronounce Alcibiades 
accursed. Considering this, I think it best to avoid 
the impending storm. When you have quitted the city, 





[5] 1. A sacerdotal family at Athens, priests of Demétér, who min- 
istered in the Eleusinian mysteries. ‘Their jurisdiction also extended 
to cases where religion had been violated. 2. From the Thra- 
cian bard Eumolpus, who was said to have introduced the Eleusin- 
ian mysteries into Attica. 3. Very rarely. Pr. Intr. ii. 819. 
See Z. § 613. 4. P. Lentulum, ut se abdicaret pretura, coe- 
gistis. Cat. 4, 3, 5. 

[7] 1. Aewédera. 2. Decelia. 3. ’AAckdvdpea, Alexan- 
dréa (below de Regg. 3, 4, and Vell. Paterc.), or Alexandria. See 
Z.§ 1. Note. 4. Not strictly to blockade or beleaguer it: but 
to do so virtually, by cutting off supplies, laying the country waste, 
&e. 5. Pelopidas and his companions, by driving the Laced#- 
monians from the citadel of Thebes, patriam obsidione liberaverunt 
Pelop. 3, 3. 


EE Ut 


ALCIBIADES, CH. V. 203 


then they will bring an invidious accusation against 
you. ; 


Cu. V. [1] 1. What is acer, as applied to a person ? 
—2. Is neque autem ever found'? [No.]—3. What is 
tempus here ?—4. Give other instances.—5. What is 
instituere ? 

[2] 1. What is there peculiar in 7d Alcibiadi—celart 
non potuit?—2. What case does celari govern? [Pr. 
Intr. 251.]—3. What then would be the regular transla- 
tion of ‘ this could not be concealed from Alcibiades ?—4. 
Does Cic. use any other form?—5. Is any other in- 
stance of the dative found?—6. What is the proper 
meaning of sagax ?—7. What is the derivation as given 
by Cicero?—8. What is attendere properly ?—9. Is 
any other compound of ¢endere used in nearly the same 
way? 

[3] 1. What is the meaning of senescere?—2. How 
is Lacedemoniorum governed ? and how must it be con- 
strued ? 





Cu. V. [1] 1. Vigorous, enterprising, &c. 3. It is equiva- 
lent to opportunum tempus’, ‘an opportunity.’ 4. Below chap. 
8, 6, tempus rei gerende non dimisit. 5 To set about a thing 
deliberatély : to adopt a fixed deliberate resolution. 

[2] 1. The dat. after celari. 3. Pr. Intr. 284.—Id Alcibi- 
ades diutius celari non potuit. 4. Yes: since in the active the 
construction is celare aliquem de aliqua re (the ace. being seldom 
found except with newt. pronouns), he often retains the preposition in 
the passive: non est profecto de illo veneno celata mater. 
Cluent. 66, 189; celandus de nostro consilio vide- 
tur. Att.10,14. Z.§391. Note. 5. There is a doubtful in- 
stance in Hirt. Bell. Alex. 7, quod neque celari Alexandri- 
nis possent in apparanda fuga. 6. Keen-scented: of a 
hound. 7. Sagire enim sentire acute est: ex quo sage 
anus, quia multa scire volunt, et sagaces dicti canes. Div. 1, 
31, 65. 8. To stretch to: to put any thing on the stretch. 

9. Yes: animum intendere in aliquid. Cic. Acad. 2, 15. 

[3] 1. To grow old: hence fig. to grow weaker: to sink. 

2. By opes understoca : ‘ those of the Lacedzmonians.’ 


1 So the Greek xpévos sometimes. 


1 Hand says: formula neque autem non usurpatur a bonis quidem scriptoribus 
nisi precedente altero neque, aut alia negatione ita, ut oppositio ex altera parte 
crescat. i. p. 585. He quotes Cic. ad Fam. 5, 12, 21, neque enim tu is es, qui qué 
sig nescias :—neque autem ego, &c. 


204° QUE.‘TIONS ON 


[4] 1. Ab hoe destitutus: does this imply that Pi- 
sander had first encouraged, and then deserted him ?—2, 
What is the derivation of populiscitum ? L Aviat 1, [5], 
11.] 

[5] 1. Explain vigére in vigére victores. 

[6] 1. What is recipere in military language ? 


EXERCISE. 


He did not, however, ever revolt from the king through 
affection for ‘This own] country. When I observe the 
sagacity of this most energetic person, I fear that, from 
affection for [his own] country, he may one day revolt 
from me. ‘Themistocles is [a person] of that sagacity, 
that he cannot be deceived. ‘The king was exceedingly 
afraid that Themistocles was about to return to a good 
understanding with his [countrymen.] 'Themistocles is 
[a person] of that prudence, that he always applies his 
attention to being on his guard. When I have obtained 
the intimate friendship of Tissaphernes, I shall return to 
a good understanding with my [countrymen.] If you 
apply your attention to guarding [against danger,] it will 
not be possible to deceive you'. It will not be possible 
to conceal this’ long from Alcibiades, if he applies his 
attention to being on his guard. I cannot conceal these 
things from Alcibiades. These things cannot be con- 
cealed from Alcibiades. The king was exceedingly 
afraid, that they would not deal mercifully with the cap- 


tives. 


Cu. VI. [1] 1. Is visere Alcibiadem simply to see 
Alcibiades ?——-2. What kind of verb is visere, and how 





[4] 1. No: simply that he ‘ failed him,’ ‘ disappointed his wishes 
and expectations.’ 

[5] 1. To be in a flourishing, healthy, vigorous state: a meta- 
phor from healthy plants. 

[6] 1. To gain possession of cities, &c., without a battle: by 
treaty, voluntary surrender, &c. 

Cu. VI. [1] 1. It may be so construed, but implies the taking 
of pains to see him. 2. It belongs to the class of frequentative — 
verbs, better called intensive -verbs, which are formed from the root 


1 Say: ‘you will not be able to be deceived.’ 
2 Say: ‘this will not be possible to be concealed,’ &c. 


ALCIBIADES, CH. VI. 205 


are such verbs formed ?—3. After a perfect tense, Nep. 
often places the perfect subj. instead of the imperf., why 
(probably) is conflueret used here, not conflumerit ?—4, 
What is the English of proinde ac si?—5. What is more 
commonly used ?—6. What particles occur with proinde 
besides ae si? 

[2] 1. What particles often appear superfluous ?— 
2. Give an instance with persuadére.—3. What part of 
speech is amissum?—4. Why is expulisset subj. after 
quod? [Pr. Intr. 461.]—5. What verbs are used for 
to impute ?—6. What tense usually follows postquam ? 
re Intr. 514.]—7. Why is the pluperf. used here with 

oth verbs ? 7. e. ceperat—potuerant : for cepit—poterant ? 

[3] 1. What does wt mean here? and with what 
tense are ut, ubi construed in this meaning? [Pr. Intr. 
512,514.]|—2. What are the two constructions of donare? 
[ Pr. Intr. 231.]|—3. How then may ‘I am presented 
with a crown’ be translated?—4, Explain usu ve- 
nire-—5. Explain vulgo. 

[4] 1. Sic fecit, ut fuerit: explain the tense of 
fuerit—2. How is quin to be construed? [Pr. Intr. 
85.|—3. Is lacrimare trans. or intrans.?’—4. What is 





of the supine: vidére, vis-um: vis-ére. 3. To mark a continued 
streaming of the people to Alcibiades’s ship. 5. Perinde ac si. 
6." Pr. Intr. ii. 369. See also Lysand. 2, [2]. 

[2] 1. Sic andita. (See Pr. Intr. ii. Diff 28.)\—Z.§ 748. 2 
Quum sibiita persuasisset ipse, meas—litteras, gc. Cic. 
ad Fam. 13, 10. 5. “ tribuere, attribuere, adscribere, adsignare, 
acceptum referre (qdci). [imputare, Quint., Plin. jun.]:” from the 
‘ Antibarbarus’ of Pr. Intr. Part ii. 7. Probably because Nep. 
states this as a reason why the Athenians were probably right: and 
since the cause necessarily precedes the consequence, he states it as 
an historical fact now over: ‘ they were probably right in attributing 
all their successes to Alcibiades; for after hehad once taken 
command of the fleet, the Lacedemonians had never been 
able to stand against them. 

[3] 5. It expresses that all’, to speak generally, both high and 
low presented him with crowns; the rich with golden, the poor with 
brazen ones. 

[4] 3. Properly intrans., but, like many other verbs expressing 
mental emotions, used also transitively: especially with the neut. 
acc.ofa pron. Num id lacrumat virgo? Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 13. 

4. That strictly speaking the ‘again’ is already implied in the 


- Cic. Mur. 35, 73. Quid est wulgo? universos. 
18 


206 QUESTIONS ON 


there peculiar in rursus resacrare ?—5. Give similar in- 
stances.—6. What do some say should be read instead 
of resacrare ? 


EXERCISE. 


All men streamed to the trireme of Alcibiades, just as 
if both the past reverses and the present success were 
due to him alone. We impute both the loss of Sicily 
and the victories of the Lacedemonians to ourselves, 
just as if we might have been equal to the enemy [if we 

ad pleased.] We attribute both our past reverses and 
our present success to Alcibiades alone, just as if The- 
ramenes and Thrasybulus had not shared the chief 
command with him. No one was so hard-hearted as 
not to weep for the fate of Alcibiades. 


Cu. VII. [1] 1. What is the grammatical name for 


such an expression as non nimis diuturna? [See 
chap. 4, [1], 6.]—2. Can belli stand alone ?—3. What 
similar form occurs ? 

[2] What is malitiose ? 

[3] 1. Explain the ne in, ne—tyrannidem concupis- 
ceret.—2. Does Nep. ever use magistratus of military 
command ? 

[4] 1. Id alle ut audivit; what is ut here?—2. 
What tense does it go with in this sense? [Pr. Intr. 
514.]|—3. Where was Pactye?—4. What is the deriva- 





re of r e-sacrare. 5. Ale. 4,4, clam se—su b-duzit. Thras 
2,4, tum illis temporibus, &c. 6. Resecrare after the 
analogy of consecrare : but consacrare is found on the Mon Ancyran. 
Suet. ii. 397. So ampertiri, impartiri: inficetus and infacetus: 
bipertitus, bipartitus. 

Cu. VII. [1] 2. No: except in this form, domi bellique, it 
must be bello or in bello. 3. Domi militieque. 

[2] Properly ‘ with an evil intent :’ = hence ‘ treacherously’ &c. 

[3] 1. It refers to the timebatur, which is placed first as being 
the principal notion in the sentence. It is this consideration also, 
that justifies the separation of ne from its verb. 2. Yes: erat in 
classe Chabrias privatus, sed omnes, quiin magistratu erant, 
auctoritate anteibat*. Chabr. 4, 1. ‘ 

[4] 3. In the Thracian Chersonesus. 4. It is a Greek name 


= 


1 Alcibiades had however both civil and military power. 


' ALCIBIADES, CH. VIII. 207 


tion of Neontichos ?—5. Parse Grecie —6. The Greeks 
had before possessions in the Thracian Chersonese, 
how then is Nep. correct in saying primus—in Thraciam 
introwt ? 


EXERCISE. 


I fear that this joy of yours will not be of very long 
duration. The whole administration of the government 
was committed to Alcibiades alone. I am afraid that, 
from having been unsuccessful at Cyme, I shall again 
become unpopular. I have no fear that my fellow- 
citizens will say that I have acted treacherously. [Was 
it that] Alcibiades would not take Cyme, [because he 
was] bribed by the king? Men say that Alcibiades 
should have his command taken from him. I hear that 
Alcibiades has quite won the friendship of Tissaphernes. 


Cu. VIII. [1] 1. How must ‘ dut—not, or ‘ not— 
however’ not be translated ?—2. What is the meaning of 
recedere ab aliqua re ?—3. Give an instance.—4. What 
is the meaning of potuit ?—5. What kind of possibility 
does it therefore express ?—6. What is gos flumenin 
Greek ?—7. What is the proper meaning of constituere, 
and what is the corresponding intransitive verb ?—8. 
How may constituere classem suam be construed ?—9. 
What is ducere bellum ?—10. What other verb is used 
in this sense ?—11. What is there unusual in erat super ? 





in Latin letters: véov retxos: ‘new wall.’ 5. According to Bremi 
it is here an adj. asin Grecie gentis, de Regg. 1, 1, but in both 
places it is a genitive dependent on another genitive. 6. Introire 
is ‘ to penetrate into the interior. 

Cu. VIII. [1] 1. By neque autem, which never occurs: neque 
vero, neque tamen, are the correct forms. 2. To renounce some- 
thing against a sense of duty or an inward feeling. 3. Nullo 
dolore cogi, ut ab officio recedatur. Auct. ad Herenn. 3, 
3,5. 4. That he could not bring himself to do it: could not bear 
to do it. 5. Moral possibility : he could not without violating his 
nature. 6. Alyds rorapés, AX gospotamus or ‘ Goat’s river.’ 7. 
‘To make to stop,’ ‘ to stop,’ the corresponding intrans. verb being 
eonsistere. 8. By ‘to lie at anchor with his fleet, 9. To 
* protract the war.’ 10. Trahere’. 11. The usual form is 


1 Cic. ad Att. 10, 8, 2: Sall. Jug. 23, 2; 36, 3. 


208 QUESTIONS ON 


—12. Give a similar instance from Nep., an instance, — 
that is, of his placing a word that usually precedes an- 
other, after it, for the purpose of emphasis or euphony. 
—13. What is this called ? 

[2] 1. Who are meant by vulgus* ?—2. What does 
pedester here mean ?—3. Can you give any other in- 
stance from Nep. ? 

[3] 1. What does deducere here mean ?—2. Why is 
it followed by ut? [Pr. Intr. 75.]—3. What kind of 
persuasion does Bremi attribute to deducere ; properly 
‘to bring down from ?’—4. What should be remarked in 
conflucturos—composituros ? 

[4] 1. What is the meaning of pars est in ea re 
mea ?—2. Construe contra ea.—3. Distinguish between 
evenire, accidere.—4. Is delictum confined to a sin of 
omission? [Pr. Intr. 428.]—5. What is the meaning 
of reus? [Pr. Intr. 188. f.] 

[5] 1. What accusative cases are found with mo- 
nére, admonére ?—2. Give the meaning and derivation of 
juata.—3. Govern habeas. [Pr. Intr. 417. b.]—4. Give 





supererat *. 12. Fecit lucri for lucrifecit: Thras. 1,3. 

13. Anastréphe: from dvd, crpé¢w: the mere separation is called 
Tmesis. 

[2] 1. The common soldiers : 7) roAd dv orpatwwréy. Xen. Cyr. 


2, 2, 15. 2. Being opposed to navalis, it is nearly = terrester : 
i. @. ‘foot- soldiers opp. ‘ sailors.’ 3. Yes: Con. 1, 1, pedestres 
exercitus are opposed to classis*. 


[3] 1. To move or prevail upon him to do it. 3. The per- 
suading a person to something that is rather prejudicial to him 
than not ; or, at all events, from which the perswader expects ad- 
vantage to himself: he says its meaning is between that of indu- 
cere*, and that of adducere. 4. The omission of the acc. 


ron. 

[4] 1. ‘I have something to do with it” ‘I have a share in 

it,’ in either a good or a bad sense. 2. §On the other hand.’ 
3. Déd. accidere.: Milt. 1, [1], 27. 4. Déd. delictum. 

[5] 1. Neut. ae agag: 2. ‘ Close by ” from jug-, root of 

jungere. 4. Here ‘ insubordination,’ ‘ want bof discipline :? in 


1 The super is separated from the esse by Virg. pee adeo super unus 
eram, &c. Ain. 2, 567. 
2 So posteaquam in vulgus militum elatum est. Ces. B. G. 1, 46. 
8 So pedestres navalesve pugnas. Cic. de Senect. 5. 
4 = To lead into something hurtful. 
5 Jaumann construes nullus ‘ insignificant,’ as in quam null@ erant homi 
num adversus deos vires. Just. 2, 12. 


ALCIBIADES, CH. IX. 209 


derivation and meaning of immodestia—5. What is the 
meaning of castra nautica ?—6. What is a camp of this 
kind also called ?—7. What explanatory expression does 
Nep. also use ? 


EXERCISE. 


This I warn you, to compel Lysander either to fight, 
or to terminate the war by some amicable adjustment. 
He admonished me to protract the war as much as pos- 
sible. The king being [now] exhausted has nothing 
left but his naval camp. He admonished him to lie at 
anchor with his fleet at [the mouth of] ‘the Goat’s 
Tiver.’ Lysander’s present object is to terminate the 
war by an amicable adjustment. If Seuthes drives the 
Lacedemonians from the land they will be obliged 
either to fight [a battle] or to beg for peace. If any 
misfortune happens, I shall have no share whatever in 
the matter. ; 





Cu. 1X. [1] 1. Is abdere generally used with in 
aliqua re, or with in aliquam rem?—2. Give instances. 
—3. Translate ‘ to hide, or bury himself, in the country ; 
in his house.—4. Translate ‘to hide himself there.-—5. 
Are any examples with in and the abl. found ?—6. What 





not, modus measure: hence order, regularity. 5. A camp on 
shore: sometimes the vessels were drawn up and surrounded by 
works: commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subduci et 
cum castris una munitione conjungi. Ces. B. G. 5, 11. 

6. Castra navalia. 7. Presidia,—que in proximo li- 
tore erant collocata: Han. 11, 4, which shows that the object was 
not so much the protection of the ships but of the troops, who went 
ashore recklessly, &c. 

Cu. IX. [1] 1. Generally with in aliquam rem’. 2. Ab- 
dere se in terram, in intimam Macedoniam, in contrariam partem 
terrarum, &c. all from Cicero. 3. Se rus or domum abdere. 
; 4. Se eo (not ibi) abdere. 5. Liv. has cetratos—in in- 
sidiis abdiderat, 31, 36, if the reading is correct : and with the pass. 
participle the abl. with in is the usual construction, that participle 
representing the action of the verb as over: abditi*in tabernaculis, 
Ces. B. G. 1, 39, in tectis silvestribus abditos, Cic. Inv. 1, 2: but 
also in silvam Arduennam abditi : Cws. B. G. 5, 3. 6. He 


1 pies with sub; Amphiaraé sub terram (not terrd) abdite. C. Tusc. 2, 
18* 


210 QUESTIONS ON 


is Cicero’s practice when abdere se means figuratively 
‘to bury oneself’ in a pursuit, study, &c. ?—7. What is 
the meaning of fortunam here ?—8. What is there pe- 
culiar in falso ?—9. Give an instance of this —10. What 
other words are so used ?—11. What Greek words are 
so used, 7. e. as a distinct proposition ? 

[2] What may be considered omitted after ipsum ? 

[3] 1. Adeo cepit—ut—antecederet : why does Nep., 
who so often uses the perf. subj. after a past tense, here 
use the imperf.?—-2. Why is quinqguagena used and not 
quinquaginta ?—3. What is the nom. case to capiebat ? 

[5] 1. What has been remarked about the construc- 
tion of non or neque dubitare? [Pref. 1—6.]—2. What 
would habuisset become after a fut. tense in direct nar- 
ration ?—3. What can convenire govern in the sense of 
‘visiting’ or ‘ having an interview’ with a person? [Pr. 
Intr. 244.] 


EXERCISES. 


He knew that Pharnabazus used to receive from it 
sixty talents revenue, [every year.] Alcibiades is going 
to bury himself in the heart' of Macedonia. He hopes 
that, if he buries himself in Macedonia, his wealth may 
there be concealed: [but he hopes] in vain. I shall 
easily manage this, if | do but obtain an interview with 
the king. Gobryas is turning all his thoughts to the lib- 
eration of his country : if 1 communicate this to the king, 
nobody will stand before me in his friendship. 





uses either the acc. with in, or the abl. without any prepos.: se totum 
in litteras abdere, ad Fam. 7, 33; or se litteris abdere, Arch. 6, 
12. 7. Opes, fortunas. 8. Its being used without a sed, 
autem, vero. 9. Aliud utile interdum, aliud honestum videri 
solet. Falso. Nam eadem utilitatis que honestatis est regula. 
C. de Off. 3, 18, 74. 10. Frustra and nequidgquam. 
11. sixérws, dtxaiws, &c. 

[2] The weak adversative particle autem: ipsum autem—non 
potuerunt. . . 

[3] 1. To mark a continuing state: as in chap. 5, [5], tanta— 
facta est—ut peterent. 

[5] 2. Fut. perf. 


1 By the adj. intemus 


ALCIBIADES, CH. X. : 211 


Cu. X. [1] 1. What tyrants are meant ?—2. Quote 
another passage in which Nep. calls them tyrants.—3. 
What is the meaning of ratus ?—4. With what adjectives 
does Cic. join it?—5. Explain suas res gestas.—6. 
Give an instance of a genitive case with res geste.—7. 
What is the meaning of persegui here ? 

[2] 1. What is re-nuntiare ?—2. What is the mean- 
ing of the phrase res mihi tecum est ?—3. Give an in- 
stance or instances. 

[3] 1. How would you construe non tulit hoc ?—2. 
How is et to be construed in non tulit—et maluit ?— 
3. What is clementia ?—4. Of what is violare generally 
used ?—5. Is iter comparare a common phrase ? 

[4] 1. What is there peculiar in vicinitati ?—2. 
Give another instance of this. 





Cu. X. [1] 1. The thirty are always called tyrants on account 
of their cruel despotic exercise of power. 2. Nam quum 
triginta tyranni, prepositi a Lacedemoniis, servitute op- 
pressas tenerent Athenas. 'Thrasyb. 1, 5. 3. It is the part. of 
reor; but also used adjectively with a passive meaning, of what is 
fixed, immutable, &c. 4. Certus, ratus, firmus, fixus, 
Acad. 46, 141. opp. irritus. 5. Res geste forms, as it were, 
one substantive notion, = ‘ measures :’ if gestus were considered as 
a participle, the prep. a would be used. 6. Res gestas regum: 
Cat. 3,3. Sohujus bella gesta. Han. 13, 3. 7. To pur- 
sue him: to run him down (as it were) till he took him either alive 
or dead. 

{2} 1. To make an announcement to a person with reference to 
some commission received from him. 2. It is used of a good 
understanding or friendly relations between parties: or generally 
of the terms on which one stands with anybody. 3. Alia om- 
nia sibi cum collega ratus. Sall. Jug. 43,2. Si mihi tecum 
minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus. Cie. ad Fam. 15, 10, 2. 

[3] 1. ‘Could not stand this.’ But of course the meaning ez- 
pressed is, that ‘he did not stand it.’ 2. But. Pr. Intr. ii. 
233. 3. Clementia is “the mercifulness and humanity of the 
ruler or judge, who does not inflict upon the malefactor the punish- 
ment he deserves: opp. crudelitas.” Déd. Alcibiades came to him 
as a fugitive, and thus Pharnabazus’s kind reception of him was an 
instance of clementia. 4. Of trespassing against something that 
is sacred. 5. No: but either iter parare; or se ad iter compa- 
rare. Liv. 28,33. Diahne says that iter comparare is stronger than 
tter parare. 

[4] 1. The abstract subst. vicinitas is used for the concrete, vi- 
cini: as we use ‘the neighborhood.’ 2. Vicinitatem, 
antea sollicitatam, armis exornat. Sall. Cat. 36. 


212 QUESTIONS ON 


[5] 1. What is the usual meaning of subalaris ?—2. 
What difference would it have made, if Nep. had used 
the dat. with eripuit?—3. Is it usual in Latin to use a 
substantive governed by a preposition as an attributive, 
1. €. adjectively? [Pr. Intr. ii. Caut. 7, e.}—4. Give 
another instance of ‘a person from such a place.’-—5. 
Govern vestimentorum. [Pr. Intr. 160.]—6. Parse pre- 
sentia. [Them. 8,[4], 1.]—7. Defend ejectis against the 
proposed reading injectis or conjectis. 

[6] 1. What was the name of this female ?—2. Con- 
strue contectum—cremavit. 


EXERCISE. 


I am desiring you to send me to Pharnabazus. Un- 
less you get rid of Alcibiades, nothing will stand good 
of [all] those measures that you yourself established at 
Athens. Let us send off trusty men to Lysander, to in- 
form him that Alcibiades is preparing for a journey to the 
king. All will be of no effect, unless you deliver up 
Alcibiades alive or dead. I will give order to the neigh- 
borhood, to send trusty men to kill Alcibiades. Alcibi- 
ades orders a certain guest-friend [of his] from Arcadia 
to follow him. Lysander thinks it impossible, 
that his measures’ can stand. 


Cu. XI. [1] 1. Explain gravis.—2. What is the 
meaning of historicus ?—3. What other expressions does 





[5] 1. ‘Under the wing; e.g. subalares plume; but as ala 
is also used for the armpit, subalaris is here of what is carried under 
the arm; a short dagger, &c. 2. If he had said familiart 
suo—telum eripuit, it would have expressed violence, and not, as 
now, merely impetuosity and haste. 4. Q. Junius ex His- 
pania quidam. Ces. B. G. 5, 27. 7. Ejectis expresses the 
flinging them out of the house into the flames. 

[6] 1. Theodote. 2. Covered—and burnt. 

Cu. XI. [1] 1. One whose opinion carries much weight: hence 
eminent, &c. e.g. gravis auctor, Cic. in Pison. 6; gravis tes- 
its, ad Fam. 2, 2, &c. 2. It is said by some to mean not * an 
historian,’ but one who is fond of history, studies history, &c.: but 
Cic. uses it in the sense of ‘ historian,’ et oratores, et philosophos, 
et poetas, et historicos. Top. 20, extr. 3. Thucydides—rerum 


1 Difidit. 2 Res gesta. 


ALC: BIADES, CH. XI. 213 


Cicero use for historicn ?—4. If you construe hunc—in- 


famatum—extulerunt, how should the verbs be connect- 
ed ?—5. How long did Theopompus live after the age 
of Alcibiades?—6. What does aliquanto' mean 7. 
What is the superl. of adjectives in -dicus, -ficus ?—8. 
What forms occur besides nescio guo modo?—9. Give 
an example of consciscere in the sense of agreeing to do 
something.—10. What is the meaning of the perfect in 
this sense ? 

[2] 1. Distinguish between amplius, plus, magis, 


potius—2. Explain splendor.—3. Explain dignitas. 


[3] 1. Explain. eorum.—2. Give a similar instance 
of a constructio ad synesim.—3. What expressions show 
that the Beotians were considered inferior to the other 
Greeks in mental powers ?—4. What splendid poet was 
a Beotian ? 

[4] 1. How is ponebatur to be explained, the passage 
in which it occurs being in indirect narration? [Milt. 
3, [4], 1.]|—2. Could any other tense be substituted for 
esset in apud quos summa laus esset? 





gestarum  coressuegd sincerus et grandis etiam fuit. (Brut. 83.) 
es) 


(Thucydi rerum explicator prudens, severus, gravis. (Orat. 9). 
4. 'The two verbs should be connected by ‘ but,’ the relation 
being an adversative one. 5. About fifty years. 6. Pr. 
Intr. 402. Si non statim, paulo quidem post, si non paulo, at ali - 
quanto. Itis less than multo, more than paulo. 7. -dicen- 
lissimus, -ficentissimus. 8. Nescio quo casu, Milt. 7,3: 
nescio quo pacto. 9. Tusci fere omnes consciverant bellum. 
Liv. 10, 18, 1. 10. In this sense the perf. has the meaning of 
the present. 
[2] 1. Amplius sidaies to compass and extension; plus to num- 
ber and quantity ; magis to quality; potius to preference. See Pr. 


Intr. ii. 427-431. 2. A suitable magnificence: thus Atticus 
was, in his mode of living, splendidus, non sumtuosus. Att. 13, 
5. 3. The grave and dignified demeanor. 


[3] 1. Itis a constructio ad synesim (i. e. according to the mean- 
ing, not according to the ~— actually used). It refers to Thebani, 
implied in T'hebas. . Laconicen populatus, classem 
eorum fugavit. ‘Timoth. 3 [1]. 3. Ingenium Beoticum. 
Beotica sus. Baotum in crasso jurares aere natum. Hor. Ep. 2, 
1, 244. 4. Pindar. 

[4] 2. Est might have been used, if the een had chosen to 
make the statement his own. 


1 On the order of words, see Paus, 3, [1], 1. 


214 QUESTIONS ON 


EXERCISE. 


Alcibiades among the Lacedemonians so [entirely 
gave himself up to a hard way of life, that nobody coul 
equal him in the frugality of his diet and dress. Among 
the Thebans the highest commendation is to cultivate 
bodily strength. Whatever people Alcibiades is living 
with, he will be reckoned the first [among them.] Alci- 
biades is highly extolled by the great historian Thucy- 
dides, [but] very many writers have given him a bad 
character. . 





THRASYBULUS. 


Cu.1. [1] 1. What is the force of dubito an?—2. 
What is the rule for translating ‘I doubt whether’ into 
Latin, when it is equivalent to a doubtfully expressed 
affirmation 7—3. On what is this rule founded ?—4. Ex- 
press (a) ‘1 am inclined to think he will come’ by ‘I 
doubt’ in English and Latin.—(6) ‘I am inclined to 
think he will not come.’—5. What should you remark 
about allud ? 

[2] 1. How would you construe ‘guod?)—2. What 
would the full construction be ?—3. After what imper- 





Cu. I. [1] 1. ‘I doubt whether it is not;’ that is, ‘am almost 
inclined to think it is.’ Pr. Intr. ii. 454.—Z. § 354. 2. If the 
English has a not, omit it; if it has none, insert it. 3. On the 
fact, that in our doubtfully expressed affirmation we express the not, 
and vice versd : whereas the Romans did not. A. (a) ‘I doubt 
whether he will not come:’ dubito an sit venturus.—(b) ‘I doubt 
whether he will come (at all),’ dubito an non sit venturus. S 
That it refers to a coming sentence: and therefore must be con- 
strued by ‘ this’ 

[2] 1. § Whereas.’ 2. Nam quod, &c.—non id solum hie 
potuit, sed contigit ei, ut—vindicaret.—See also Z. § 626. 


3. Contingit, evenit, and accidit, See also Pr. Intr. ii. 818, 
With restat, reliquum est, and fit. 819.—Z. § 621. 


1 So Hann 12,3: Att. 11,3. _ 


THRASYBULUS, CH. I. 215 


sonals is wt used ?—4. Which is commonly used of an 
agreeable accident or event, contigit or accidit? [Milt. 
O27). 
| 1. Nescio guo modo : what other forms are used ? 
[als 11, [1], 8.|—2. Give the perf. of precurro.—3. 

hat compounds of curro are not found with the redu- 
rmees 2—4. What does nobilitas mean here?—5. 

hat does naturale bonum here mean ?—6. What is fa- 
cere lucri or lucrifacere ? 

[4] 1. Distinguish between wires and vis pugnantium. 
—2. What part of speech is hic ? 

[5] 1. What case or cases does proprius govern? 
[ Pr. Intr. 212.]—2. Distinguish between opprimere and 
oppressum tenére.—3. Go through parcere.—4. What are 
the constructions of the noun with partim—partim ?—5. 
What is far more common than non solum—sed et ?—6, 
Give an instance of sed et from Cic. 


EXERCISE. 


I doubt whether fortune has not more power in this 
matter, than the ability of the general. Of his friends 
some were banished, others executed. I doubt whether 
they are not going to confiscate their property, and di- 
vide it among themselves. ‘These things are common 
to Alcibiades and Thrasybulus. I doubt whether he is 
going to proclaim war against the king. It was the 
good fortune of Thrasybulus to be, not only the first, 
but the only person, who freed Athens from her most 
detestable tyrants. Alcibiades, by a sort of natural tact, 
made it appear, that it was he alone, who had set his 
country free. 





[3] 3. Ante-, circum-, suc-, trans-, curro. 4. ‘ The being 
known,’ ‘ celebrity.’ 5. ‘ Natural dexterity,’ ‘ tact. . 6. *To 
turn to good account.’ 

[4] 1. Vires relates to the collective force and strength of the 
army: vis pugn. to the spirit that animated individuals. | 
_ [5] 2. Oppres. tenére denotes an abiding state. 4. Use cives” 
for the noun. Pr. Intr. ii. 283.—Z. § 271. 5. Non solum—sed 
etiam. 6. Opinio—que non modo Roma, sed et™ apud ex- 
teras nationes—percrebuit. Verr. 1,1. See Pr. Intr. ii. 227, j. See 
also Z. § 335. 


™ sed etiam—percrebruit. Klotz. 


216 QUESTIONS ON 


Cu. II. [1] 1. Would Phyle, que est castellum be 
a more or less usual form than Phyle, quod est castellum? 
[Pr. Intr. 48-9.]—2. Explain Acteorum. Lf 

[2] 1. What is the fig. negue—non contemtus called? — 
—2. Distinguish between contemnere, despicere, spernere. 
'—3. What is Déderlein’s explanation of contemnere ? 
—4. Distinguish between primum and primo. [ Pr. Intr. 
83, a.|—5. Of what use of autem have we here an ex- 
ample? [Pr. Intr. ii. 478.]—6. What is remarkable in 
ad comparandum ? 

[3] 1. What remarkable difference exists between 
‘that’ and ‘ ille ?—2. Explain timidus here ? | 

[4] 1. What is pro opinione ?—2. Explain jam tum 
illis temporibus. 

[6] 1. When is quisquam used for anybody? [Pr. 
Intr. 389.] | 

[7] 1. Give other examples of guum quidem—2. 
Explain ewadversus." [Them. 3, [4], 4, 5.] 


EXERCISE. 


Not more than thirty persons fled to Phyle. Thrasy- 
bulus fortified Munychia, which is a port of the Athe- 
nians. ‘The tyrants at first despised Thrasybulus and 
the fewness of his adherents. The mothers of cowards 















Cu. II. [1] 2. Anold name for Atticorum, from Acte the old 
name of Aitica. a 
[2] 1. Litétes. Alc. 4, [1], 6. 2. Contemnere with 
reference to what one might fear; despicere to what one might 
respect; spernere to what one might accept: or, contemnere 
implies not fearing: despicere, looking downupon: spernere, 
rejecting. 3. That it means, despising great things, as danger, 
death : but it may be used of small things, as nihil in bello oportere 
contemni, just below. 6. Its being used absolutely :. i. & 
without an acc. case. a“ 
[3] 1. That ille is frequently used to denote a following sen- 
tence. 2. Extremely cautious: as Cic. joins timidi et omnia 
circumspicientes. f "a 
[4] 1. In proportion to his expectations. 2. ‘ Even in ¢ 
days,’ implying that it was remarkably so in the speaker’s days. 
[7] 1. Cato 2,2. Att. 22, 1—on quidem, see Pref. [4],7. 








y ? ; 
es 

2 Pugnare exadversus aliqguem = to stand opposite to one in the ranks of the 
enemy and fight, (different from pugnare contra aliguem.) Georges. 


THRASYBULUS, CH. III. 217 





do not weep. Even as early as those days this precept 
‘was in the memory of all Athenians, that in war nothing 
‘should be despised. He thought it right, that the 
‘citizens should not only speak for liberty, but also fight 
for it. 





Cu. III. [1] 1. What is the proper meaning of 
dejicere ?—2. How may hoc dejecto be construed ?—3. 
Govern auxilio and Atticis—4. After what words is quis 
or gui used for any? [Pr. Intr. 389-91.]—5. What is 
uti more alicujus?—6. Give a similar expression.—7. 
Govern redderetur. 

[2] 1. When is neve or neu used for ‘nor?’—2. Gov- 
ern oblivionis.—3. How would you construe it? 

_ [8] 1. How is effecit ut valeret to be construed ? 


EXERCISE. 


I will not only cause this law to be passed, but will 
also enforce its observance. ‘Thrasybulus prevented the 
massacre of those, with whom a public and formal re- 
conciliation had been made. Thrasybulus procured the 
passing of an act of amnesty. What I have promised, 
must be performed. After the fall of Critias, Thrasybu- 
lus restored peace [to the state,] on these terms, that 
none but the thirty tyrants should be banished or fined. 


’ 


Cu. 1V. [1] 1. Give an instance that resembles 
honoris corona.—2. What should be remarked in guam 





Cu. IIT. [1] 1. To cast (or hurl) down: xaraBddXewv. 2. 
‘ After the fall of Critias,? 5. To imitate him. 6. Fungi 
more: Con. 3, 4, 7. Properly speaking an ut must be supplied ; 
‘it is implied by the preceding ne. 

[2] 1, After a preceding ze or ut. 3, An amnesty—épvne- 


? 

3] 1. Enforced the observance of it. 
On. IV. [1] 1. Nondenique hee sedes honoris—umquam 
nacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. Cic.in Cat. 4, 1, 2. 2. 
That instead of qu@, quod eam—non vis expresserat, habuit, the 
relative stands jn the case in which the pronoun is governed in the ace 
cessory sentence, and is omitted in the principal sentence, Z. § 804. 

19 


218 QUESTIONS ON 


quod amor—non vis expresserat, habuit, &c.?—3. What 
is peculiar in amor non vis expresserat ?—4. What is this 
fig. called ?—5. Give an instance of zeugma with ex- 
primere.—6. What is there peculiar in magnague fuit 
gloria?—7. When zs the abl. with esse used? 

[2] 1. Explain the ile in Pittacus ille. [Pr. Intr. 
381, (b).]|—2. What was the size of a jugerum?—3. 
What is there peculiar in munera darent ?—4. Why is 
the imperf. darent used?—5. Give an example of this 
use of the imperf. indic—6. Why does guod govern the 
subj. in guod—invideant ? [Pr. Intr. 476.]|—7. Explain 
propria. 

[3] Explain the zgitur. 

[4] Give the derivation of pretor. 


EXERCISE. 


A crown of honor not extorted by force but [won] from | 
the affection of one’s fellow-citizens, brings with it no 
odium. When the people proposed to give him a crown 
of honor, he would not receive it. A crown of honor 
made of two olive twigs, showed both Thrasybulus’s 
moderation and the good-will of the people [towards 
him.|] I for my part am unwilling to receive any thing, 





3. That expresserat (had extorted) does not suit the first nom. amor : 
the meaning being ‘ which force had not extorted, but love elicited,’ 
4. Zeugma, that is ‘junction’ or ‘ pair:’ when, that is, a verb is used 
with two connected words, though one of them really requires a verb 
of different meaning. 5. Senatts consulta, que possunt videri 
vel necessitate expressa, vel verecundia. Sueton. 
Oct. 57. 6. We should expect magne fuit glorie since the 
purpose it served is denoted. 7. The abl. with esse, with or 
without ‘in,’ denotes the state in which a person is: e. g. aa ye 
sius) non minore fuit in musicis gloria quam, &c. Epam. 2, 1 
pacis auctores in ingenti gloria esse. Liv. 2, 22. 
[2] 2. It was a Roman measure of surface of 240 feet by 120: 


= 28,800 2 wh feet. 3. Muneri darent is the usual construc . 
tion. . It is equivalent to ‘ were proposing to give. 5. 
Cic. Cat. 1, %, 13: quod jam tua sponte faciebas = facere vo- 
lebas. 7. It =what is and will remain one’s own: hencis 

‘ lasting.’ 


[3] It is the resumptive igitur ; = ut ad remredeam. Nep. re-— 
turns to Thrasybulus, from the tale about Pittacus, which was an 
interruption of the narrative. ~ 

[4] Pre-itor ; ‘one who goes before,’ 


eS) 








CONON, CH. I. 219 


_ which the affection of my fellow-citizens has not [be- 


stowed,] but force extorted [from them.] Crowns of 
honor are not usually envied.! 





CONON. 


Cu. 1. [1] 1. Explain accedere ad rempublicam. 
[Them. 2, [1], 2, 3.]—2. Parse magni in: magni esse. 
—3. Is majoris esse used? [Pr. Intr. 264, e.]|—4. Dis- 
tinguish between potentia and potestas. [Déd. potentia.] 
—5. How is potestas, as used of a public office, distin- 

ished from magistratus ? 

[2] 1. Construe extremo Peloponnesio bello. [Pr. 
Intr. 179.]—2. What is the force of de in devicte ? 
[ Milt. 2, [2], 5.}—3. Explain tum abfuit.—4. Govern 
wnperti in diligens imperu, and explain the meaning of 
diligens.—5. Give an instance of diligens with gen. from 
Cicero. 

[3] 1. Does Nep. ever use quin after nemini dubium 


esse? [Pref. [1], 1-6.]—2. To what tense of the 


subjunctive does accepturos fuisse answer? [Pr. Intr. 


454.) 


EXERCISE. 


If Conon had been present, the Athenians would not 


have suffered that terrible defeat. Nobody doubts, but 





Cu. 1. [1] 5. Potestas denotes an extraordinary commission. 
[2] 3. Tum quum devicte sunt: for he was not absent on that 
occasion, but, seeing all lost from the negligence and insubordination 


_ of his countrymen, fled with eight ships to Cyprus. 4. Diligens 


is the opp. of negligens: it properly means ‘loving,’ and then, with 
reference to a thing, paying attention to it; being careful and punc- 


_ tual in its performance. It is properly a participle, but is often used 


‘ oy to signify a habit: it then takes a genitive. Pr. Intr. 


. Q. Pompeio castissimo viro atque omnis of ficit 
IS Cic. Cel. 30, 73. 


as Are not wont to be envied ;’ the impersonal golet. 


220 QUESTIONS ON 


that the Romans will be utterly defeated. Nobody 


a sm 


doubts, that if Conon had been present, the Athenians 


would not have been utterly defeated. Nobody doubts, 
that Conon is both an experienced and a careful com- 
mander. 


Cu. II. [1] 1. Explain and construe eumdemque 
generum Regis. [Pr. Intr. 387.]—2. What is propin- 
guus here ? 

[2] 1. Parse soctetatem in: coire societatem. | Pr. 


Intr. 244.]|—2. What is the force of quidem in: re qui-_ 


dem vera? 
{3] 1. How may si lle non fuisset be construed ?— 
2. Give an instance of fuisset used in this emphatic way 


for ‘exist ;’ and by implication, for to assist, &c.—3._ 


What prepositions always follow their cases? [Paus. 
4, [4], 8.] 


EXERCISE. 


I will not seek for a place where I may myself live 
in safety but [for one] whence I may protect my fellow- 
citizens. If I had sought for a place where I might 
myself have lived in safety, I should not have gone to 
Pharnabazus. The Lacedemonians, having defeated 
the Athenians, sent Agesilaus to invade Asia. Tissa- 
phernes, having revolted from the king, made an alliance 
with the Lacedemonians. Balbus was considered an 
experienced commander (chap. i.), but was in reality a 
rash and careless general’. 7 


Cu. III. [1] 1. Meritis—walebat: how is the abl. 
here used ?!—2. Give an instance from Cic.—3. Explain 





Cu. II. [1] 2. A relation by blood: the being the king’s son- 
in-law only made him an affnis. 

[2] 2. That of vero, ‘ but,’ ‘ however.’ 

[3] 1. ‘ But for him.’ 2. Pons Sublicius iter pene hostibus 
dedit, ni unus vir fuissét, &c. Liv. 2, 10. 


Cu. III. [1] 1. It is the abl. of cause = on account of; from. © 


2. Regale civitatis genus—non tam regni, quam regis vitiis 
repudiatum est. de Legg. 3, 7, 15. 3. Si is sometimes used after 


1 Negligens imperii opp. diligens imperii. Chap. 1. 


CONON, CH. IV. 221 


neque id mirandum, si, &c—4. Give instances.—5 
Distinguish between adducere and inducere. 


7 


[3] 1. Explain nulla mora est.—2. What was the 


 weodxuveiv or venerart ?—3. What does Justin call it ?— 


4. Who are 2llz ?—-5. When does Cornelius use this ex- 
pression !/—6. Give an instance.—7. What is manda- 


_ tum ?—8. Since studeo governs the dat., explain quod 


studes. 


[4] 1. Mihi vero: explain the vero—2. How would 
you translate mzhi vero into Greek ? 


EXERCISE. 
It is not to be wondered at, that I am not easily in- 


duced to believe. Conon peeferred setting down his 


views in writing to discussing them in an audience with 
the king. Conon, if he had come into [the king’s] pres- 
ence, must have done homage to him by falling pros- 
trate. Why, for my own part, | have no objection to 
fall prostrate before the king, but I fear that I may not 
perform this ceremony of the barbarians. The state, by 
which | am commissioned, is accustomed to command 
other nations. 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. What tense is judicaverit? [Pr. 


Intr. 418.]—2. To what is negavit equivalent ?—3. 


Govern daret. 





~ 


_ mirari instead of quad, or acc. with infin —as ¢ after Oavpdev. 


4 Mirabar, si tu mihi quidquam afferres novi. Ter. Phorm. 3, 


2,5. Non miror, si qui comedunt bona. H. Ep. 1, 15, 39. 


_ 9. Inducere is mostly used in a bad sense. 


[3] 1. Nulla mora est in or per me: = ‘ I have no objection,’ or 
‘ certainly.’ 2. The person prostrated himself before the king. 
3. Adorare. Conon a regio adspectu et colloquio prohibitus 

est, quod eum more Persarum adorare nollet. 6, 2, 13. 
4. The Greeks: it is used of those whose term is quoted: e. g. of 


_ the Persians, Datam. 8, 2: of the Greeks, Cim. 3, 1. 5. When 


he translates a foreign expression into an unusual Latin one. 
6. Eamque (!egem) illi oblivionis appellarunt. Thrasyb. 3, 2. 
7. A commission given by word of mouth or (as here) in 


writing. 8. The full construction is, guod studes conficere. 
[4] 1. Vero (= ‘in truth’) adds emphasis to the mihi. ‘I for 
my own part, &c. or ‘why I myself, &c. 2. ddd’ énol, &e. 


Cu.IV. [1] 2. To dixit—non. 
19* 


222 ‘ QUESTIONS ON 


[2] 1. What is imperare aliquid alicui?—2. What 
are naves longe ? 

[4] 1. What is deprimere ?—2. What is the corre- 
sponding intrans. verb ? 


EXERCISE. 


I say that that selection is no matter for my determi- 
nation, but for your own, since you (say: ‘ who’) 
ought to know your own [subjects] best. He was not 
easily induced to command the Phenicians to furnish 
ships of war. I fear that I shall not be able to remain 
master of the sea next summer. A brave and cautious 
general will command the king’s forces and fight against 
us, [one] whom we have not been able to overcome 
either in the field or by counsel. I will cause the walls, 
which Conon repaired, to be pulled down. 


Cu. V. [1] 1. What are injure patrie ?—2. What 
gen. is this called? [Pr. Intr. 161, note c.] 

[2] 1. Potius seems superfluous with malle ; with 
what other words is it used, where it seems superflu- 
ous ?—2. Give an example from Cic. of potius—malle. 
—3. Give a similar instance in Greek.—4. What is 
constituere in constituere auctoritatem ?—5. What is the 
corresponding intransitive to constituere ? 

[3] What is evocare ? 

[4] What is addubitare ? 





[2] 1. To command him to furnish the thing spoken of. 


[4] 1. To sink. 2. Sidére. 
Cu. V. [1] 1. * The wrongs of his country,’ i. e. done to his 
country. 


[2] 1. With prestare, and with comparatives. Z. § 747. 

2. Illud peto, ut—hominis ipsius ornamenta adjumento cause po- 
tius, quam impedimento esse malitis : pro Balbo, 7. 3. paddov 
with alpstoOat. 4. To establish his influence: i. e. fix it sz 
firm, that it could hardly be, overthrown. 5. Constare. 

[3] It is the verbum proprium of a magistrate, commander, 
&c., sending for or summoning an inferior to appear before him, on 
account of some public business. 

[4] To ‘ leave doubtful or undecided.’ 


—— = 


a 





' ro a™a*, a 


¥ 


DION, CH. I. 223 


EXERCISE. 


It was his good fortune to free, not only Argos, but 
also the whole of the Peloponnesus. . Conon preferred 


avenging his country’s wrongs to increasing his own 
wealth. Conon acquired great influence by the libera- 
_tion.of Greece. It was my fate to be thrown into pris- 


on, unknown to Tiribazus. 





DION. 


Cu. I. [1] 1. Why is genere in the abl. without a 
preposition? [Them. 1, [2], 6.|—2. Give instances of 
implicare in the sense of ‘ being connected’ with.—3. Ex- 
plain wtrague tyrannide Dionysiorum.—4. What 
does superior mean? and give instances of this usage. 
—5. In what sense does Nep. use on as the past 
particip. of implicare? [Paus. 4, [6], 6.]—6. Parse 
nuptum. 

(2] 1. Distinguish between propinquitas, necessitudo, 


 affinitas, consanguinitas —2. Before what consonants is 


ab found ?—3. Why, probably, is it used here ?—4. Jn- 
genium docile, come, aptum ad artes optimas: explain 
come here as epithet of ingenium.—5. What kind of 
beauty is generally expressed by dignitas? ['Them. 6, 
[1],6.]—6. In non minimum is more or less said, than is 





Cu. I. [1] 2. Omnibus, qui nostris familiaritatibus imp li- 
cantur, Cic. Balb. 27, 60: ita diu vizit, ut multarum etatum 
oratoribus implicaretur, Id. Brut. 47, 174. So implica- 
tos consuetudine et benevolentia: implicatus amicitiis, fa- 
miliarrtate, &c. 3. The abstract tyrannis is used for the 
concrete tyrannus. 4. The elder: so superior Africanus, &c. 

[2] 1. Déd. necessarius. 2. Milt. 1, [5], 4—Jaumann says 
that Cicero often uses it before c, d, 7, n. 3. To avoid another 
@ as termination. 4. Ingenium includes both disposition and 
abilities : come relates to the disposition (animus ;) the other epi- 
thets to abilities (mens.)\—When ingenium is opposed to animus, it 


924 QUESTIONS ON 


really meant ?—7. What name is given in grammar to 
this form of speech? [Alc. 4, [1], 6.]—8. What do 
some editors read instead of commendatur ?—9. How 
does Dahne explain and justify commendatur ? | 

[3] 1. What mood do etsi, quamquam, quamvis re- 
spectively, usually govern? [Pr. Intr. qu. on § 56, p. 
221.]|—2. What is necessitudo ?—3. What is the classi- 
cal word for ‘ even,’ or ‘ still,’ with comparatives ? what 
is its usual position ?—4. What word was used by later 
writers ?—5. What is the meaning of salvuum studebat ? 
—6. Is studére with the accusative usual ? 

[4] 1. Legationes que essent illustriores: why is 
essent in the subj.? [Pr. Intr. i. 476.]|—2. When is the 
person by whom an action is done translated not by a@ or 
ab, but by per ?—3. What is the force of guidem? [Pr. 
Intr. 11. 550.]|—4. What is the usual meaning of obire 
legationem ?—5. If fideliter administrando is not-merely 
a gloss, (that is, an explanation which has crept into 
the text), how must diligenter be explained with obire ? 





takes the narrower meaning of abilities. As however the Romans 
did not make so sharp a distinction, as we do, between abilities and 
disposition, the one word ingeniwm which expresses both collective- 
ly here receives epithets which we should refer to different mental 
endowments. 8. Commendat sc. hominem = amabilem facit, gra- 
tum acceptumque reddit. 9. He says that it is taken recipro- 
cally = ‘ recommends itself ;’ and compares nulla re und magis 
oratorem commendari quam verborum splendore. Cic. Brut. 
59, 216. 

[3] 2. Its usual meaning is ‘ relationship’ by blood or marriage: 
sometimes, however, it is used in the sense of ‘ intimate friendship ;’ 
as Cat. 1,3. Att. 19, 4. 3. Etiam: it tw generally, but 
not always, placed after the comparative. 4. Adhuc. Pr. 
Intr. ii. 331. Z. § 486. 5. He wished him safe: wished to 
see him safe. 6. It frequently occurs with the ace. uf a neut. 
pronoun, or other indefinite word, e. g. eadem, hoc, unum, &c. ;— 
but it is not. common with any other accusative, and it is probable 
that esse should be here inserted’. 

[4] 2. When the action is done by his instrumentality. 4, - 
Though it really denotes only the undertaking of the embassy, it is 
usually extended so as to include the whole manner of conducting 
it. 5. Brerai thinks it denotes such a willing active manner, 
of accepting the post of ambassador, as would show the person to be 
fully in earnest and likely to fulfil its duties faithfully. 


1 Bremi has the esse ; Jaumann encloses it in a parenthesis. 


DION, CH. II. 225 


EXERCISE. 







_ Cimon, the son of Miltiades, was married to his own 
sister, Elpinice by name. He says that he will not suf- 
fer the name of the tyrant to be protected by his [i. e. 
_the speaker’s} popularity. His duties assambassador are 
so faithfully executed by Dion, that the tyrant’s most 
_ cruel name is protected by his popularity. It cannot be 
denied that Dionysius is much influenced by the advice 
of Dion. How few are there (Pr. Intr. 477), who un- 
dertake the post of ambassador with active-readiness, 
and execute its duties with fidelity. Though Dionysius 
was much influenced by Dion’s advice, yet in this mat- 
_ter, his own private feeling was stronger. 


Cu. II. [1] 1. What are the forms for it escapes 
me? [Pr. Intr. 259.]|—2. What are the forms that are 
confined to later writers? [Pr. Intr. 259.]|—3. Does 
ornamentum imply more than ornament? [Them. 2, [3], 
_5.|—4. What is the meaning of secus ?—5. Is non secus 
always followed by atque (ac) ?—6. If not, by what other 
particle ?—7. Does Cicero use that other particle ?—8. 
Does Cicero use haud secus ? 
_ [2] 1. Under what circumstances is Nep. fond. of 
connecting sentences by qui quidem ?—2. What mood 
follows this gui quidem ?—3. When is the indicative used 
after gui quidem ?—4. What force may gui be considered 
_to have when the subjunctive is used ?—5. What is audire 
_aliquem ?—6. Explain venia in: veniam dare. [‘Them. 10, 
[1], 3.J-—7. Explain magna ambitione perducere'. 





Cu. II. [1] 5. No. 6. Sometimes by quam. 7. No. 
8. No. See Pr. Intr. ii. 402. 
[2] 1. When the following gives a striking instance in proof of a 
preceding assertion. 2. The indicative or the subjunctive. 
3. When the following clause is a simple historical statement, and 
when its being actually a fact is to be strongly pointed out. ‘The 
relative is then nearly = ‘is,’ so that qui quidem = ‘ and accord- 
ingly he. 4. That of an ut consequentie = ‘so much so, 
that’ 5. It is the verbum proprium for ‘ attending a person’s 
lecture’ or ‘ studying under him,’ when the pupil is grown up. 
7. With state or pomp. 
1 Ambitio dicitur unque re ad captandam gratiam instituta. Me 
ambition, lige ont esas pompa od focorsvhennmmiaed captains 
Forcellinus. 


s 


226 QUESTIONS ON 


[3] 1. What awkwardness is there in: quippe quem 


venumdari jussisset' 2 
[4] 1. Distinguish between interim, interea. [Pr. 


: 
: 


Intr. li. p. 195, note 7.]—2. What is gravis morbus?—_ 


3. Explain the construction quo guum gravi conflictaretur. 
—4. What prepositions are used after guerere, to govern 


the case of the person ?—5. Give instances of ex and de. 


—6. Give an instance of querere a from Cicero.—7. Si 
forte: when is forte used for ‘ perhaps’ or ‘ perchance ?? 
[Pr. Intr. ii. 737.]—8. Majori esse periculo: does Nep. 
use this phrase elsewhere without the in ?—9. Does he 


ever use it with zn?—10. Could periculo esse be used — 


without in, periculo having no adjective in agreement ?— 
11. Give an instance from Cicero of the omission of in. 
—12. What does faterentur mean ?—13. Give an in- 
stance of fateri = to ‘declare.—14. Govern velle. [Pr. 
Intr. 460, (c) 1.] 

[5] 1. When is et used where we should use but? 
[Pr. Intr. ii. 233.]—2. What is sopor in: soporem dare? 


EXERCISE. 


The Athenians have cruelly wronged Miltiades, inas- 


much as they have ordered him to be cast into prison’®. 





[3] 1. The change of the subject: Plato being the nom. of the 
principal sentence. 

[4] 2. A severe or dangerous disorder. 3. = quum eo, et 
quidem gravi conflictaretur. ~4. Querere ex, a or de aliquo. 
5. (1) Quesivi ex Phanid. Cic. Liscum retinet ; querit ex solo, 


&c. Ces. (2) querebat paullo ante de me, Cic. 6. Quero 
nunc a te,° Hortensi, &c. 8. Yes: below 8, [2]. Dat. 5, 3. 
- Hann. 9,2. Ham. 2, 1. 9. Yes. Att. 10, 2. 10. No. 


11. Commonendum putavi, ne quo periculo te proprio 


existimares esse: in magno omnes, sed tamen in communi sumus : — 





ad Fam. 4, 15, 2. 12. = Aperirent, declararent, Jaumann — 


says: but still there might be in a physician a supposed wish to con- 
ceal it. 13. Sall. Cat. 47,2: eadem Galli fatentur. 


[5] 2. ‘A sleeping draught: the cause for the effect: and it is — 


implied that it was strong enough to make him sleep forever. 


1 Bremi thinks we should read, quippe qui eum venumdari jussisset. 
2 In carcerem conjici. 


© Verr. 2, 3,83. Quero abs te nunc, Hortensi: cum utrisne tandem istius fac- 


tum collaturus es? Klotz. 





- 


4 


— nl 


~ 


DION, CH. III. 227 


_ Dion asked the physicians whether perchance Dionysius 
was in great danger. Dion converses with Dionysius 


1 


_ about a division of the kingdom, saying that he thought 


the sons of Aristomache should have a share. Dionysius 
the younger did not tolerate this, but compelled the 


_ physicians to give his father a [deadly] sleeping-draught. 


Cu. III. [1] 1. Prove from Nep. that Déderlein 


is wrong in confining simultas to political enmity '—2. 


How should it probably be defined ?—3. What is prob- 


_ ably its derivation ?—4. Does aliquamdiu mean for some 


considerable time ?—5. What is the inf. of arcesseret ?— 
6. How is arcesso formed ?—7. Is accerso a correct 
form ?—8. In qui vellet, how do you explain the sub- 


- junctive ? 


[2] 1. What is the force of gue in: eodemque tem- 
pore?—2. What is meant by tyrannis here?—3. In 
Latin could such a combination as “a work upon astro- 
nomy,” &c., be translated literally? [Pr. Intr. 1. Caut. 
7, e.|—4. How must it be translated ? 

[3] 1. Explain autem in: Plato autem.—2. Ex- 
plain the tense of persuaserit. [ Milt. 5, [2], 1-3.]}-—3. 
What would be the usual tense ?—4. What is the mean- 
ing of aliquanto ? 


EXERCISE 


I have entered more at large upon this in my book 
upon Astrology. I shall not be deterred from this in- 





Cu. IIL. [1] 1. Att.17,1, se numquam cum sorore fuisse in 
simultate. 2. As the reciprocal hatred that arises from coming 
into collision, whether in public or private life: thus in Atticus’s case 
it was a sister nearly of his own age: quam prope equalem habebat. 

3. Simul, not simulare. 4. Yes. 5. Arcessire according 
to Freund: though MSS. and editions vary much. 6. Itis a 
causative from accedo, as incesso from incedo. 7. Yes: accord- 
ing to Déderlein, Kritz, &c. 8. Qui vellet = quippe qui 
vellet, giving the motive that induced Dionysius to send for Plato. 

[2] 1. According to Bremi, Daihne, and Jaumann, = porro or 
preterea: [‘ and | moreover’ 2. Absolute power in the abstract. 


1 Schultz says, hatred, especially as racpeiraiced | itself in political hostility: 
it.does not carry with it any notion of a secret feeling, but is rather to be 
rived from simu/, than from simulare. 





228 QUESTIONS ON 


tention by any advice of yours. There is no doubt that — 
he wished to restore liberty to the Syracusans. You 
-are considerably more a friend to despotic power [in 
the abstract,| than to any despotic-ruler. I never left 
off imploring Dionysius, to restore liberty to the Syra 

cusans. Dion, who admired and dearly-loved Plato, 
wished to comply with his request. 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. How is ‘to fear one another’ to be 
translated ?—2. What is usually supposed to be omitted 
in this construction ?—3. Give other instances of this 
construction.—4. Explain preoccupare. 

[2] 1. Explain aliquid magne est invidie alicui.—2. 
Explain omnia que moveri poterant Dionis.—3. Is tmpo- 
nere in aliqud re ever found ?—4. In sic enim existimari — 
volebat, id se non odio hominis, sed sue salutis fecisse — 
causa, what word appears to us superfluous? [Pr. Intr. 
ii. Diff. of Id. 28.] 

[3] 1. What tense of the indicative generally follows 
postquam or postea quam? [Pr. Intr. 514.]}—2. What 
part of speech is nuptum ? : 

[4] What forms are used in Latin instead of et nemo, 
et nullus, et numquam? [Pr. Intr. 80.] © 

[5] 1. Explain usgue eo.—2. Give an instance of 
usque eo followed by ut or ne.—3. Can you produce any — 





Cu. IV. [1] 1. Timére inter se. 2. Se: the full construe- 
tion being timére se inter se’. 3. Neque solum colent inter 
se ac diligent, sed, &c. Cic. de Amic.22: quum inter se com- 
plexi in terram ex equis decidissent, Nep. Eum. 4,2: so inter se 
ludere; inter se adspicere, &c. 4. Its proper meaning is to take 
into possession before another person: when applied to persons it is 
either to anticipate or (as here) to remove him out of the way; or 
destroy him before he is on his guard, &c. 

[2] 1. It brings much odium upon him; makes him very un- 
popular, Fc. 2. = Omnia Dionis, que moveri poterant: all 

ion’s moveables. 3. See Cim. 4, [1], 6. 

[5] 1. Literally, up to thither = up to such a point, to such 
a degree. 2. Quod ubi iste audivit, usque eo est commotus, 
ut, &c. Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 18. 3. Chabr. 1,3: hoe usque eo 
tota Grecia fama celebraium est, ut—Chabrias—voluerit. 


1 Hand denies this, Tursell. vol. iii. 397: though he allows that as novimus 
nos = novi te et tu novisti me, SO novimus nos inter nos is found pleonastically, _ 
but never noverunt se (unless = noverunt se ipsos) nor noverunt se inter se. 


Be 


a DION, CH. V. 229 


other example from Nep. ?—4. Qui—deducerent - why 
does qui here take the subjunctive? [Pr. Intr. 483.] 


} EXERCISE. 


_ The boys love each other. Caius was so utterly 

- unable to endure slavery, that he destroyed himself 

, There are some who plunge themselves into rietous 

_ living. There are some who are not allowed to be ever 
sober fora moment. All Sempronius’s moveable prop- 
erty must be put on board, and sent to him. There are 
some who, from being indulged, are filled with the vilest 
desires. He wished it to be thought, that the boy had 
thrown himself from an upper story. 


Cu. V. [1] 1. What tense does postquam usually 
take ?—2. When does postguam mostly take the pluperf.? 
[ Pr. Intr. 514.] 

[2] 1. Construe multorum annorum tyrannis.—2. Give 
a similar instance from this chapter.—3. Explain tyran- 
nis.—4. Govern magnarum opum in: magnarum opum 
putabatur—5. Explain opes. [ Milt. 5, [5], 6.|—6. Give 
other instances of societas with the gen. of what the 
person spoken of takes a share in. 

3] 1. Is tyranni an objective or subjective gen- 
itive ? [Pr. Intr. 161, note c.]—2. Distinguish between 
onerarie naves and longe naves.—3. Distinguish between 
percellere and percutere—4. Give all the forms for ‘three 
days after he reached Sicily.’ [Pr. Intr. 310.]—5. Is 
there any thing remarkable in the tense introierit ? [Pr. 
Intr. 418, a.] 

[4] 1. How is ad used in ad se venturum?—2. Give 
another instance from Nep. 





Cu. V. [2] 2. Quinquaginta annorum imperium. 
Demigrationis societatem, Milt. 1,2: tantum abfuit a socie- 
tate sceleris, ‘Timol. 1, 3: quam diffciles plerisque videntur 
calamitatum societates, Cic. de Amic. 17, 64. 

[3] 3. Percellere is to give any thing such a, blow, that the con- 
sequences of it remain for a long time: percutere denotes a sudden 
and violent blow, the effects of which are most formidable at first, 
and gradually decrease: hence percellere is often used nearly in the 
sense of evertere. 

[4] 1. For adversus; as zpés for éxt, 2. Ad hostem vehi 
Dat. 4, 5. 


20 


230 QUESTIONS ON 


[5] 1. For what is iis ipsis used ?—2. Give an in- 
stance from Cesar of the person by whose means, 
&c., being put in the abl.—3. What is spiritus in the 
plural ’—4. What then is regios spiritus?—5. What 
verb besides reprumere is used of crushing &c. the spirit? 

[6] 1. What is the meaning of vellet here ?—2. Why 
is obtineret in the subj. ? 


EXERCISE. 


On the third day after Dion had arrived at Corinth, 
Heraclides was banished. By this we see that a tyran- 
ny that has lasted many years is supposed to be one of 
extensive resources and great strength. [Men’s] hatred 
against the tyrant was so great, that Dion easily over- 
threw his government [now] of many years’ duration. 
Dionysius thought that nobody would come against him 
with a few merchant vessels. ‘The king’s proud spirit 
was crushed by Dion within five days after he first 
reached Sicily. 


Cu. VI. [1] 1. Is consecuta stronger than secuta? 
—2. Explain sua mobilitate—3. From what are the 
metaphorical expressions efferre, demergere taken ?—4. 
Est adorta: Drakenborch thinks that here and in 'Thrasyb. 
2, 5, we should read adorsus from adordiri; is this ne- 
cessary ? 





[5] 1. For eorum ipsorum opera, auxilio; or, per eos ipsos,— 

is Z. § 455. Note. 2. Militibus—fossam perducit; B. G. 1, 8, 

i. 3. It generally means an over-confident proud spirit: as 
noratis—s piritus tribunicios. Cic. p. Cluent. 39, 109. 4. 
The tyrant’s proud spirit. 5. F'rangere: as Liv. 1, 31, fracti_ 
simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces. So 26, 24: quo- 
rum se vim ac epiritue—jr egisse. 

[6] 1. § Was ready’ or ‘ consented :’ the treaty not having taken 
eff ct. 2. Properly wt is omitted; but the terms of a treaty are 
frequently expressed shortly in this way. 

Cu. VI. [1] 1. Yes: it denotes the rapid, sudden following of 
the second event. See Them. 7, [2], 2. 2. = ex sua mobilitate, 
‘in conformity with,’ ‘according to—or in English, ‘with her 
usual fickleness.’ 3. From the waves bearing up a vessel, or 
allowing it to sink. 4. No: adorior, properly I rise up for any 
thing, has also the meaning of rising up to undertake a dif fice ult 


DION, CH. VI. 231 


[2] 1. In filio suam vim exercuit : why not filium'? 
—2. What does the zn with abl. describe ?-—3. Explain 
reduxisset.—4. What have you to remark on parens ? 

[4] 1. How would et be construed here in English? 
[Pr. Intr. ii. 233.]—2. When are et, gue, used for ‘ but ?” 
{Ib.|—3. What is the derivation of rhapsodia ?—4. 
When rhapsodia is used without any mention of the 
poem, which of Homer’s epic poems is meant ?—5. 
Quote the verse alluded to.—6. Why is omnia in sua 
potestate esse velle better than se omnia—velle ? 

[5] 1. What is obseguium here as opposed to acer- 
bitas ?—2. What is interficiendum curare ? 


EXERCISE. 


Heraclides did not endure this, but got up a party [in 
he state.] Dion did not endure this, but attempted to 
exercise his authority against Heraclides. Dion having 





task, and is stronger than adorsus. ‘The phrase oppugnare adorior, 
which is the phrase in Thrasyb. 2, 5, occurs four times in Livy. B. 
[2] 1. That would imply authority or influence exercised against 
him, instead of merely in his case, with reference to him. 
The person or object with reference to which the action is completed. 
3. The full expression would be reduxisset in matrimonium. 
So Suet. Dom. 8; 0b reductam in matrimonium uxorem. 4. First, 
its position, by which it is not only made emphatic itself, but also 
adds emphasis to gravissimum vulnus : (2) that parens denotes the 
natural relation of a parent to ason: pater rather the civil relation, 
with reference to the rights of a father. 
[4] 3. pdrrew ddjv. 4, ‘The Iliad. 
5. ob« dyabov modvKotpavin’ els kolpavos EoTw, 
els Bactdgds, 4 OxrA. IL 2, 204. 
6.. By thus prefixing se, omnia would lose its emphatic force: the 
omission of the se is quite in Nepos’s manner. B. See Them. 7, 4. 
[5] 1. Conciliation. 


1 Kritz on in amicis fideles (Sall. Cat. 9, 2,) has this excellent remark: Hoc 
fit, ubi verbum ita comparatum est, ut et per ‘in’ prepositionem accusativo 
junctam cum objecto aliquo arcte coalescat, que vulgaris est ratio, et absolute 
cogitari possit, ita ut vim suam non in objectum exserat, sed per se generali 
sensu positum addito ablativo cum ‘in’ prepositione accuratius definiatur, quippe 
quo res illa significetur, in qua absoluta ejus actio versatur, vel que actioni 
causam aut originem prebuit. Talem verbi cum ablativo conjuncti rationem si 
explicaveris formuld quod attinet ad, vim constructionis plane fueris 
assecutus, nullumque locum non expedies.—Probably Hand explains the relation 
oS in with the add. better than by quod attinet ad (which is too general) thus * 

denotes, “ rem, in aliquis versatur agendo, aut quam quis agens spectat 
Turs. iii. p. 269. que arequ q quis agens sp 


232 QUESTIONS ON 


vxercised his authority in the case of his son, receives 
the severest wound a husband [can receive] by the 
death of his wife. Dion did not endure this, but at- 
tempted to crush by severity the party which he ought 
to have won by conciliation. 


Cu. VII. [2] 1.-Quum quotidiani maximi fieren. 
sumtus: how would you construe guotidianus ?—2. Ex- 
plain the principle which quotidianus here illustrates.— 
3. Give instances.—4. What does manus porrigere mean 
by implication ?—5. Is manus porrigere used by another 
writer in this sense ?—6. Some MSS. omit the 7m and 
read nist amicorum possesstones ; what difference would 
this make ?—7. Give the derivation of porrigere.—8. 
Explain amittere optimates. 

[3] 1. What is male audire?—2. Govern audiendi 
[Pr. Intr. 183.]—3. Can you produce an example from 
a prose writer of the golden age ? 


Cu. VIII. [1] 1. Hee ille intuens: have we met 
with this form before in Corn. Nep.? [Alc. 4, 1.]—2. 
Construe guorsum evaderent.—3. Give the derivation of 





Cu. VII. [2] 1. By the adverb, ‘every day.’ 2. Adjectives 
denoting time are placed with an emphatic force where we should 
use adverbs. 3. Seras conditiones pacis tentantem, for sero, Suet. 
Oct. 17: and in this very life of Corn. Nep. celeri rumore dilato, 10, 
[1], for celeriter. 4. To appropriate them to himself; to take 
them away by violence: the antecedens, i. e. the preceding action 
of stretching out the hands being used for the consequens, 
the final action of taking the property away *. 5. Yes, by Curt., 
who, however, has ad not in: jam etiam ad pecora nostra avaras 
et instabiles manus porrigis, 7, 8, 19. 6. The nisi amicorum 
possessiones would then be connected with the principal sentence, 
neque—suppetebat: if in is expressed, it is connected with the verb 
of the accessory sentence, porrigeret. 7. Pro, forth, forwards ; 
regere, to direct. 8. = amittere favorem optimatum. 

[3] 1. To be spoken ill of. 3. Yes: homines insueti- 
laboris, Ces. B. G. 7, 30. 

Cu. VIII. [1] 2. *‘ What would be the end of it’ 3. Quo 


1 Jt is curious to observe that in English we should use either this prepara- 
tory action, of stretching out the hands, or another preparatory action one de 
gree nearer to the real action implied, that of laying our hands upon the property 

question. ; 


DION, CH. VIII, ~< 233 


guorsus or quorsum.—4. Distinguish between callidus 
and ad fraudem acutus——5. How is ‘any’ translated 
after sine? [Pr. Intr. 390, (a).]|—6. How should we 
express homo sine ulla religione ac fide ?—7. The general 
rule for the use of ac is, that it adds a stronger notion to 
a preceding one: is not fides less than religio?—8. Adit 
ad Dionem: is the ad always repeated after adire ?—9. 
Give an instance from Cicero of the repetition of the ad. 

[2] 1. Is the right reading probably in magno peri- 
culo esse, or, magno periculo esse?—2. Nisi—alicur: 
why is aliquis, not quis, used after nist ?—3. Lili inimi- 
cum: is tmmicus always followed by the dat. ?—4. Quem 
si invenisset idoneum—cogniturum [esse]; this is in oblique 
narration, how should it stand in direct narration ?—5. 
_ Dissidenti: what is understood ? 
[3] 1. Is partes excipere a usual construction ?—2. 
 Conjurationem confirmat: what is the meaning of confir- 
mat here ? 

[4] 1. Explain elata—2. What is understood after 
conveniunt ? 

[5] 1. Non modo non—sed: what is Hand’s expla- 





versus. 4. Callidus denotes the tact and skill acquired by per- 
sonal experience: ad fraudem acutus relates to his natural disposi- 
tion. 6. A man without a conscience. 7. Yes: but the being 
without any fides is a stronger notion in the descending scale of 
wickedness; it is a worse thing. 8. No. 9. Ad me adire 
quosdam memini,—qui dicerent, &c., ad Fam. 3, 10: the construc- 
tion with ad is the usual one, to express the simple notion of going to 
a person or place: the construction with the acc. only is the more 
common, when the verb has the accessory notion of visiting a man 
to make a request, or to consult or advise with him, &c. 

(2) 1. ree periculo esse: ‘to be in danger’ is, in periculo 
esse, versari, .: but the in is usually omitted when periculo has 
an adjective agreeing with it. 2. It means some one definite per- 
son, though without mentioning the individual: quis is the indefinite 
‘any. Pr. Intr. 392, and note x. 3. No: we have inimici ejus 
below. 4. Si hunc inveneris—cognosces. 5. Dissidenti se. 
a Dione. 

[3] 1. No: partes suscipere is the usual construction, but 
excipere is also used occasionally, where suscipere is the usual 
form: thus suscipere simultates, inimicitias, less commonly 


excipere: suscipere labores and excipere. 2. Firmiorem 
facit: strengthens. 
[4] 1. = Enuntiata. Pausan. 4, 6. 2. Eum. 


[5] 1. That the sed states apenoling greater and stronger that 
20 | is 


234 QUESTIONS ON . 


nation of sed after non solum, non modo, &c., as compared 
with sed etiam ?—2. Is conata neut. pl. as common as 
conatus ? 


EXERCISE ON CH. VII. VIII. 


I am filled with the greatest alarm. I do not know 
how [all] this will end. It cannot be denied that great 
sums are spent every day. If such sums are spent eve- 
ry day, money will soon begin to rum short. I know 
that one Callicrates, a man without a conscience, was 
his enemy. I have nothing to lay my hands upon, ex- 
cept the possessions of the aristocracy. ‘There is no 
doubt, that if all are filled (partic.) with such alarm, you 
will lose the favor of the aristocracy. Dion.commis- 
sions one Callicrates to pretend to be his enemy. If you 
find this person fit-for-your-purpose, all will betray their 
real sentiments to him. 


Cu. IX.. [1] 1. What festival was it?—2. What is 
conventus ?—3. In what parts of a Greek or Roman house 
were the apartments to which a person would retire to 
sleep, or generally to avoid noise and interruption !—4. 
Explain conscit. 

[2] 1. What is ornare ?—2. What then is armatis 
ornare ?—3. Give an instance from Cesar of emercére 
remiges.—4. How may quo fugeret ad salutem be con- 
strued ?—5.. What is understood ? 

[4] How is notitia used in propter notitiam ? 





takes the pace of what has been wholly rejected. Pr. Intr. ii..504. 
See Thras. 1, [5]. 2. No: but it has sufficient authority: e. g. 
conata perficere, Ces. B. G. 1, 3. 

Cu. IX. [1] 1. The festival of Proserpina, who was worshipped 
in Sicily with great honors. 2. In the sense in which it is here 
used of a religious assembly, a festival, it is rare in the golden age. 

3. In the upper part of the house, or in the rooms that looked 
into the atrium. 4. = Conscii conjurationis ; i. e. conjurati. 

[2] 1. Ornare frequently means to furnish or equip any thing ; 
to supply it with all that was necessary, to put it in a complete 


state. 2. ‘To man a ship; to put into a ship its full comple- 
ment of fighting men. 3. Per causam exercendorum 
remigum, B C. 3, 24. 4. A place of refuge. 5. If 


such a place should be required ; zf he should fail. 
[4] In a passive sense : in consequence of their being known to 


DION, CH. X. 235 


5] 1. What is singularis potentia ?—2. Translate 
“ I had rather be feared than loved” in two ways. [Pr. 
Intr. 145, 146.] 

[6] 1. Who are meant by the ili ipsi custodes ?—2. 
Is propitia generally used in the same sense as here? 
—3. Give an instance of its application to men. 


EXERCISE. 


With this view Dion stayed at home and took no part 
in the festival. He mans (partic.) a trireme, and gives 
the command of it to a trusty person. I will give the 
command of this party (Say: of these) to a certain 
person, who is not to leave the door. I gave the com- 
mand of this party to a trusty person, who was not to 
leave the door. He says that they shall have no where 
to fly to for security. It is said that one Lyco gave 
[them] through the window a sword to kill Dion with. 
| Pr. Intr. 478.] If you are well disposed towards me, 
you may save me. If you had been well disposed to- 
wards me, you might have saved me. 


Cu. X. [1] 1. What are the two meanings of con- 
cidere ?—2. Give an instance of the latter meaning. . 
[ Hann. 3, 4.]—3. Constrie celert rumore dilato. 

[2] 1. Hujus de morte ut palam factum est: is this a 
usual construction ?—2. Give instances of de being used 
in this way to describe vaguely and generally an event 





them. So virtus—notitiam sere posteritatis habet, Ov. Pont. 
4, 8, 48. 

_ [5] 1. The government of a single person: so singulare impe- 
rium, &c. Regg. 2, 2. 

[6] 1. In $1, it is said: domum custodiis (= custodibus) 
sepit: these guards admitted the Zacynthians. 2. No: it is 
usually applied to the gods only. 3. Parentes pro pitii. 
Ter. Adelph. 1, 1, 6. 

Ca. X. [1] 1. To cut down suddenly, or cut to pieces ut- 
terly. 3. ‘The rumor being quickly spread.’ See note on 
quotidiani above, 7, [2]. 

[2] 1. No: the usual construction is palam facere aliquid : .as ; 
Hac re palam facta, Hann. 7, 7. 2. Addunt de Sabini 
morte, Ces. B. G. 5, 41: de defectione patris detulit, 


236 QUESTIONS ON 


with its attendant circumstances.—3. Give an instance 
of stc with an adverb.—4. Explain the tenses of possent, 
cuperent. [Pr. Intr. 439; and Alcib. 2, [1], 7.] 

[3] 1. What is celeber of place ?—2,. What is pub- 
lice ?—3. What is the Latin for in a public place ? 


EXERCISE. 


There is no doubt that so dreadful a crime displeases 
many. Anger succeeded to pity so suddenty, that it 
seemed as if they would kill him themselves, if they 
could. Having left nothing behind him to pay for his 
funeral (see Arist. 3, [2],) he was buried at the public 
expense. ‘Those who call me a tyrant in my life-time, 
will after my death extol me as the father of my country. 





IPHICRATES. 


Cu. I. [1] 1. Non tam magnitudine rerum gesta- 
rum, quam disciplina militari nobilitatus est: does this 
form disparage his res geste ?—2. Give an instance 
from Cicero of nobilitar: in the sense of what had become 
famous. “ 

[2] 1. Distinguish, between multum and sepe. [ Milt. 
8, [2], 2.]—2. Distinguish between nusqguam and num- 
guam.—3. What are unclassical forms for no where ?— 
4. When only can partum—partim be used ? 





Dat. 7,1. So ra rept rdv pévor. 3. Grecas litteras—sic avide 
arripui quasi, &c. Cic. de Senect. 8, 26. See Pr. Intr. ii. 779. 

[3] 1. Crowded, thronged, public, &c. e. g. portum Caiete ce- 
leberrimum atque plenissimum navium. Cic. pro Leg. Man. 
12, 33. 2. At the public expense. 3. In publico. 

Cu. I. [1] 1. No’: but states that his disciplina militaris was 
even more remarkable, and more famous ; the nobilitatus est bei 
the point insisted on. 2. Nobilitata crudelitas. Off. 2, 7, 26. 

[2] 3. Nuspiam and nullibi. 4. When an actual division 
is to be expressed. Pr. Intr. ii. 281. | 


1 We must then suppose fuit enim talis duz, &c. to mean that he was in 
that respect (i. e. as a master of the theory and practice of the military art) in- 
ferior to none. 


- 


IPHICRATES, CH. II 237 


[3] Why is wterentur used, not ust essent ? 

[4] 1. What does Bremi, after Girenz, say of e con- 
trario?—2. What does Hand say to this?—3. Does 
Nep. use e contrario in other passages ?—4. Distinguish 
between parma and pelta.—5. Why is appellantur in the 
present ?—6. What does modus mean-here ?—7. What 
are serte (lorice) ?—8. Are serte atque enee two kinds 
of lorice ?—9. How is et used in, quod eque corpus tege- 
ret, et leve esset ?—10. Give an instance of et —et ta- 
men.—11. What is peculiar in the use of curavit here ? 
—12. Give an instance. 


EXERCISE. 


Iphicrates was so great a general, that he never lost 
a battle by any fault of his own. Is any general of 
earlier times to be preferred to Iphicrates? Iphicrates 
is said never to have lost a battle by his own fault. 
Iphicrates enriched the art of war by many new inven- 
tions and many improvements. ‘Though we diminish 
the weight [of their armor], their persons will be equally 
well defended, and the soldiers themselves will be able 
to move and charge with greater activity. 


- Cu.Il. [1] 1. Prefuit ut—fuerint: explain the 
ppbie of fuerint. [Pr. Intr. 418,a. See Milt. 5, [2], 


% 

_ [3] Because the meaning to be expressed is, that they had been 

in the habit of having, &c. 

Cs [4] 1. That contrario has no authority ; that e contrario is used 
_by Nep. and Quintilian ; ex contrario by Cicero. 2. That e 
_tontrario = contra ; ex contrario = ex altera parte contraria : and 

- that there is no reason for rejecting e contrario in Cic. de Fin. 5, 12, 

: 3. Yes: Eum. 1, 5; Hann. 1,2; Att. 9, 3. 4. 

éd. scutum. See Dict. of ‘Antiqa. 5. To denote that it was 

“ their regular constant appellation. 6. The length. re 

a uirasses consisting of metallic plates connected by leather thongs 

sowed to a skin or piece of strong linen. 8. No: the aique . 

» is explicative = ‘and those of bronze, implying that they were 

_ therefore exceedingly heavy. . To connect two notions of 

¥ one the latter might seem inconsistent with the former: = ‘ and 

t, ‘and nevertheless. Pr. Intr. ii. 220. 10. Magister hic 

omnitium summa jam senectute est, et quotidie commentatur. 
Cie. de Or. 3, 23, 86. 11. It is seldom used in this sense ab- 
solutely, that i is, without another verb. 12. Signa, que nobia 
curasti, &c. Cic. Att. 1, 3, 2. 





Sepes: 
238 QUESTIONS ON 


3.J]—2. Why*ts ut nullus, not ne quis, used here? [Pr. 
Intr. 81.]—3. Dicto audientem esse alicui: parse dicto : 
and distinguish between parére, obedire, dicto audientem 
esse, obsequi, obtemperare. 

[2] 1. What is the meaning of eam in, eam consuetu- 
dinem ?—2. What is consistere ? 

[3] 1. Explain mora.—2. How does it appear to be 
used here ?—3. What is intercipere ? and what does in- 
ter mean in composition ?—4. Tota Grecia: why notin 
tota Grecia? 

[4] 1. What must be sisted before appellate sunt ? 
—2. From whom were they called Fabiani ? 


Cu. III. [1] 1. Explain the use of autem here. 

[2] 1. Give the meaning of parum.—2. Give an in- 
stance of guum—tum maxime from Cicero. 

[4] 1. Contra ea: what authors of the golden age 





Cu. IL. [1] 3. Déd. parére. 
2] 1. = Such: ‘tha?’ is sometimes used in this sense in Eng- 
lish. 2. The regular military term for taking up a position. 

[3] 1. Mora = pépa, poipa [ = 4 Aéxo] was a regiment of the 
Spartan army, consisting of 4, 5, 6, 7, or even 9 hundred men, at 
different times and according to ‘different authors.! 2. To de- 
signate a body of Lacedemonian troops, as phalanx for a body of 
Macedonians. 3. Inter in composition denotes the interposi- 
tion of some obstacle between an attempt and its success: thus in- 
terdicere and intercedere.—Intercipere = to take them before their 
purpose was accomplished ; hence to intercept, to cut off, especially 
by a stratagem or sudden ‘attack. 4. The ablative without in 
is used to express, not some point within a whole, but extension 
over the whole. 

[4] 1. Cum laude, or some such expression, implied by the fol- 
lowing clause. 2. From Fabius cunctator, the first successful 
opponent of Hannibal. ; 

Cu. III. [1] 1. It is the weak autem of transition = 6é Pr. 
Intr. ii. 481. 

[2] 1. It always implies that the quantity is not only little, but 
less than it should be: too little. 2. Quum muitis in rebus 
negligentia plectimur, tum maxime in amicitiis et diligendis et 
colendis. de Amicit. 22, 85, (Klotz): and de Off 3, 11,47. [Pr. 
Intr. ii. P. 207, w) 1.] | 

[4] . Cws. and Livy,—not Cicero 







i rae Dict. of Antiqq. makes the original number 400: but in Xenophog 
time 600. 


| CHABRIAS, CH. I. 239 


_ ase this form = contra ?—2. Give other instances from 
Nep. [Pref. [6]: Alcib. 8, 4: Con. 5, 4: Epam. 
‘ I 


+10, 4. 


EXERCISE ON CH. II. Ill. 


_ Iphicrates is said to have preserved an extremely 
strict discipline. Iphicrates won great glory by cutting 
off a Lacedemonian mora. Artaxerxes applied to the 
_ Athenians for a general, to train his mercenary troops, 
_and bring them to a high state of discipline. He will 
not retire till he has taken the city, [and] burnt it to the 
ground. Will you inspire any one with admiration by 
your personal appearance? [No.] Menestheus the son 
of Iphicrates by a Thracian lady, was asked which he 
respected most, his father or his mother ? 





a 


CHABRIAS. 


Cu. I. [2] 1. What cases does fidere govern ?—2. 
Give an mstance of the abl. from Cicero—3. What is 
_Agesilao victoria fidente ?—4. What is there peculiar 
in this construction ’—5. Can you give any other in- 
stance of this ?—6. Is ‘ phalana’ used elsewhere of any 
Greeks, except the Macedonians ?—7. What is obnixo 


aa 





. 3 ae, 


_ Cu. I. [2] 1. The dat. or the abl. 2. Hac (Cynosura] 
_fidunt duce nocturna Phenices in alto. poet. in N. D.2, 41: hee 
_ sunt opera magni animi et excelsi, et prudentia consilio- 
que fidentis. de Off. 1, 23, 81. 3. Agesilaus—feeling sure of 
victory. 4. That the abl. does not express the ground of this 
confidence, the thing in which he trusts, as in consilio fidere, &c., 
but the object of it, the thing which he confidently expects. .. 
_ The nearest is the common phrase fidens rebus suis: in poetry 
_ the object -is usually expressed by the inf. as in parum fidens 
_ pedibus contingere matrem, Luc. 4, 615: fisus cuncta sibi ce s- 
 8ura pericula Cesar, Id. 5, 577. 6. Yes: que prima pha- 
langem prostravit Laconum: Pel. 4, 2. 7. Resting their 


1 Hand says: “ Bremius observavit, Cornelium contra non nisi, Alc. 8, 1: 
Ages. 7,4; et Epam. 6, [1], contraque dixisse. Id fortasse argumentum erit 
qua@stionis de auctore hujus libri instituende.”’ Vol. ii. p. 124. 


240 QUESTIONS ON 


genu scuto?—8. Describe the position—9. What is 
more usual than projicere hastam ?—10. What is, id novum 
contuens ?—11. Which is the stronger, contuens or in- 
twens, cernens ?—12. With what verb would you compare 
contuert ? 

[3] 1. Tota Grecia: when is the abl. used without 
in? [Iphicrat. 2, [3], 4.|—2. What is status ?—3. Who 
are the artifices here meant ? 


Cu. II. [1] 1. Sua sponte gessit: construe this. 
[Cim. 3, [3], '7.|—2. May sua sponte and sponte sua be 
used indifferently ? [Milt. 1, [4], 5. }73. Regnum ei 
constituit: is constituere more than parare? if so, 
what zs its force ? 

[2] Neque prius inde decessit, quam totam insulam 
bello devinceret: ‘he did not depart till he had con- 
guered the whole island’—how is it that the Latin lan- 
guage, which generally marks the completion of a pre- 
ceding action more carefully than our own, here uses the 
imperf. where we should use the pluperf. ? 

[3] What is magnas predas facere ab aliquo? 





shields on-[one] knee.’ 8. ‘ The soldier places his right foot for- 
ward, bends the right knee, and stretches out his left foot behind 
him. He points his spear with both hands, and also rests the bottom 
of the shaft on his shield which is placed before his breast, supported 
by that and the right knee. The spear thus resting on the shield, 
the shield being supported by the soldier’s body, and the weight of 
his body being thrown on the left leg, which is extended backwards, | 
the greatest possible force is exerted against the enemy, whose charge 
is received in this position.’ Méser. 9. Porri gere hastam’, 
10. ‘ When he saw this which was a new position ? = rodre 76 katvév 5 
or TovTo, Kavov by, 11. Contuens = ‘ beholding with attentio n 
or astonishment. 12. With conspicere = atientius intueri: 
e.g. quos ubi Afranius procul visos cum Petreio cons pexit, 
nova re perterritus—constitit. B.C, 1, 65. 
[3] 2. Position: posture, attitude. 3. Actors, musicians, &c, 
Cu. II. [1] 3. Constituere = parare et firmum reddere. . 
'2] Probably to mark out that his not withdrawing till he had 
conquered the whole island, was, not only an historical event, but — 
also a purpose: that he was determined not to leave the island, and 
accordingly did not leave it, till he had conquered the whole. 
[3] Prede, pl., is here used for any gain: so Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 


1 dépara 6p0& rporetvapévovs, Polyen. ii. 1, 2. 





CHABRIAS, CH. III. 241 


EXERCISE ON CH. I. Il. 


It is certain that Chabrias has fought a battle before 
Thebes. It cannot be denied that Chabrias has marched 
to the assistance of the Beotians. The rest of the 
main-body would not retire. A statue-was erected to 
Chabrias, for having taught his men to kneel down 
behind their shields and await the charge of the enemy 
with a line of pointed spears. Chabrias wished that 
his statue should be represented in the [kneeling] pos- 
ture, which, by his directions, his men had assumed, 
and which had gained them the victory. I will not 
withdraw till I conquer the whole island. 


Cu. Ill. [1] 1. Questum, quod—zgereret: why is 
gereret in the subjunctive? [Pr. Intr. il. 833, and 836.] 
—2. Is qgueri always followed by guod? [lb.—See Z. 
§ 629.]—3. What is cum Aigyptiis ?—4. What is de- 
nuntiare ?—5. What is neque here equivalent to ? 

[2] 1. When does non stand first in a sentence? 
[Pr. Intr. ii. 102.]}—2. Construe liberalius, quam ut 
posset effugere. [Pr. Intr. Diff. of Idiom, 94.] 

[3] 1. Explain the use of ut in: ut invidia glorie 
comes sit.—2. Neque intuuntur: from what verb does 
intuuntur come ? 

[4] 1. Fecerunt idem: explain this use of facere.—2. 
_ What does it mean in the next chapter: id ceteri facere 
_ noluerunt ?—3. Dissimilis horum et factis et moribus: 





_ 50, mazximos questus predasque fecisse. The phrase seems here 
to mean all that the Egyptians gave Agesilaus for his services. 

Cu. Ill [1] 3. = una cum Aigyptiis: eos adjuvans. \. 
To declare in a positive, threatening manner. 5. Neque tamen; 
neque vero. 

[3] 1. Pr. Intr. ii. 826: where for nown read pronoun.—See Z. 
§ 621, and Notes. 2. From intuor for intueor : which frequently 
occurs in Plautus——So strido, fervo, scato, for which the longe: 
forms strideo, ferveo, scateo, were afterwards used. 

[4] 1. It is used as the representative of a preceding verb (as 
we use to do), even where no action has been spoken of. It is here 
== libenter aberant Athenis. 2. = non maluerunt perire. 3. 
Horum may be the gen. after dissimilis ; factis and moribus being 
the abl. of manner (= ‘in actions and character’); or factis and 


21 


242 QUESTIONS ON 


explain the different possible constructions of this pas- — 


sage. 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. What was the bellum sociale? 
—2. What is privatus ?—3. Is magistratus often used to 
denote military command? [Alcib. 7, [3], 2.]}—4. What 
is the usual word for military command ?—5. What must 
be supplied after guam?—6. What is adspicere here ? 

[2] Dum studet—fuit: explain this tense of studet. 
[ Pr. Intr. 509.] 

[3] 1. Whatis suberat ?—2. In tutum: explain this. 
[Them. 9, [3], 1.] 


EXERCISE. 


' They complained that Chabrias was wagmg war 
against them. Unless you return before the appointed 
day, we will condemn you to death. Know that I do 
_ not like to be in the presence of my fellow-citizens. He 
speaks too freely', to escape the enmity of his fellow- 
citizens. I think that every step from you is-a step 


from unpopularity.- I think that every step from you — 
will be a step from unpopularity. You will be able to 


escape, if you throw yourself into the sea. Is there not 
a ship at hand to receive you? 





moribus may be datives after dissimilis, horum being the dorkdosil 
genitive after these substantives. In this case, a person is said to be 
unlike things; but this irregularity is not uncommon: ©. g. pr 
taret equitis Romani filiam generosarum nuptiis. Att. 12, 1. 

Cu. IV. [1] 1. A war between the Athenians and some of their 

principal allies, Byzantium, Chios, Rhodes, and Cos. Iphicr. 3, 3. 
7 2. Without any command: = sine magistratu. 4. Im- 
perium. 5. Quam eos, qui, &c. _ 6. To look to him as the 
person in whom they had the most confidence. 

[3] 1. = in propinquo erat: so Ces. B.G. 1,25: quod mons 
suberat. 


Libere. 


: 
4 
| 
: 
| 





=e 


TIMOTHEUS, CH. I. 243 


TIMOTHEUS. 


Cu. I. [1] Distinguish between wnpiger anc. sabo- 
riosus. 

[2] 1. What is-worth remarking in hujus preclare 
facta ?—2. Give a similar instance.—3. What does id 
refer to?—4. What is this kind of construction called 
in grammar ?—5. What are the words for ‘ any’ after 
sine? [P. 1.390 (a), and note v.|—6. What is the usual 


‘word for to pay into the treasury ?—7. Why is in era- 


rium referre used here ? 

[3] 1. What is pecunia numerata ?—2. Cives suos— 
augeri maluit, quam id sumere, &c.: give a similar 
instance from Nep. of the connection of a passive and 
an active infinitive with malo.—3. Quam id sumere, cu- 
jus—posset: why the subjunctive? [Pr. Intr. 483, 
(2).J—4. Explain domum suam ferre-—5. Give a similar 
instance. 


Cu. Il. [1] 1. Cireumvehens Peloponnesum : what 
is the Lat. for, to sail round a place ?—2. To what then 





Cu. I. [1] Jmpiger denotes one, who without any hesitation or 
delay sets to work with great activity and zeal: laboriosus is he who 
carries on his work with extreme perseverance, sparing no pains to 
bring it to a successful conclusion. 

[2] 1. That facta, as a participle, has an adverb with it, and, 
as a substantive, governs a genitive case. 2. Dolere alte- 
rius improbe facto. Cic. de Fin. 2, 17, 54. 3. To such 
a substantive as @s or argentum implied in the preceding mille et 
ducenta talenta. Comp. Cim. 3, [2], 8, 11. 4. Synesis: from 
cbveots, intelligentia: the agreement being with @ noun which is 
known to be meant, though that actually used was different. 

6. In erarium deferre. 7. Because the same sum was paid in, 
which had been expended ; so that the sum was. repaid. 

[3] 1. So much ready money ; so much in hard cash. ~  , 2. 
Violare clementiam, quam regis opes minui maluit. Alcib. 
10, 3. 4. To take it home for his own purposes; hence to ap- 
propriate to his own use. 5. At hie nihil domum suam preter 
memoriam nominis sempiternam detulit. Cic. de Off. 2, 22, 76 

Cu. II. [1] 1. Circumvehi aliquem locum. 2. To dum 


244 QUESTIONS ON 


is circumvehens equivalent ?—3. Give similar instances 
—4. Classem eorum; to whom does eorum refer ?— 
5. What is a construction of this kind called? [Ch. 1, 
[2], 4./—-6. Give a similar instance.—7. Mare illud ad- 
jacent : what are the different constructions of adjacére ? 
—8. Is jacére used of a nation as well as of a country ? 

[2] What is a pulvinar, and from what must it be dis- 
tinguished ? 

[3] 1. Hute uni ante id tempus contigit: what time 
is meant ?—2. Distinguish between contigit and acerdit. 


EXERCISE. 


It cannot be denied that he was very skilful in the 
government of the state. Many instances are recorded 
of this man’s wickedness. I do not choose to accept 
any thing, of which I could appropriate a portion to my 
own use. Timotheus had a piece of good fortune, which 
had happened to no one before him'. It was Timo- 
theus’s good fortune to reduce Corcyra under the domin- 
ion of the Athenians. 





circumvehebatur : se may be supposed omitted. 3. Inve- 
hens belluis, Cic. de N. D. 1, 28, 78: quum pretervehens 
equo—vidisset, Liv. 22, 49, 6. Nearly so: anno vertente, Ages. 
4,4; ad se ferentem, Dat. 4, [5.])—See Z. §§ 145, 147. Note. 

4. To Lacedemoniorum implied by Laconice. 6. Uni- 
versa Ttalia—Quorum ut fortuna atroz, ita causa fuit jus- 
tissima. Vell. Patere. 2, 15. 7. Adjacére mari, or mare, and 
ad Syrtim adjacent, Pomp. Mela 1, 7. 8. Yes: e. g. Dat. 4, 
[1]: que gens jacet supra Ciliciam. 

[2] ‘Sacrifices being of the nature of feasts, the Greeks and 
Romans on occasion of extraordinary solemnities placed images of 
the gods reclining on couches with tables and viands before them, as 
if they were really partaking of the things offered in sacrifice. This 
ceremony was called [by the Romans] a lectisternium.” Dict. of 
Antiqq. Pulvinar was the cushion or pillow used on these occa- 
sions : pulvinus that ordinarily used at entertainments: see Pelop. 


[3] 1. The time of Timotheus.? 


1 Translate it more regularly, than Cornelius has done: imitate Ces. B. G, 

35: quod ante id tempus accidit nulli; should accidit or contigit be used? . 

2 Others read ante hoc tempus, i. e. Cornelius’s time: ante id tempus has the 
awkwardness of making Timotheus the only person to whom this had happen- 
ed before his days. . 


TIMOTHEUS, CH. III. Iv. 245 


Cu. III. [1] 1. Magno natu: give another in- 
stance of this construction.—2. How does Dahne justi- 
fy the use and position of Macédo ?—3. Wha: is jam 
tum valens ? 

[2] 1. Quorum consilio uteretur: why subj.? [Pr. 
Intr. 483, (6).] ‘ 

[3] Supprimere classem: what word is more usual 
in this sense ? | 

[4] Sibi proclive fuisse: how is fuisse governed, and 
for what is it used ? 

[5] Lis estimatur: explain this. [Milt. 7, [6], 5.] 


Cu. IV. [1] 1. Multe novem partes detraxit: how 
many are novem partes ?—2. Explain the Roman mode 
of calculating fractions. 

[2] 1. How may quum pleraque possimus proferre 
testimonia be construed? [ Pr. Intr. Diff. of Idiom, 116.] 
—2. How is guum here used ?—3. How is pleraque 
here used ? 

[3] Ut mallet se—adire: explain the use of se here. 
[Pr. Intr. 145, 146.] 


EXERCISE. 


The Athenians, being sorry for the judgment they had 
passed, are going to remit six-sevenths of the fine. I 





Cu. III. [1] 1. Scismas, maximo natu filius. Dat. 7, 
[1]: see note on that passage. 2. He thinks that it is placed 
emphatically with valens = ‘that powerful Macedonian: but it 
seems to be against this, that valens is modified by jam tum. 

3. ‘ Who was even then, or already powerful ; implying that he be- 
came much more powerful afterwards. 

[3] Reprimere : but iter supprimunt, Ces. B. C. 1, 66. 

[4] Pr. Intr. 460, (c), 1 :—for futurum fuisse. 

Cu. 1V. [1] 1. Nine-tenths. 2. When the numerator is 
only one less than the denominator, they express the number of 
parts by a cardinal numeral with partes ; so that quatuor partes 
=4. For other fractions they used an ordinal (agreeing with 
partes, understood) to denote the denominator’: decima pars =: 
due decime, 2.: tres decime = 3,.—Z. § 120. 

[2] 2. For licet, etsi. 3. For permulta. 


‘ - the mode of expressing fractions by the divisions of the as, see Pr. Int, 
21* 


246 | QUESTIONS ON 


hear that the Athenians are going to remit three-sev- 
enths of the fine. From this it may easily be conjec- 
tured, what the instability of fortune is. I had rather 
run the risk of my life, than desert a friend, whose repu- 
tation is at stake. I shall repair the walls at my own 
expense. Instead of producing, [as I could,] many in- 
stances of this man’s victories, (see Ch. 1, [2],) I shall 
be content with two. 





DATAMES. 


Cu. I. [1] 1. Vento nunc ad: give instances of this 
form of transition.—2. Give instances in which quali- 
ties are marked by an adjective and an attributive gen. 
or abl. case. | 

[2] 1. Hoc plura: parse hoc.—2. Explain plerique. 
[Pref. [1], 7.|—3. What is the force of et—et here ? 
[ Milt. 5, [3], 7.]—4. What is ratio?—5. What is appa- 
rére here ? 

[3] Et manu fortis, et bello strenuus: distinguish be- 
tween the two. 

[4] 1. Militare munus fungens: what peculiarity is 
there here? [Pr. Intr. 333.] 


Cu. Il. [2] 1. Is Nep. correct in saying that in 





Cu. I. [1] 1. Venio nunc ad voluptates agricolarum. Cic. de 
Sen. 15, 51: so 16, 56. 2. Dion, 9, 3, quum audacissi- 
mos, tum viribus maximis: Suet. Nero, 2, 6: vir neque 
satis constans et ingenio truci. | 

[2] 4. Ratio comprehends all that is necessary to make their 
character understood: the events, their circumstances, order, causes, 
&c.: it is therefore more extensive than cause: including not 
only causes and motives but means. 5. To be seen in their 
true light. . 

[3] Manu fortis relates to personal bravery: bello strenuus to ~- 
his resolution, activity, and perseverance as a commander. 

Cu. II. [2] 1. No: Homer says he was killed by Menelaus. Il 


DATAMES, CH. III. 24°7 


Homer, Pylemenes is killed by Patroclus?—2. Give 
other instances of similar mistakes.—3. Explain dicto 
audientem esse alicut. 

[5] For nihilo segnius some read nihilo secius. 
‘give a similar instance of segnius. i 


EXERCISE ON CH. I. Il. 


Let us now come to the conduct and ability’ of 
this very brave man. I fear that you will not succeed 
in this [attempt.] How few* are found, who are both 
personally brave, and [also] active commanders. What 
I am, will appear presently. Of A%schylus I shall relate 
the more for this reason, because his services were very 
great in the war which the Athenians waged against the 
king of Persia. ‘Thyus wished to try first to put him to 
death secretly. He had privately put to death a little 
boy, his sister’s son. 


Cu. Ill. [1] 1. Hominem mazximi corporis terri- 
bilique facie: give a similar instance of the connection 
of a genitive with an abl. in this construction.—2. Is 
this example quite similar ?—3. What is the supposed 
difference between the abl. and the gen. in this con- 
struction? [Pr. Intr. p. 62: note 1.]—4. What is the 
distinction given by Bremi, after Ramshorn?—5. Is 
this opinion tenable ?—6. What seems to be the general, 





5, 576. 2. Cic. in the 2d Book de Divin. 39, ascribes to Ajax 
what was really done by Ulysses; and in the very same book, c. 30, 
puts the words of Ulysses into the mouth of Agamemnon. 3. 
Déd. parére. 

[5] Nihilo segnius bellum parare: Sall. Jug. 75, fin. 

Cu. III. [1] 1. (Pompeius) oris improbi, animo inverecundo. 
Sall. Fr. 2. No: for the latter quality is a mental one. 4. 
That the gen. denotes a property simply as belonging to the subject : 
the abl. the impression it makes upon others. 5. No: the ex- 
ample oris improbi, animo inverecundo itself overthrows it. 6. That 
the genitive describes the real nature and character of the subject ; 
the abl. rather particular manifestations or circumstances of it? 


1 Consilium. 2 Quotusquisque. [Pr. Intr. 477.] 


Pp After making this distinction, Kriiger remarks upon this passage, that 
qualities of the body, so far as they relate to the whole body, belong to its real 
nature, and can, for that very reason, be in the genitive. Other qualities of 
the body are, therefore, expressed by the ablative only. Lat. Gram. p. 532. 


248 QUESTIONS ON 


though not universal distinction?—7. When must the 
gen. be used ?—8. In what phrases must the abl. be 
used ? 
[2] 1. Agresti duplict amiculo: explain the use of 
the two adjectives here.—2. Give similar instances.- - 
3. In feram bestiam is feram superfluous ? 
[3] 1. What is the meaning of prospicerent here ?— 

2. Primo non accredidit : is accredere a common verb ?— 
3. What does it mean ? 


‘Cu. IV. [1] 1. What peculiarity is there in que 
gens jacet, &c. ?—2. Give an instance of jacére, or one 
of its compounds, with gens. ['Timoth. 2, 1.] 

[2] 1. What is vexare regionem?—2. Que portaren- 
tur: why the subj. ? 

[3] 1. What mood does etsi usually take ?—2. Quam- 
vis magno exercitu: construe guamvis here.—3. Is guam- 
libet ever so used ?—4. Distinguish between imprudens 
and imparatus, when the former relates to want of prepa- 
ration. 

[5] 1. Ad se ferentem: explain ferentem here.—2. 





7. Of numbers, e. g. classis trecentarum navium. 8. In bono 
animo esse; animo forti et erecto, &c., ea mente. 
[2] 1. Duplex amiculum is equivalent to a compound substan- 


tive. 2. Prelium equestre adversum: frumentaria magna 
largitio. 3. No: bestia is an irrational animal, which is fera, 
so far as it is not tamed. 

3] 1. To look at with attention. 2. No: it occurs however 


in Cic. Att. 6,2: vix accredens, communicavi cum Dionysio. 
3. To believe with difficulty: nearly = our credit. 

Cu. IV. [1] 1. He had before used Cataonia a country, which 

he now denotes by gens, and uses with it jacére, which is properly 
used of countries only. 
[2] 1. To harass it by plundering and devastating incursions, 
&c. 2. It does not describe particular things which were actually 
on their way to the king ona given occasion, but such things as 
were regularly conveyed to the king: the expression is indefinite 
both with respect to the class of things and to the time. 

[3] 1. The indicative. 2. = ‘ever so great. Pr. Intr. 451, 
note u. 3. Yes: Suet. Vesp. 5. quicquid—volveret—animo, 
quamlibet magnum. 4. Imprudens implies that the cause 
of the want of preparation was, that the person did not perceive the 
necessity of it. 

[5] 1. It is used intransitively = ferentem se, bringing himself 
= advancing. 2. Circumvehens = circumvehens se, or dum 


DATAMES, CH. V. 249 


What similar mstance have we lately had?—3. Give 
instances of other verbs of motion that are so used.—4. 
Pertimescit: explain its meaning here. 


EXERCISE ON CH. III. IV. 


He will take good care that the report of this action 
does not reach you before himself. I have ordered you 
to be equal in command with Pharnabazus. I have 
written to order you to set out for Egypt. Aspis refused 
obedience to the king (chap. 2, [2]), because the coun- 
try he dwelt in was mountainous, and well fortified. 
Let us intercept the king’s dues. A few men [indeed,] 
but [those] brave [ones,] put their horses to their speed, 
and prepare to charge. He beheld a few men indeed, 
but brave ones, coming against him. 





Cu. V. [1] 1. A quanto bello ad quam parvam rem 
misisset : quote a similar construction from Nep.—2. Se 
ipse reprehendit: why not se ipsum?—3. Convenitt : 
what is understood ? 

[3] 1. Amicus Datami: what other construction 
might have been used? [Milt. 3, [6], 4.]—2. What is 
perscribere?—3. In quibus: what does guibus agree 
with ? 

[4] 1. Ut tribuant: what is the nom. case ?—2. 
What does obedire mean here ? 

IPI 1. Talibus:—what is the force of talibus? 

[The 





m. 2, [8], 1.] 
circumvehebatur. ['Timoth. 2, [1], 1]. 3. Movens, vertens, 
mutans ; from moveri, verti, mutari. 4. It implies a sudden 


dread or panic. 

Cu. V. [1] 1. Quem et ex quanto regno ad quam for- 
tunam detrusisset, xx. 2, 2. 2. That would mean he blamed 
himself, not some other person ; whereas the emphasis is here on the 
person blaming ; he himself felt how unwisely he he acted. 3. 
Se. eos. 

[3] 2. To write a complete and full account. 3. Litteris: 
implied in perscripta mittit. 

[4] 1. Reges, implied by consuetudinem regiam = consuetu- 
dinem regum. , 2. = obaudire, to give ear to; to follow their 
advice. 


250 QUESTIONS ON 


Cu. VI. [1] 1. Give an instance of prospere proce- 
dant.—2. P.rius—pervenire cupiebat, quam de re 
gesta fama ad suos perveniret: why subj.? [Pr. 
Intr. 500. ] 

[2] 1. His locis—ut—posset : how is hie here used? 
is this usual?—2. Quote some such instanc2s from 
Nep.—3. Does Cic. use hic = talis? 

[3] 1. What is in turbam exire ?—2. What does 
relictum mean here ? 

[4] 1. Et omnes confestim sequi: what is the force © 
of et here? [Pr. Intr. ii. 233.]—2. Is there any other 
peculiarity in the sentence ? 

[5] 1. Give instances of tantum quod.—2. Do any 
of these exactly agree with the passage before us ? 

[6] 1. Explain composito.—2. What is ab aliquo 
stare ?—3. What other forms are used ? 

[8] For what is cogitatum here used ? 





Cu. VI. [1] 1. Sed tamen, ut omnia—prospere proce- 
dant, multum interest te venire, Cic. ad Div. 12, 9: so also pros- 
pere succedere, Liv. 21, 7. | 

[2] 1. His locis = iis, talibus locis: ‘is’ is more common in 
this sense, but hic is sufficiently justified by many passages. 2. 
Eumen. 5, 2: neque umquam ad manum accedere licebat, nisi his 
locis, quibus pauci multis possent resistere. Ages. 3,6: his locis 
manum conseruit, quibus plus pedestres copie valerent. 3. 
Yes: hoc animo in nos esse debebis ut, &c., ad Div. 2,1: and 
without following wt or qui: sed duros et quasi corneolos habent 
introitus (aures),—quod his naturis relatus amplificatur sonus. 
de Nat, Deor. 2, 57, 144. 

[3] 1. To become generally known: so Cic.: exire atque in 
vulgus emanare; pro S. Roscio, 1, 3. 2. * Deserted.’ 

[4] 2. Yes: par esse must be ’porrowed from the prone sen- 
tence, the non being rejected. . 

[5] 1. Cie. ad Fam. 7, 23,1: tantum quod ex Arpinati vene- 
ram, quum mihi a te littere reddite sunt. Ad Att. 15, 13: hee 
quum scriberem, tantum quod existimabam ad te orationem esse 
perlatam. Suet. Aug. .63,1: Juliam—Marcello—tantum quod 
pueritiam egresso—nuptum dedit. 2. No: it would be like 
the first, if quum were expressed: quum—jubet. 

[6] 1. The usual form 1s ex composito : but composito alone oc- 
curs, Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 29: composito factum esi: on which 
Donatus remarks : Sic “veteres : nos, ex composito. 3. 
Stare cum aliquo, Eum. 8, 2: and cum aliquo adversus aliquem, 
Ages. 5, 4. 

[8] Excogitatum would be the more usual form. 


DATAMES, CH. VII. VIII. 251 


EXERCISE ON CH. V. VI. 


Artaxerxes does not blame himself, but sends him 
written directions [to leave] this great war [and] pro- 
ceed to an inconsiderable affair. How few there are 
[Pr. Intr. 477] who if any mischance happens, blame 
themselves! Datames drew upon himself the enmity 
of the courtiers the more, because the king had ordered 
that he should share the command [chap. 3, end] with 
Pharnabazus.” You will be in great danger, if any thing 
goes wrong in Egypt, while. you have the command. 
There is no doubt that you will have for your bitterest 
enemy the man, whose advice the king principally fol- 
lows. Written orders were sent him by the king, to 
march into Cilicia with not very numerous forces. 
Nothing shall hinder me from preparing the Egyptians 
to resist. y, 


Cu. VII. [1] 1. Maximo natu filius: is this a 
usual form ?—2. De defectione patris detulit: explain 
de defectione. [Dion 10, [2],|—3. Quam conari: what 
does conari here mean ? 

[2] 1. Cilicie porte: what are porte here ?—2. Give 
Cicero’s description of this pass. 

[3] Ancipitibus locis: give the derivation and the 
declension of anceps. [Them. 3, [3], 2.] 





Cu. VIII. [1] 1. Statuit congredi, quam, &c.: 
explain this construction—2. Give some instances of 





Cu. VII. [1] 1. Not in this sense: as magno natu is ‘ old,’ so 
maximo natu should be ‘ very,old :’ but it is here used for maximus 


natu, ‘ the eldest.’ 3. To make an actual attempt: to begin 
to act. ; 
[2] 1. A narrow pass: = angusiie. . 2. Duo sunt aditus 


in Ciliciam ex Syria, quorum uterque parvis presidiis propter an- 
gustias intercludi potest, nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam 
munitius. Ad Fam. 15, 4. 

Cu. VIII. [1] 1. Potius is omitted before quam; as pad)ov of- 
ten is before # in Greek. 2. Ea (Fortuna) res cunctas ex lu- 
bidine quam ex vero celebrat obscuratque; Sall. Cat. 8. tan- 
ta vis hominis leniunda quam exagitanda videbatur, &c. Id. 
48, 5. beneficiis quam metu imperium agitabant, &c. Id. 9, 5. 


252 QUESTIONS ON 


the ellipse of potius or magis.—3. Give instances of se- 
dére = to remain inactive. 

Bl 1. What does loci natura here mean?—2. Hu- 

: to whom does this relate ?—3. What solution of 
this difficulty does Bremi offer ?—4. Non amplius homi- 
num mille: explain this construction. 

[4] What is callide cogitare ? 

[5] 1. What is bellum ducere ?—2. Ad pacem amici- 
tiamque hortatus est, ut cum rege in gratiam rediret: is 
the last clause, which seems superfluous, necessarily to 
be rejected ? 

[6] What is conditio here? 


EXERCISE ON CH. VII. VIII. 


[If] we seize upon the wood, the enemy cannot pass 
by without being distressed by the difficulty of the 
ground. Ifa battle had been fought here, the numbeis 
of the enemy would not have hurt [me] much, small as 
my force was. Autophradates resolved to fight a battle, 
rather than to be entangled in difficult ground. The 
news having been brought about the approach of Auto- 
phradates, Datames endeavored to seize the Cilician 
gates. Autophradates will not be able to march by [us| 
without being enclosed in the narrow pass. 


Cu. 1X. [2] 1. Quum nuntiatum esset quosdam sibe 





Claudii—oratio fuit precibus, quam jurgio similis : Liv. 3, 40. 
3. Quin immo Arretii ante menia sedeamus: Liv. 22, 3. 
ubi sedens prospectaret hostem: Ib. 14. 

[3] 1. The advantages of his ground. 2. To Autophra- 
dates, though Datames is the nearest substantive. 3. That it 
refers by synesis, [ Milt. 5, [1], 4] to numeri, implied by the preced- 
ing has copias. 4. Quam is omitted. See also Milt. 5, [1], 5. 

[4] ‘To lay his plans with great ability or ingenuity. | 

[5] 1. To draw out or lengthen out the war: Alcib. 8, 1, we 
had ut bellum quam diutissime duceret. 2. No: such ex- 
planatory clauses are not uncorimon. See Milt. 1, 2, Delphos 
deliberatum missi sunt, qui consulerent Apollinem. 

[6] Proposal: See Cim. 1, [4]. 

Cu. IX. [2] 1. If Nep. had said quum audisset, &c., sibi would 
have been quite correct: as quum nuntiatum esset, sc. ei, has vir- 
tually the same meaning, and no mistake can arise, the use of ‘sibi 
seems to be quite justifiable. 


é 


DATAMES, CH. X. 253 


insidiari: is sibi used correctly here ?—2. Qui in ami- 
corum erant numero, this being a subordinate clause in 
oblique narration, why is erant in the indicative? [Pr. 
Intr. 466. ] 

[3] 1. Stmillimum sui: what is the usual difference 
between similis sibt and similis sui? [Pr. Intr. 212, 
note w.|—2. Is the rule without exception ?—3. Give 
instances of its violation—4. What is meant by eo loco ? 
—5. Some critics think vestitu should be rejected, since 
ornatus militaris is the usual term for regimentals : how 
would you justify its retention ? 

[4] 1. Whatis predixerat. here ?—2. Parati essent 
facere: give an instance from prose classics of the inf. 
after paratus, instead of ad faciendum.—3. Conjicere 
tela: what does con often imply in composition ? 


Cu. X. [2] 1. Hanc—missam: what do these 
words agree with ?—2. Why not with fidem ?—3. ‘Then 
what do you suppose dextra to mean here ? 





[3] 2. Certainly not, but the preponderance of authority is in 
favor of it. 3. (1) Gen. of external resemblance: Phidias sui 
similem speciem inclusit in clypeo Minerve. Cic. Tusc. 1, 15: 
plectri similem linguam nostri solent dicere, chordarum 
dentes, nares cornibus iis, qui ad nervos resonant in cantibus, 
Id. N. D. 2, 59; where observe the gen. and dat. used indifferently. 
Pretoris admodum similem fuisse constat. Val. Max. 9, 14.— 
(2) Dative of internal or moral resemblance: non ego eum cum 
summis viris comparo, sed simillimum deo judico. Cic. pro 
Marcello, 3. - © 4. Loco sc. agminis, quo dux incedere solebat. 

5. Cic. joins the two words in the very same way: vestitu et ornatu 
regali: de Fin. 2, 21, 69: vestitus is the dress generally, ornatus is 
the more general term for his whole equipment. . 

[4] 1. = preceperat. Them. 7, [3], 3. 2. Cic. p. Quint. 2, 
8: id quod parati sunt facere. -Sall. Cat. 20, fin. nisi—vos 
servire magis quam imperare parati estis. Ces. B.C. 1,7: 
sese paratos esse—defendere, &c. 3. Vigor, promptitude, 
earnestness, attention, &c. 

Cu. X. [2] 1. Dextram. 2. Because the phrase deétav méureey 
occurs in Greek, and is imitated by other Latin authors. Thus 
dektay abrois Erepe vopw Meporxp, Polyzen. 7,28, 1: so Xen. Ages. 3, 
3; and dekidy péoev, Anab. 2, 4,1. In Justin 11, 15, we read: in 
quam rem unicum pignus fideiregie dexteram se ferendam 
Alexandro dare. And Tac. Hist. 1,54: Miserat civitas Lingonum, 
velere instituto, dona legionibus, dextras, hospitii insigne. 

3. Either an assurance, sent by letter or by an ambassador, that the 
, 22 


254 QUESTIONS ON 


[3] 1. Persuasit homini: has homo any depreciating 
force here ?—2. Give a similar instance from Cicero.— 
3. When does persuadeo take ut? when the inf.?—4. 
What is infinitum bellum here ?!—5. Amuicitiam gerere— 
explain this use of gerere. 


EXERCISE ON CH. IX. X. 


Autophradates, when he perceived that Datames coud 
not be enclosed in the pass, resolved to lengthen out the 
war. Datames resolved to lengthen out the war, [rather] 
than fight a battle in difficult ground. Be prepared to 
do, whatever you see me [do.| I will direct him, to do 
whatever he sees me [do.| I directed him to do, what- 
ever he saw me [do.] I will hurl missiles against them, 
before they arrive at [my] substitute. I will slay Da- 
tames, if you will permit me to do whatever | please 
with impunity. Mithridates, after he had received from 
the king by letter his plighted-hand, promised to slay 
Datames. 


Cu. XI. [1] Degue ea re: others read de qua re; 
quote passages to justify the ea. 

[2] 1. Ante aliquot dies: is this correct according to 
the usual practice of the best writers ?—2. Atgue ipsos 





promiser made as solemn an oath as if he had given his right hand 
(which perhaps he really had done to some sponsor, as it were, of 
the absent person): or the actual device of a right hand, as a 
pledge, that the promiser had bound himself by a solemn oath It 
is most probable that Tac. alludes to some such device, the dextere 
being an insigne hospitii:. but this, of course, does not prove that 
the Persians had a similar custom. 

[3] 1. No. 2. Quid enim abest huic homini? i. e. Pompeio, 
pro Corn. Balb. 4. See Paus. 1, [1], 1-6. . 3. It takes wi when 
the person is persuaded to do something ; the inf. when — is per- 
suaded (= convinced) that any thing is so and so. ‘A war 
of extermination :’ bellum internecinum. 5. Possibly it implies 
that the garb of friendship was assumed; but gerere amicitiam 
occurs without any implied notion of this kind, Cic. ad Fam. 3, 8, 5: 
de amicitia gerenda. preclarissime scripti libri. So inimicitias 

_gerere, Att. 11,53; odiwm, simultatem “tated &c. 

Cu. XI. [1] Deque his, Cic. de N. D. 1, 1, 2: deque eo, de 
Fin. 5, 6, 17. Comp. Milt. 6, 2. 

[2] 1. No: ante aliquot dies is ‘a few days ago; with refer- 
ence to the speaker. It should be aliquot diebus ante. 


DATAMES, CH. 41. 255 


scrutarentur ; who are the ipsi?—3. Qui explora- 
rent—mittunt: explain the use of the imperf. subj. with 
the present mittunt. [Pr. Intr. i. 414, d.] 

[3] 1. What is telum ?—2. Have we had any other 
instance in Nep. of telum for gladius ? 

[4] Distinguish between digredi and degredi. 


EXERCISE. 


He pretends to be returning to the same place. He 
pretends to have carefully noted the ground. He prom- 
ised to show him a good place for a camp. He prom- 
ised the king to take Datames by treachery. The ene- 
my, after they had unsheathed their swords’ and hid 
them under their clothes, returned to the same place. 





Datames and Mithridates: but from the wtrique, the meaning is 
themselves and their followers. 

[3] 1. Telorum appellatione omnia, ex quibus saluti homi- 
nis noceri possit, accipiuntur, Julius Paulus, sentent. recept. 5, 3, 
3: = ‘ weapons of offence ;’ though properly missiles. 2. Yes: 
Alcib. 10, 5, subalare telum. 

[4] Degredi is simply to go away: digredi is to go away, when 
those, with whom I have been, also go away in another direction. 
- In other words, degredi denotes departure simply ; digredi implies 
departure and reciprocal separation. 


1 Use gladius 


NOTES 





. 


XV. EPAMINONDAS. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. General caution in regard to the circumstances amid which Epaminondas 
was educated. II. His poverty, and accomplishment in various pursuits 
III. Mental and moral character ; devotion to jurisprudence and philoso- 
phy ; his friendly offices, and kindness. IV. Artaxerxes attempts to bribe 
him, but does not succeed. -V. His eloquence; scene with Meneclides. 
VI. Reply to Callistratus ; speech against the Spartans. VII. His forbear- 
ance under injuries; for the good of his country, incurred the risk of 
capital punishment. VIII. Tried but acquitted. [X. Died at Mantinea. 
X. Unmarried; his patriotism, 


I—1. Hee....lectoribus. “It seems necessary to premise 
these circumstances to the reader.”—Pari fuisse. ‘ Were regarded 
in the same light by or among others.” 

3. Exprimere imaginem. Literally, “to express the image,” 
i. e. to draw a correct picture,” “to give a faithful portraiture or 
representation.”—Cunsuetudinis aique vite. ‘Of the ordinary habit 
= the daily deportment, and life.’—Ad eam declarandam. ‘“ 'To the 
explaining it,” i. e. ‘‘ to explain it,” “ to place it in a clear light.”—Ante- 
ponuntur, “ are preferred.” 

IIl.—1. A majoribus, “ by ancestors.”—Eruditus, “ well-taught,” 
i. e.  learned.”—Magis. ‘ More so.”—Citharizare, “to play on the 
cithara, or harp.”—Chorda is, properly, “an intestine,” (x0d);) et 
cantare ad chordarum sonum, “and to chant or sing to the sound 
of the strings of a musical instrument or of musical instruments.”— 
Qui non minore fuit gloria. ‘ Who was not less eminent.” Sum 
with the ablat.— Tibia, meaning originally a bone, applied to a musi- 
cal instrument with notes, because it was first made of agg 

2. Deditus, “ devoted.”—Anteposuerit, ‘ preferred.’ ’—Condiscipu- 
los, * fellow-students.”—Artibus, “ pursuits.” 

3. Ad....consuetudinem = to the English expression, “ ac- 
cording to our ideas.” 

4. Ephebus, a youth from sixteen to twenty years of age. 


EPAMINONDAS. 257 


IlI.—1. Bona, referring to virtues.—Temporibus ... .utens 
“ Skilfully availing himself of favorable occurrences.” 

2. Celans commissa, “concealing secrets intrusted to him.”— 
_ Diserte, “ discreetly.” 

4. Perpessus est, “he bore.” From de>. perpetior, (per, patior.) 
_ Amicorum .... caruit, “he did not avail himself of the wealth of hig 
friends for his own maintenance.” 

1V.—1. Abstinentia, “ uprightness.’—Magno .... auri, “ with 
a large amount of money.”—Diligebat. Trace the derivation. 

2. Orbis terrarum divitias. Like our expression, ‘ wealth of 
the Indies.” 

3. Non miror, “I am not surprised.” 

4. Tua causa, “for thy sake.”—Ad.... pervenisse, “I had 
taken by force.” 

6. Proferre possemus, “We could adduce.”—Quorum .... 
explicarunt. ‘‘ Whose lives (sc. vitas) many authors, before us, have 
detailed separately, in many thousand lines = at great length.” 

V.—1. Neque....ornatus. “Not less concise in the brevity 
of responSe than ornate in continued speech.” 

2. Obtrectatorem, “ detracter.” 

3. Florere, “ was successful and shone.” 

4. Utendum est vobis, “ you must employ.” 

6. Contra, “on the contrary.”-——Toiam, “ all.” 

VI—1. Societatem, “ alliance.”—Legatus, “ legate.” 

VIL—1. Locorum angustiis, “in a narrow defile.”—Obsidione, 

* from blockade.” 

_ &. Maxime autem fuit illustre. Supply testimonium patien- 
_ tie injuriarum suorum civium.—Pretores, “ commanders.” 

- 4 Populiscitum or plebiscitum, “a decree of the people.” It is 
opposed to senatus consultum, for, in regard to decrees and ordinances, 
_ the people (populus) were divided into two classes, plebs and senatus. 
A decree of the whole people, or, which is the same thing, of the two 
above-named classes, was properly called populi jussum.—Impruden- 
tiam, “i iderateness, implying also, want of foresight.”—Multa- 
bat or mulctabat. The with multo implies, in connection with puwn- 
ishment, loss or deprivation; in this case, deprivation of life. 

VIII—1. Sua opera, “by his means.” 

2. Neque....subiret. ‘Nor did he deny but that he should 
undergo the punishment of the law.”—Jn periculo suo. In his bill 
of condemnation” —*“ the record of his judicial sentence.” 

3. Apud, “ before or near by.” 

4. Retraxit, “ snatched—saved.”—Universam... . vindicavit. 
“ Asserted the liberty of all Greece.” 

22* 





~ 


258 NOTES. 


5. A judicio, &c. See Lexicon, under the word Caput. 

IX.—3. Mortiferum, “ bearing death, i. e. deadly.” 

X.—1. Maleque eum consulere patriz, “that he neglected 
the interest of his country.” 

4. Nemo eat inficias. “ Nobody can deny.”—Caput.... Sret 
ci@, “ was at the head of all the Grecian states.” 





XVI. PELOPIDAS. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. Is driven into exile. II. With others returns in disguise to Thebes. 
III. Pelopidas restores liberty to his fellow-citizens, the tyrants having 
been slain and the garrison driven from the citadel. IV. This exploit the 
work of Pelopidas; in most of his other deeds, he shares the glory with 
Epaminondas. V. Struggling with adverse fortune, he revenges the 
affront put upon him by Alexander of Thrace, with whom he waged suc- 
cessful war, though he himself fell therein. The Thessalian cities honor 
his memory. 


, 


I—1. Quemadmodum exponam. “In what manner I may set 

them forth.’—Si tantummodo summas (sc. res) attigero, “if I shall 

* touch only on his chief actions.”—Medebor cum satietate tum igno- 
rantie lectorum, ‘I shall provide against both the satiety and the 
ignorance of my readers.” 

2. Laconum rebus studebant, “favored the interests of the 
Lacedemonians.”—Idque ...consilio. ‘ And he did that of his own 
private judgment, without the sanction of the public.” ~ 

3. Thebanis....esse. ‘ That they had to do with, i. e. that 
they must could with the Thebans.”—Pairia carebat, “lived in 
exile.” 

IIl.—1. Contulerant se. “ Had betaken semnsatvbad ats : 
obtulisset. “They might endeavor by the first occasion which for-— 
tune should present.” 

2. Sentiebant idem, “agreed in sentiment and feeling.’ 2 Ad) 

ica aby rebonecs, “for overwhelming their enemies.”—Eum, “ that 
icaiy 

3. Omnino, “ all-together.” 

5. Ut....pervenire. ‘ That they might reach Thebes at twi- 
light,” (when the sky was closing in evening.)—Vestiiu agresti, 


, 


AGESILAUS. 259 


“4, ustic clothing.”"—A quo ...datus, “who appointed both the 
day and the hour.” 

Ifs.—1. Libet, “I am disposed,” interponere, “to insert.”—De- 
venisse, “ had repaired.” 

2. Omnia perscripta erant, “all the particulars were fully 
written out.”—Sub pulvinum subjiciens, ‘ casting under the pillow or 
bolster on which he reclined.’”—In .... severas, “1 defer, he says, 
matters of toil, or severe measures, until to-morrow.” 

3. Ex agris, “from the country.” 

IV.—1. Sicut... docuimus, “as we have taught above.”— 
Dimicatum est, “the warfare raged.”"—Hec.... Pelopide, “ this 
credit of freeing Thebes belongs to Pelopidas.” 

3. Affuit, “he was present.” When f follows the preposition, d 
is often changed into f; thus adfui or affui. See Lexicon, Adsum. 

V.—1. Initio, “at the very outset.”—Ezrsul.... caruit, briefly, 
“he was expatriated.”—Tectum, “ protected.”—Consuesset, “was 
wont.” 

2. Violatus erat, “he had been abused or injured.” 

3. Summa, “ chief direction.”.—Non dubitavit, “he did not hesi- 
tate.’—Confligere, “to engage with them.” : 

4. Incensus ira, “incensed by a just erase Some read, 
incitus. 





XVII. AGESILAUS. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. Agesilaus preferred to his nephew for the Spartan throne. II. By a sud- 
den stroke of policy, he meets the Persian general in Asia before he is 
aware that Agesilaus had even set out on his march; his reasons for 
adhering to his faith, though faith was broken by the Persian general. 
III. The truce ended ; while the enemy expect him in Caria, he devastates 
Phrygia ; the manner in which he stimulated the energies of his army for 
its reorganization at Ephesus; the same wary policy characterizes him ; 
his successes ; mode of success. IV. His obedience characterized ; the 
battle at Coronea; his veneration. V. The Corinthian victory ; reasons 
for not storming Corinth and other Grecian cities. VI. Declines to go to 
Leuctra ; saves Sparta; his knowledge of human nature. VII. His public 
gifts ; his own moderation. VIII. Personal uncomeliness inutive and 
lame ; his forbearance of comforts; his gratuities. 





IL—1. Eo.... familiarissime, “for he enjoyed his most intimate 
friendship.” 


260 NOTES. 


3. Alter....alter,“one.. the other.”—Fierz, regem under 
stood.— Deligebatur, ‘* he was chosen.” 

4. Agnorat for agnoverat, “had acknowledged.”—Suum, “his 
own son.” sae | 
Il—1. Imperii potitus est, “he obtained the chief power.” — 

Regi, “ against its king.”—Pedestres exercitus, “ infantry.” 

2. Tanta celeritate, “so great expedition.”——Copiis, “ his troops.” 
—Eum profectum, “that he had set out.”—Factum est, “it was 
brought about—it happened.”—Imprudentes, “ off guard—unawares.” 
—Offenderet, ‘he did strike.” 

3. Ut....conveniret, “that the Lacedemoniansmight come to 
an agreement with the king.”—Re vera, “in very truth—in reality.” 

4. Sine dolo, “ without fraud.” 

5. Jusjurandum servabat, “he kept inviolate his oath.”—Suis 
rebus, “from his cause.” — Religio, ‘good faith.”"—Quum animad- 
verteret, &c., “ when they (the army) perceived that the divinity of 
the gods was on his side,” &c. 

IlI.—3. Prestitissent, “ had surpassed.”—Magnis ... . muneri- 
bus, freely, ‘he would honor more highly with his gifts.”—Effecit, 
“he brought it about.”—Ornatissimum et exercitatissimum, “ the best 
equipped, and in a surpassing state of discipline.” 

5. Quum.... fefellisset, “ when the opinion deceived him,” i. e. 
‘‘ when he was disappointed in his expectation.”— Victumque ....con- 
silio, ‘and beheld himself vanquished in stratagem.” 

6. Nunquam .... potestatem, “he never afforded an opportuni- 
ty of attacking him (never exposed himself) on level ground.”—Con- 
serere manum, or manus, pugnam, prelium, * to join battle, fight 
hand to hand, come to close quarters, engage in close combat.” 

IV.—2. Pietas, signifies“‘such conduct as is conformable to duty, 
scrupulousness, conscientiousness.”—Suspicienda est, “is to be looked 
upon with admiration, esteemed.”—Quam virtus bellica, “than his 
ability in war.”—Modestia, “humility,” implying “ forbearance.”—-Ut 
.... Sparte, “as if he had been a private individual in an assembly 
of the people at Sparta.” 

4. Anno vertente, “ in the revolving year.” 

6. Qui....minuerent, “ who impaired the respect due to re 
ligion.” 

V.—2. Grecie ....potuisse, “that the Greeks might have 
taken vengeance on the Persians.” 

VI—1. Ut....divinaret, “as if he did divine the issue.”— 
Noluit, “he was reluctant—he refused.”—Prebuit se, “he showed 
himself.” 

2. Discrimen, “ crisis.’—Editum locum, “an elevated position.” 


EUMENES. 261 


Ut .... fecissent, “as if they had done it with good intent.”—Con- 
silium, “ judgment.” 
 VIL—1. Se....recuperarunt, “never recovered themselves, 
nor regained their ancient power.”—Non destitit, “ did not cease.” 

2. Sublevavit, “he relieved.” 

3. Victus, ‘ manner of living.” 

4. Intrarat for intraverat.—Contra, “on the contrary.”—Jnopis, 
“ of the humble.” 

VIIL—1. Sic....corpore, “so he found her unpropitious in 
(in regard to) his bodily frame.”— Nam... . exiguo, “for he was of 
humble stature, and diminutive body.”—-Claudus altero pede, “ lame 
of one foot.” | 

2. Quod... .venit, “this happened to him.”—Hue, “ thereupon.” 
—Vestitu ....obsoleto, “in mean and well-worn clothing.”—Non 

_beatissimi, “ not the most favored of fortune.” 

3. Fides facta est, “credit was given.” 

4. Et....opsonii, “and other species of this kind of food.”— 
Desiderabat, “ did require.” —Secundamque mensam, “ and the second 
course,” consisting of dessert, fruits, &c.—Referri, “ to be returned.” 

6. Qui vocatur (supply portus) Menelai.—In ... . decessit, 
* having fallen into a disease, he died.” 





XVIII. EUMENES. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. General remarks ; serves both Philip and Alexander in a post of great 
responsibility. II. He receives Cappadocia, and serves Perdicas. III. His 
fidelity ; governs part of Asia; stratagem by which he ingeniously brings 
his troops to face the enemy. IV. His success; particulars of the battle. 
V. Pursued by Antigonus ; besieged, his resources in a siege. VI. His 
advice to Olympias ; his fidelity. VII. Manages in the name of Alexander. 
VIII. Fights with Antigonus; insubordination and licentiousness of 
Macedonian Phalanx ; Antigonus’s device. IX. Is circumvented by Ew 
menes. X. Eumenes is basely betrayed to Antigonus. XI. Incidents of 
his captivity. XII. His death. XIII. His services, and power. 


_ IL—3. Domestico summo genere, “of the highest rank in his 
own country.”—Vincebat, “ he did surpass.” ——Cura, “ in anxiety ” 

4. In intimam familiaritatem, “ into close intimacy.” 

&. Habuit eum ad manum, “he had him in attendance.” 


_ 


GS eae NOTES. 


6. Que Heterice appellabatur, “ which was called the sucial 
band,” (from the Greek word éra:eos, a companion.) 

II.—2. In.... pervenissent, “should reach the age of puberty, 
i. e. when they became their own masters.”—Quod .... posset, 
‘‘ which can easily be understood.” Dicta, “ spoken of thus.” 

4. Ac....societatem, “ and should make alliance with himself.” 

IlI.—4. Dilapsuras, “ would be about to slip away.” 

IV.—4. Illo usus erat familiariter, “he had been intimate 
with him.”—Ossa, “his bones—his remains.” 

V.—1. Hee dum geruntur, “ while these transactions are going 
on.”—Et.... defertur, “and the supremacy is transferred.”—Suf- 
fragium ferre, “to carry one’s vote to the urn,” (sitella;)”hence, “ to 
vote.”—Damnare capitis, ‘ to condemn to death.” Sometimes it re- 
fers to one’s welfare, weal, or good name; especially civil life in the 
judicial sense, that is, the sum of all the rights and privileges of a 
Roman citizen, (which, if he loses, he loses his caput.) Causa capi- 
tis, accusare capitis, are commonly (except in causa perduellionis) 
to be understood of exilium. Exile referring to these three things and 
privileges, viz., freedom, rights of citizenship, family —E-ziles res, 
*‘ little things.” 

3. Extremo tempore, “ finally.” 

4. Equos militares, “his warlike chargers.”—Agitandi, “ of or 
for exercising them.” 

5. Priori®us pedibus, “with fore-feet ;’ plane, “ fully.”—Ez- 
cutiebat, “‘ was constantly striking out while the motion lasted—did 
strike out.”—Decurreret, “should run out, in the sense, should be 
exercised.” 

6. Factum est, “was done, brought about, accomplished.”— — 
Jumenta, “animals.” Jumenta for jugmenta, from jungo, strictly, 
“ draught-cattle.” The Greek broty:ov.—In campestribus locis, “in 
a champaign country ; open, flat places, level eth es 

7%. In hac conclusione, “ during this siege.”—Alias .... alin ; 
‘at one time....at another.” 

VI—1. Et.. .occuparet, “and take possession of that govern- 
ment.” . 

2. Raperetur, “she should be drawn.”—Omnium ... . oblivisce- 
retur, ‘‘ should bury in oblivion all injuries.” 

3. Gessit, “ bore, carried, conducted. ne “ assistance.” 

4. Subsidio sibi, “to her assistance.” 

5. Satius duxit, “considered, esteemed it botton®sadtefipeillll 
“ rendering.’—Jngratus, “an ungrateful one, an ingrate.” | 

VII.—2. Principiis. See infra, VII.—Administrare, “ to man- 


age.” 





“ ae 
- i . 
‘ 


EUMENES. 263 


3. Nam.... regia, “not at the tent of Eumenes, but at the 
royal tent.” Principia was a broad open space, extending the whole 
breadth of the camp, and separating the lower part of the camp from 
the upper. Here was erected the tribunal of the general, when he 
either administered justice or harangued the army. 

VIII—1. Acie instructa, “with army drawn up in batile 
_ array.”—Male acceptum, “roughly handled. *—_Non .... voluntas, 
“not according to his own wish, but as the will of the soldiers com- 
pelled him.” 

_ &. Inveterata....licentia, “long accustomed both to glory, 
_ and likewise to insubordination.’—Periculum est, “there is always 
- danger.” 

5. Commeabant, “‘ were accustomed or wont to go.” 

6. Sin....contenderet, “if he should march with expedition 
through siauby (or retired) places.” 

%- Cocta, “cooked.”—Quam minime, “as little as possible.”— 
Constituerat, “ he had resolved.” 

IX.—1. Quid .... facto, freely, ‘“‘ what was to be done ?” 

3. Obvii, “lying or being in the way—which one falls in with.” 

6. Decerneret, “he might fight.” 

_ X—2. Superior prelio discessisset, “he had come off supe- 
rior in battle.” 
_ XI—41. Servari, “to be treated.” » 

2. Fructum ....capere, “to derive pleasure fron. the sight of 
his Sishathinn?-<Formam, ‘the general appearance.” —Qualis, “ of 
what description or nature.” 

3- Quin, “ but that.”—Missum fieri, “to be set at liberty.” 

&. Neque id falsum, “nor was that a false or mistaken view of 
_his case—nor was that untrue.”—Dignitate honesta, “ of dignified 
demeanor.”—Neque .... venusta, “nor of so great size, as comely 
person.” 

XIIL—1. Adeo.... habiti, “they had been so much annoyed.” 

2. In....tantum, “on whom solely, or alone, so much depend- 
ed.”— Negotium, “ business, implying difficulty and trouble.” 

4. Jugulatus est a custodibus, “had his throat cut, i. e. was 
butchered or slain by his keepers or guards.” 

XIII.—1. Philippo apparuisset, “had attended Philip, as his 
secretary.’—Unum .... ale, “ one wing of the cavalry.” 

3. Ornatum, “ insignia.” 


264 NOTES. 


XIX. PHOCION 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. More notorious for integrity of life than for military genius, hence termed 
the Good; rejects the gifts of Philip. II. Accused of ingratitude to De- 
/mosthenes, and of want of fidelity to the state. III. Two factions at 
Athens; is driven away; goes to Macedonia; is there imprisoned, and 
finally taken back to Athens for trial. IV. The people very much exas- 
perated against him; he is refused defence; after a mock trial, is con- 
demned ; his death, and ignoble sepulture. 


I—1. Ex quo, “from which circumstance,” referring to “ integ- 
rity of life.” 

II.—2. Plebiscito. See Note, Epam. VII. 4. 

3. Causam capitis. See Note, Eum. V. 1. Damnare capitis. 

Ill.—1. Optimatum, “ of the nobles.” 

2. Capitis damnatos. See Note, Eum. V. 1. - 9 

3. Causam....dicere, “he was ordered to plead his cause, 
nominally before King Philip, but in reality before Polysperchon.” 

IV.—1. Pedibus jam non valeret. It may be translated, “he 
was now lame.” 

2. Inde....viris, “then being judicially condemned, certain — 
legal forms being gone through with, he was given up to the unde- ~ 
cemviri,’—eleven magistrates at Athens, whose office it was to take 
charge of those committed to prison, and to see the sentence of the 
law executed on criminals. 








TIMOLEON. 265 


XX. TIMOLEON. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. General remarks: equable: procures death of his brother, Timophanes, 
who had violently seized upon the Corinthian government; his mental 
sufferings consequent thereupon. II. Sent by the Corinthians, he drives 
Dionysius out of Syracuse, but freely spared his life ; vanquished Icetas, 
the Carthaginians, and Mamercus. III. Repeoples the deserted cities ; 
his good works ; love entertained for him by people of Sicily. IV. His 
resignation and humility; singular coincidence ; some further particulars 
—wisdom, moderation ; his death and public honors. 


I—1. In pristinum. Supply statum. 

2. Non...est, “he had to contend with a variety of fortune.” — 
Et, &c. A just remark, to which the attention of the young reader 
is particularly called. S 

3. Et parere legibus, quam, &c. Again note, for the reason 
just given in note above. 

4. Ipse.... attulit, “he himself not only did not lay violent 
hands on.” 

II—1. Felicitate, “ success.” 

III.—3. Propugnacula, “ strong-holds.” 

IV.—1. Moderate, “ patiently.” | 

2. Neque....gloriosum, “ nothing either proud or boastful.” 

3. Gratias .... habere, “thanks did give and entertain.” 

4. Sacellum Adroyarias constituerat, “had built a chapel to 
Fortune.”—Sanctissime colebat, “ most holily—most sacredly cher- 
ished”  Colebat from colo, (probably from the obsolete word xoAéw, 
which appears in Bovxodéw,) to bestow care upon, to till, to cultivate, 
hence to cherish, also to venerate. 

V.—1.- Ad....casus. “To this surpassing goodness of the man, 
wonderful chances were added.” 

2. Vadimonium imponere vellet, “wished to oblige him to 
give bail for his appearance.” Vadimonium, a promise or obligation to 
appear, at a time appointed, in a court of justice, either personally or 
by an agent.—Qui....conarentur, “who endeavored to curb or 
restrain the impertinence of the man by force.”—Oravit, “ implored.” 
—Ne id facerent, “ not to do it.” 

23 


266 NOTES. 


XXI. DE REGIBUS. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. Kings of Sparta in name, not in power; the more illustrious in actual 
sovereignty, Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, the two Alexanders, kings of Persia. 
II. Philip, Alexander, Pyrrhus, and the elder Dionysius. II. Demetrius, 
Lysimachus, Seleucus, Ptolemzeus, &c. 


I—1. Hi.... duces, “these were almost all the generals of 
Greece.” 

3- Macrochir, “ long-handed, ” an epithet of the elder Artaxerxes, 
from paxpés, “long,” and yeio, “a hand ;” generally ‘ Longimanus” 
among Latin authors. 

4. Manu fortior, “more personally brave or courageous.” 

5. Nature....reddiderunt, ‘paid the debt of nature,” i. e. 
“ died.” 

Il.—1. Ludos, “ games.” 

2 Quem.... putaret, “ whom he suspected of treason, or whom 
he suspected of plotting against it.” 





XXII. HAMILCAR. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. Changes the declining fortune of the Carthaginians; makes peace, but 
retains his arms. II. Saves Carthage, and does even more than this. — 
III. Is sent into Spain at the head of an army; takes with him his son — 
Hannibal, and Hasdrubal, on whom he bestows his daughter; his vic- 
tories, and death. 


I—1. Sed temporibus, “ but towards its termination.” 

3. Paci serviendum, “that he should endeavor to procure peace.” 

5. Tanta fuit ferocia, “he displayed so much pride.” 

Il.—2. Totam ... sballenarete ‘‘ alienated the affections of 
all Africa.” 

4. Oppida abalienata, the disaffected towns.” 

IIL—1. Ex sententia, “ according to his wish.” 7 

2 A PERERER morum, “by the superintendent of the public — 
morals.” 





HANNIBAL. 267 


XXIII. HANNIBAL. 


SYNOPSIS. 

I. His superiority as a general, how shown; envy towards him; his hatred 
of the Romans. II. His influence with Antiochus; he narrates to him. 
III. Made commander of Carthaginian forces at the age of twenty-five ; 
at the head of three armies ; crossed the Alps; various exploits. IV. He 
fights with the most eminent Roman generals, and is victorious. V. His 
march on ‘Rome; his various successful conflicts. VI. Recalled to his 
own country, he is conquered by the Romans at Zama ; makes a stand at 
Adrumetum. VII. Peace is made; he serves in different capacities ; to 
save himself from the Romans he flees to Antiochus in Syria; conduct of 
the Carthaginians towards him. VIII. Sails to Cyrene, is unfortunate ; 
engaged in a sea-fight with the Rhodians. IX. Ingenious device for con- 
cealing and securing his wealth from the grasp of the Cretians. X. He 
excites Prusias, king of Pontus, against the Romans; contending with 
Eumenes, king of Pergamus, he sets forth on a naval expedition, his single 
object being to destroy that regal general himself. XI. His queer strata- 
gem for effecting his purpose. XII. He is surrounded in his castle, and 
commits suicide. XIII. Died at the age of seventy; his cultivation of 
letters. 


I—2. Semper .... superior, “he always came off victorious.” 

Il—3. Utpote, “as it were.” 

Ill.—2. Federatam civitatem, “a city in alliance with the 
Romans.”—Tres ... comparavit, “he raised three very large ar- 
mies.” 

4. Concidit, “he cut down.”—Itinera muniit, “ he paved roads.” 
—Elephantus ornatus, “ an elephant accoutred—fully equipped.” 

IV.—3. Cum delecta manu, “ with a chosen band.” 

V.—2. Fabio dedit verba, “he imposed on Fabius.” —Juven- 
corum, “ of oxen—young bullocks.” 

4. Preelia, “his exploits.” 

VI—2. Facultates, “ the resources.”—Bellum componere, “ to 
conclude the war by treaty.”—Valentior, “with more vigor—in greater 
strength.”—Conditiones ....convenerunt, “ their mutual proposals 
were not agreed to.” 

VII.—1. Acerrime, “ most ardently.” 

2. Gratias agerent, “ should tender congratulations.”—Peterent, 
* should supplicate.” 

6. Sui exposcendi gratia, “ for the purpose of demanding him- 


268 NOTES. 


self.’—Priusquam ....daretur, “before the senate was given to 
them, i. e. before an audience of the senate was given to them.” 

VIII.—1.*Antiochi spe fiduciaque, “ by hope and confidence in 
the aid of Antiochus.” 

2. Memoria prodita est, “record has been transmitted.” . 

4. Quo, prelio understood. 

IX.—2. Nisi quid prezvidisset, “‘ unless he should use some pre- 
caution.” . 

3. In propatulo, loco understood. ‘ Openly-—in open view.” 

X.—1. Poenus, “the wily Carthaginian.” 

4. Decreturi erant, “ they were about to fight.” 

5. Harum ....multitudinem, “ when he had collected together 
a great number of these venomous reptiles.”—Hisque precipit, “ and 
enjoins upon them.”—Omnes ut .... navem, “ that they all simulta- 
neously should unite upon the one ship,” &c.—A ceteris .... defen- 
dere, “ they should reckon it sufficient merely to defend themselves 
from the rest.” 

XI.—1. Tabellarium .... mittit, “he sends a messenger in a 
boat, with a herald’s rod.” The caduceus was a rod like Mercury’s 
wand, carried by ambassadors, and serving the same purpose as a flag 
of truce. At sea it was usually fixed on the prow of the ship or 
boat. 

3. Ad irridendum eum pertineret, “ unless it should have an 
aim to mock him.” 

6. Nautica castra, “an encampment, including ships drawn to 
land.” 

7%. Pedestribus copiis, “ with infantry.” 

XII.—2. Patres conscripti, “the Roman senators.” The senate, 
when first established by Romulus, consisted of a hundred citizens, 
who, on account of their age, rank, and wisdom, were styled “‘ Sena- 
tores,” Elders, and “ Patres,” Fathers. When the Sabines were in- 
corporated with the citizens: of Rome, a hundred of their principal men 
were admitted into the senate. These new members were called 
“‘ conscripti,” and the senators were now styled, “ Patres et Conscripti,” 
or “ Patres Conscripti.” 

3. Ne usu eveniret, “ lest that should happen.” 

4. Qui, i. e. “ Hannibal.” 

S- Quam vitam. 

XIII.—1. Acquievit, “ finally rested—died.”—Quibus consulibus, 
existentibus understood. ‘In whose consulship, in what year.” Two 
consuls or chief magistrates were elected annually at Rome. Instead, 
therefore, of giving the year of any event, the names simply of the 
consuls are given, which answers all the purpose of chronology.—Jn 


M. PORTIUS CATO. 269 


annali suo, “in his own annals.”—At Polybius, “ But, &c.”—Sul-. 
picius autem, “ Sulp. however.” 

2. Tantus vir, “so remarkable man ;” tantisque bellis districtus, 
“intensely engaged in so important wars.”’—Nonnithil, “some portion.” 
Greco sermone confecti, “ written in the Greek language.”’—Rebus 
gestis, ‘* the exploits.” 

3. Memorize prodiderunt, “have handed down to posterity— 
committed to writing, recorded, related.” 

4. Explicare imperatores, “to unfold the exploits of com- 
manders.” 





XXIV. M. PORTIUS CATO. 


SYNOPSIS 


I. His early life ; tribune of soldiers, Questor, Adile, Pretor; brought poet 
Ennius to Rome. II. Consul, Censor, manner in which he discharged his 
duties. LILI. Sketch of his character ; his attainments ; his Works. 


I—1. Priusquam .... daret, “ before he engaged in the pursuit 
of honors.” —Versatus .... Sabinis, “ lived in the country of the Sa- 
bines.”—In foro esse cepit, “he began to be engaged in public 
business.” 

2. Primum stipendium meruit, “ he served his first campaign.” 
—Castra .... Neronis, “ he served under Caius Claudius Nero.” 

3. Cum.... vixit, “with whom he did not live in terms of inti- 
macy suitable to the official connection which subsisted between them.” 

IL—3. Severe .... potestati, “ exercised that office with rigor.” 

IIlL—1. Probabilis orator, “ a respectable orator.” 

2. Quarum .... arripuerat, “ though he was old when he com- 


menced the study of letters.” 
23* 


270 NOTES. 


XXV. T. POMPONIUS ATTICUS. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I. His descent; early instruction, character and mental qualities as a youth 
Il. Disquietude in state affairs, the course he pursued therein ; his liberality. 
[II. Estimation in which he was held; honors preferred to him. IV. His 
intimacy with Sylla ; manner in which he employed himself. V. His uncle . 
his family connections. VI. His course in regard to public affairs ; various 
excellence of character. VII. In the Czesarian civil war, he offends neither 
Pompey nor Cesar. VIII. Cesar being slain, he grants to Brutus in adver- 
sity, what he would refuse to him in prosperity. IX. Is the friend of An- 
tony, condemned and hated, and protects and aids the persecuted members 
of his family. X. In the mutations of fortune, his kindness is rewarded, 
when Antony returns to power. XI. His further acts of kindness. XII, His 
liberality ; use of wealth to relieve distress ; disregard of mere station and 
honor. XIII. His manner of life ; domestic habits ; inmates of his dwelling. 
XIV. His entertainments ; his moderation. XV. His integrity ; capacities 
for business. XVI. Fit companion for the old or young; his friendship 
eagerly sought. XVII. Equanimity of his life. XVIII. Fond of antiquity, 
skilled in genealogies, a lover of poetry—his conciseness therein. XIX. Not 
ambitious of distinction ; alliance with him is sought. XX. His friendships 
with Czesar and Mark Antony. XXI. His general good health, disease, 
closing interview of counsel. XXII. His last days; his death. 


I—1. Ab.... generatus, “ descended of one of the oldest_Ro- 
man families.”.—Perpetuo .... acceptam, * received by uninterrupted 
succession from his ancestors.” 

2. Quibus ....debet, “in which the age of boyhood ought to 
be instructed.” / 

3. Generosi condiscipuli, “ his high-spirited schoolfellows.” 

Il.—2. Pro.... vivendi, “ of living suitably to his rank.’”—Cu- 
jus sublevavit, “ whom he relieved in his exile with money.” 

- 4&~e Versuram facere, “ to borrow from one person for the purpose 
of paying another,” * to hire money.” 

III.—1. Omnes honores haberent, “ paid him all honors.” 

2. Actorem auctoremque, “ agent and adviser.” 

IV.—4. LLS. ducenta et quinquaginta millia, “ two hundred 
and fifty thousand sesterces.” Sestertius, the most common coin of 
the Romans, was equal in value to two pounds of brass and a, half, 
and hence it is usually marked by the letters LLS. for libra, libra, 


Te 


T. POMPONIUS ATTICUS. 271 


semis ; or by abbreviation HS. It is often called simply numus, or 
nummus. The sestertius or nummus was equal to about three cents 
and a half. — 

5. Ut.... indicaret, “ that they expressed with tears their grief 
for the privation they were to suffer.” 

V.—1. Difficillima natura, “ of a churlish disposition.”-—Cujus 
.... veritus est, “ of whose harshness of temper he stood in such rev- — 
erential awe.”—Summam, “ extreme.” 

2. Heredem ex dodrante, “ heir to three-fourths of his property 
or estate.” Dodrans means three-fourths of the as, applied, in general, 
for three-fourths of any thing ; taken from the phrase facere heredem 
ex asse, “ to make universal heir.’—Circiter centies LLS. Refer to 
Note [V.4. Sestertium is a sum equal to a thousand sestertii. When 
a numeral adverb is joined to sestertium, it denotes so many hundred’ 
thousand sesterces. Thus centies LLS. is the same as centies cen- 
tena millia sestertiorum, i. e. 10,000,000 sesterces, and is equivalent 
to about, in our money, $387,500. 

VI—1. Optimarum partium, “ of the patrician party.” 

3. Ad.... accessit, “he never attended the censor’s sales,” 
when the public revenues were let to the highest bidder. It was the 
custom, at public auctions, to erect a spear where the crier stood—a 
custom probably derived from this circumstance, that those things only 
which were taken in war were sold in that manner. All the taxes 
and public revenues were let publicly by the censors to the highest bid- 
der.—Nullius .... factus est, “ he was neither surety nor principal in 
farming the public revenue.” ‘Those who farmed the public revenue 
were called mancipes ot publicani: they gave securities to the public, 
called praedes; and had generally partners, socii, who shared with 
them the profit and loss—Neminem .... accusavit, “he accused no 
person either as the direct prosecutor or his second.” 

VIL—1. Usus est....vacatione, “he availed himself of the 
exemption from military service, to which he was entitled by his age.” 
Persons above fifty years of age enjoyed immunity from the duties 
of war—LEzx sua familiari re, “ from his own personal fortune or 
estate.” 

2. Conjunctum, supply, cognatione. 

VIIL—6. LUS. centum millia. See Note IV. 4; V. 2, circiter 
centies LLS. 

IX.—2. Familiares (Antonii) insequebantur, “they persecu- 
ted his friends.” 

4. Ut nullum .... Attico, “that she never appeared as defend- 
ant in a court of law, according to bail, without Atticus.” In a law- 
suit, the defendant was obliged to give security for his appearance in 


2 


272 / NOTES. 


court on the day appointed ; he was then said, promittere vadimoe- 
nium, to promise to appear; if he was present, he was said, vadimo- 
nium sistere, vel obire, to present himself, to appear in court on the 
day appointed. | 

XIIL—2. Plus ....habebat, “ displayed mére taste than ex 
pense ;” was rather elegant than magnificent. 

3. Usus est familia, &c., “ he kept an establishment of slaves of 
the best kind, if we are to judge by utility but if by external show, 
below mediocrity.” 

4. Quod a plurimis videas, sc. concupisci. 

5. Ut. - posset, “that it might neither be remarkable for tich- 
ness nor meanness.” 

XIV.—1. Aliud ...anagnosten, “ heard any other musical (or 
theatrical) performer than a reader.” It was customary among the 
Romans, at their private entertainments, to introduce, for the amuse- 
ment of their guests, actors and musicians, called acroamata, who sung 
or recited, with theatrical gestures, select passages of plays ; or persons, 
usually slaves, who read some favorite author, and who were denom- 
inated anagnoste. 

2. Parique .... fortuna, “ and maintained the same rank in both 
states of his fortune.” ’ 

XV.—2. In nitendo....annuisset, “in endeavoring to accom- 
plish what he had once agreed to undertake.” 

XVL—3. Historiam .... temporum, “a regularly componed 
history of those times.” : 

4. Divinatio, “the foreseeing or predicting of future events,” 
(uavreta, pavrixs.)”” Thence, skill in taking measures effectually to pre- 
vent or avert any threatening evil, divine or uncommon wisdom and 
forecast. Augurium, is an omen derived from the flight or singing of birds, 
(oidévicpa, olwvockorxta;) hence, a forewarning, prediction. Divinatio 
seems to have the more general meaning, and augurium a special sig- 
nification, though this is by no means always the case. 

XVIL—1. Pietas, “such conduct as is conformable to duty,” hence 
it refers to the different affections and acts of both religious and moral 
duty.—Gloriantem, “‘priding himself upon, rejoicing in,” (cavxdepat.) 
—Se....redisse, “that he had never required to be reconciled to 
his mother, i. e. had never quarrelled with his mother.”—Simultas is 
from simul, and is, accordingly, equivalent to ‘ jealousy,” “ rivalry,” 
when two persons are striving for the same end. Doed. finds no con- 
firmation of the idea that simultas especially signifies a secret enmity, 
one which rests upon hypocrisy, consequently a grudge. 

2. Nefas, “what is unlawful, criminal.” Nefas is an offence 
against God and nature, an act of impiety. Scelus, an offence against 


. T, POMPONIUS ATTICUS. 273 


the peace of society or the rights of others, a crime. Flagitium, an 
offence against one’s self. 

XVIII.—1. Mos, moris, “ the will of a person, one’s humor; self- 
will, wilfulness, caprice,” hence the various modification of meaning 
of the word—Quo....ornavit, “in which he has enumerated in 
order,” &c. ¢ 

2. Subtexere, literally “ to weave below or under” any thing. 

XX.—1. Sponsalis, (vupgixss.) Sponsalia also means “ presents 
made to betrothed persons.” Here it has the usual meaning of “ es- 
pousa ” 

4. Neque vero a M. Antonio minus colebatur literis, “ nor 
did Mark Antony the less maintain’ a correspondence with him by 
letter.” 

XXI.—6. Stat mihi, “ I am resolved.” 

XXIL—3. Pridie Calendas Aprilis, “the day before the cal- 
ends of April, i. e. on the 31st of March.” Somewhat similar to the 
Olympiads of the Greeks, were the Lustra of the Romans. At the 
end of every five years, a census, or review of the people, was made, 
which was closed with a solemn sacrifice, called Lustrum. This 
word, accordingly, is put for the term of five years\—thus duo lustra, 
ten years; decem lustra vidit, he is fifty years of age. These Lustra, 
however, were not, like the Olympiads, used in reckoning dates, but 
merely to denote a certain space of time. The method of reckoning 
dates among the Romans was by consulships, or from the foundation 
of the city Consuls were first elected, on the abolition of royalty, in 
the year of the city 244. The first consuls were Lucius Junius Bru- 
tus, and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Hence, Lucio Junio Bruto et 
Lucio Tarquinio Collatino consulibus, in the 244th year of Rome. 
This method of reckoning dates, however, was difficult and uncertain ; 
because the consuls frequently died during their office, and were suc- 
ceeded by ethers before the usual time of election. ‘That, therefore, 
of computing from the foundation of the city was easier and more 
definite. ‘The year was divided by the Romans into twelve months. 
These months were adapted to the course of the sun, by Julius Cesar, 
with the aid of Sosigenes, an astronomer of Alexandria, and distribu- 
ted into the number of days still assigned to each. Hence the year 
thus divided, is called the Julian, or Solar Year. The months were 
divided into three parts, by Kalends, Nones, and Ides. The first day _ 
was called Kalende (a calando) from a priest calling out to the people 


_ that it was new moon; the Ides, which divided the month, derived 


their name from the obsolete verb iduare, to divide ; and the Nones 


_ were so called because, counting inclusively, they were nine days from 


: 


? 


the Ides. The Ides generally fell on the 13th of the month, and the 


274 NOTES. 


Nones on the 5th ; but in March, May, July, and October, the Nones 
fell on the 7th, and the Ides on the 15th. In marking the days of the 
month, the Romans counted backwards; thus, to denote the 31st of 
December, they said, Pridie Kalendas, (i. e. ante kal.) Janwarii ; 
or, Pridie Kalendarum Januarii, marked shortly, Prid. Kal. Jan. 
The 30th of December, T'ertio Kalendas Januarii, i. e. tertio die 
ante, &c.; or, ante diem tertium Kal. Jan. 29th, Quarto Kalendas, 
Januarii, &c. 

4. Ad quintum lapidem, “ at the fifth mile-stone.’ From the 
earliest period of Roman history, it was unlawful to bury within the 
city. By the laws of the twelve tables it was expressly prohibited in 
these terms, Hominem. Mortuum. In. Urnse. Ne. Sepenitro. Neve 
Urniro. 


— 


LEXICON. 





A 


A. Aulus. See Hist. and G. In- 
dex. 

A, ab, prep. From, by. 

Abaliéno, are, avi, datum, (ab, 
alieno.) ‘To alienate, estrange, 
Ages. ii.; to convey property 
from one to another. 

Abdo, ere, didi, ditum, (ab, do.) 
To hide, conceal, put out of the 


way. 

Abdio, #re, xi, ctum, (ab, duco.) 
To lead away. 

Abeo, ire, ivi, et ii, itum, irreg. 
neut., (ab, eo.) To go away. 

Abhorreo, ére, ui, —, (ab, horreo.) 
To dread ; abhor, be averse from, 
Mil. iii. ; differ greatly. 

Abjectus, a, um, adj. Abject, de- 
based, mean, low, contemptible. 

Abjectus, a, um, part. See Ab- 

icio. 

Abjicio, ére, éci, ectum, (ab, jacio.) 
To throw away, reject ; despise. 

Abreptus, a, um, part. See Ab- 
ripio. 

Abripio, ére, ipui, eptum, (ab, ra- 
pw.) To take away by force, 
intercept, Datam. iv. ; to snatch, 
or sweep away. 

Abrigo, are, avi, atum, (ab, rogo.) 

» To repeal, annul; take from, 
Epam. vii. 

Abscédo, ere, cessi, cessum, neut., 
(abs, cedo.) To depart from; 
desist, Epam. ix. 

Absens, tis, part. and adj., (ab- 
sum.) Absent. 

Absolutus, a, um, part. See Ab- 
solvo. 





ACCIDO 


Absolvo, re, vi, utum, (ab, solvo.) 
To absolve, acquit. 
Abstinentia, @, f. A withholding 


from, abstinence opposed to cov- = 


etousness, moderation, Arist. i. 5 — 
temperance. 

Abstineo, ére, inui, entwm, (abs, 
teneo.) ‘To keep from, abstain. 

Abstriho, @re, xi, ctum, (abs, 
traho.) To drawfrom. It im- 
plies more violence or force than 
Abdio. 

Absum, esse, fii, irreg. neut., (ab, 
sum.) ‘To be absent, be want- 
ing. 

Mbuntielié tis, part. gy 
(abundo.) Abounding, affluent. 

Abundo, Gre, dvi, datum, (ab, 
unda.) ‘To overflow, abound. 

Ac, conj. And; also; than; as. 

Accédo, &re, cessi, cessum, (ad, 
cedo.) ‘lo approach, go to, 
agree to; Milt. iii.; be added; 
accede ; ad rempublicam, to en- 
gage in the business of the state ; 
ad amicitiam, gain friendship, 
Eum. i. 

Accéléro, are, avi, dtum, (ad, ce- 
lero.) ‘To hasten, accelerate, 
urge on. 

Acceptus, a, um. See Accipio. 

Accerso, or arcesso, ére, ivi, ttum. 
To send for, call, invite ; sum- 
mon, arraign. 

Accessio, onis, f., (accedo.) An 
approaching ; addition, acces- 
sion. 

Accido, re, i, —, (ad, cado.) To - 
fall to, come to, happen, befall 


ACCIPIO 


Accipio, ére, épi, eptum, (ad, ca- 
pio.) 'To take, receive, accept ; 
tolearn, Att.i.; tohear, Han.ii.; 
to entertain; acceptus male, be- 
ing defeated, Eum. viii. 

Accrédo, tre, idi, itum, (ad cre- 
do.) To believe, assent to, cred- 
it. 

Accresco, tre, évi, étum, (ad, cres- 
co.) ‘To increase, to grow in size 
or quantity. 

Accibo, are, ui, itum, (ad, cubo.) 
To recline at table ; to lie down ; 
to be near. 

Accurate, adv., (accuratus.) Ac- 
curately, carefully, strictly ; par- 
ticularly. 

Accisdator, dris, m., (accuso.) An 
accuser, plaintiff, informer. 

Accuso, dre, avi, atum, (ad, cau- 
sa.) To accuse, arraign, im- 
peach ; blame, reprehend. 

Acer, or acris, cris, cre, adj., 
(aceo.) Sharp, tart, pungent ; 
eager ; passionate,-bold. 

Pi Cy atis, f., (acerbus.) 
Harshness or bitterness of taste ; 

_ distress ; severity ; rigor. 

Acerbus, a, um, adj., (acer.) Un- 
ripe, bitter; harsh, cruel; pre- 
mature, Cim. iv. 

Acerrime, adv. See Acriter. 

Acies, éi, f. The edge or point of 
a weapon; the eye or sight; an 
army in battle array. 

Acquiesco, ére, évi, étum, (ad, 
quiesco.) ‘To repose or rest; 
acquiesce, to be pleased or satis- 
fied with ; die, Han. xiii. 

Acriter, adv., comp. rius, sup 
acerrime, (acer.) Sharply ; keen- 
od ; bravely ; fiercely, vehement- 


y: 

Acrius. See Acriter. | 

Acroama, dtis,n. A symphony, 
interlude ; musician, singer 5 re- 
citer, narrator of humorous sto- 
ries. 

Acta, @, f., (éxrf#.) A shore, a 
pleasant retired place on the 
beach. 

Act@us, a, um, adj., (Acte, Gr. 


276 





ADJUNGO 


’Axraios.) Attic, Athenian. From 
acta, dxri, litus, relating to the 
sea-shore. 

Actor, oris, m., (ago.) An agent ; 
manager ; pleader ; accuser ; ac- 
tor in a play. 

Acumen, inis, n.,(acuo.) A sharp 

‘ point, edge; acuteness, ingenu- 
ity, smartness. 

Acuo, ére, ui, atum. To whet, 
sharpen, point. 

Acitus, a, um, adj., (acuo.) Sharp, 
pointed ; shrill, high, piercing ; 
acute, subtle, ingenious. 

Ad, prep. ‘To, at, before; ad 
tempus, about the time. 

Adimo, are, (ad, amo.) To love 
greatly. 

Addo, ére, idi, itum, (ad, do.) To 
add, put to. 

Addubito, are, avi, atum, (ad, 
dubito.) 'To doubt, be in doubt. 

Addico, cére, xi, ctum, (ad, duco.) 
To lead, bring to; induce, per- 
suade, influence. 

Ademptus, a, um, part. See 
Adimo. 

Adeo, adv., (ad, eo.) So, so much. 

Adeo, ire, ivi, ti, ttum, trreg. 
neut., (ad, eo.) To go to; speak 
to, address ; undergo, Timo. iv. ; 


encounter. 
Adeptus, a, um, part. See Adi- 
See Adsum. 


piscor. 

Adfui or affui. 

Adgredior. See Aggredior. 
Adhibeo, ére, ui, itum, (ad, ha- 
beo.) To use; admit; apply. 
Adhuc, adv., (ad, hoc.) As yet. 
hitherto ; besides, moreover. 
Adimo, ére, émi, empium, (ad, 
emo.) ‘To take to one’s self, 

take ; take away, remove. 

Adipiscor, ipisci, eptus, dep., (ad 
apiscor.) ‘To get, obtain. 

Aditus, tis, m., (adeo.) An ap- 
proach; access, liberty of ap- 
proach ; a passage. 

Adjiceo, ére, ui, ttum, (ad, jaceo.) 
To lie near, border upon or be 
contiguous to. 

Adjungo, gére, zi, ctum, (ad 


Hy 


_ Adjitor, oris, m., (ad, juvo.) A 





I a 


' Adolescentilus, i, m.,(adolescens.) 


_ See Adscisco. 
24 


ADJUTOR 


jungo.) To join to, to annex; 
attach, gain over. 


helper, 
Con. iv. 

Adjivo, uvare, ivi, atum, (ad, 
juto.) Toassist, aid; favor. 

Administro, are, avi, atum, (ad, 
ministro.) To work, do ser- 
vice ; manage or govern; exe- 
cute, discharge or perform. 

Admirabilis, is, e, adj., (admiror.) 
Wonderful ; admirable, worthy 
of admiration. 

Admirandus, a, um, adj., (admi- 
ror.) Wonderful, admirable. 
Admiratio, énis, f., (admiror.) 

Admiration ; surprise. 

Admiror, ari, atus, dep., (ad, mi- 
ror.) ‘To wonder greatly, be as- 
tonished ; admire. 

Admitto, ére, isi, issum, (ad, mit- 
to.) ‘To admit, give access to ; 
commit, perpetrate. 

Admidum, adv., (ad, modus.) 
Very, exceedingly, beyond mea- 


assistant; colleague, 


sure. 
Admisneo,. ére, ui, itum, (ad, mo- 
neo.) ‘Toadmonish, put in mind. 
Adminitus,ts,m. An advising, 
warning, suggesting, advice. 
Adolescens, tis, m. and f., (ado- 
lesco.) A young man or woman 
till the of maturity. 
Adolescentia, @, f., (adolescens.) 
Youth. 


A little young man. 

Adopto, are, avi, datum, (ad, opto.) 
To adopt, assume. 

Adorior, iri, tus, dep., (ad, orior.) 
To attack; attempt; accost. 
Adortus, a, um, part. See Ado- 

» rior. 

Adscisco, or assisco, ére, ivi, 
iium, (ad, scisco.) 'To adopt; 
alia (scil. civitate) adscita, 
having become a citizen of an- 
other state ; acquire ; assume ; 
borrow. 

Adscitus, Ascitus, a, um, part. 


277 





DIFICATOR 


Adsimilo. See Assimulo. 

Adspectus, tis, m. A looking at, 
beholding, the sight ; look, air, 
aspect. 

Adspicio. See Aspicio. 

Adsum, esse, fui, irreg. neut., (ad, 
sum.) 'To be present; assist ; 
attend. 

Adiulor, ari, dtus,dep. To fawn 
as a dog ; flatter. 
Adulterium, i, n, 

Adultery. 

Advénio, ire, éni, entumy (ad, ve- 
nio.) ‘To come to, arrive. 

Advento, are, avi, atum, ( freq. of 
advenio.) To approach, come 
frequently. 

Adventus, tis, m., (advenio.) A 
coming, arrival. 

Adversarius, a, um, adj., (adver- 
sus.) Contrary, opposite to; 
subs., an adversary, opponent or 
enemy. 

Adversus, a, um, adj., (ad, verto.) 
Opposite, fronting; contrary, 
hostile, adverse. 

Adversus, and Adversum, prep. 
pay towards, opposite. 

hen followed by a dative, or 
governing no case, adversus and 
adversum are taken as adverbs ; 
tenet adversum proficiscentibus 
Athenis, blows right against per- 
sonssailing from.Athens. Milt. i. 

Adversor, ari, atus, dep., (adver- 
sus.) ‘To oppose, resist, oppugn, 
thwart. , 

Advéco, are, (ad, voco.) To call 
to 5 summon. 

Aides, et Aidis, is, f. A temple, 
(properly one apartment;) plur., 
a house consisting of several - 
apartments ; primum tenet lo- 
cum e@edium, occupies the first 
place of the house, viz. the hall, 
or atrium, in which the nuptial 
couch was spread, and the mis-~ 
tress of the family, with the 
maid-servants, were employed 
in spinning and weaving. 

Aidificator, ris, m., (edifico.) A 
builder. 


(aduiter.) 


ADIFICIUM 


fidificium, i, n., (edifico.) A 
building, edifice, house. 
To 


Ab difico, are, (edes, facio.) 
build, frame. ! 
Ai dilis, is, m.,(edis.) An edile, 


a Roman magistrate, who took: 


care of the temples, theatres, 
and other public buildings of 
the city, and superintended the 
markets and taverns, regulated 
weights and measures, and ex- 
hibited the solemn games. 

Aiger, ra; rum, adj. Sick ; weak ; 
distressed in body or mind ; anx- 
ious, sorrowful. 

Aimuliatio, nis, f.,(emulor.) A 
desire to excel ; emulation, ri- 
valship ; envy, jealousy. 

Aimilor, ari, atus, dep. To de- 
sire to excel, rival, emulate ; 
imitate :—in these senses it gov- 
erns the accusative; with the 
dative it signifies, to envy. 

Aineus, a, um, adj., (@s.) Of 
brass, brazen. 

Aiqualis, is, e, adj.. (equus.) 
Equal, constant; of the same 
age, contemporary, Aristid. i. 

Aique, adv., (eqrus.) Equally ; 
with quam, or ac, it must be 
translated, as. 

Aiquiptro, are, avi, dtum, (equus, 

PP st To equal ; compare. 
quitas, atis, f.,(equus.) Equal- 
ity ; justice, equity. 
quus, a, um, adj. Plain, level ; 
equal ; favorable, advantageous ; 
locus @quus, advantageous 
ground. , 

firarium, i; n., (e@s.) <A treas- 
ury, the place where the pub- 
lic money is kept; the exche- 
quer. 

4is, eris, n. Brass, copper or 
bronze ; money. 

Aistas, atis, f., (estus.) Sum- 
mer, commencing on the 9th of 
May, and ending on the 7th of 
August ; heat. 

Aistimo, are, avi, dtum. To esti- 
mate, value, rate, appraise; esti- 
mare litem, to estimate the dam- 


278 





AGER 


ages, determine what fine a 
criminal should pay. ~ 

Aitas, atis, f. Age, time of life; 
time ; a season; an age or space 
of thirty years. 

Affabilis, is, e, adj., (ad, fari.) 
Easy to be spoken to, affable, 
courteous, accessible. 

Affecto, are, avi, atum, (adficio.) 
To affect, desire or aim at; as- 
pire to. 

Affectus, a, um, part. See A fficio. 

Afftéro, rre, attuli, allatum, (ad, 
fero.) To carry or bring to; 
report or bring word ; vim vel 
manus, offer violence ; detri- 
mentum, occasion loss; multa 
nova in re militari, invent or de- 
vise. ‘ 

Afficio, ére, éci, ectum, (ad, fa- 
cio.) To affect, influence, move: 
this verb takes the meaning of 
the noun with which it is con- 
nected ; as, afficere honore, to 
honor ; laude, to praise ; pena, 
to punish ; muneribus, to pre- 
sent. 

Affinis, is, e, adj., (ad, finis.) Ad- 
joining, contiguous ; related by 
marriage ; allied ; privy to, ac- 
cessary, concerned in. 

Affinitas, atis, f., (affinis.) Af- 
finity, alliance by marriage. 

A ffirmo, Gre, avi, adtum, (ad, fir- 
mo.) ‘To affirm, declare. 

A fflictus,a,um, part. See Affligo. 

Affligo, ére, xi, ctum, (ad, fligo.) 

To dash to the ground; to vex, 
to distress or afflict. 

Affiuens, entis, part. See Affluo. 
Part. and adj. Abundant, pro- 
fuse, superabundant. 

Affiluentia, @, f., (affluens, affluo.) 
abundance, affluence. 

Affiuentius, comp. of Affluenter. 
More profusely, more copiously 
or plentifully. 

Affui. See Adsum. . 

Agellus, i, m., (diminutive fro 
ager.) A little field. 

Ager, ri, m. A field or farm ; land, 
ground ; district or territory. 


AGGREDIOR 


_ Aggrédior, di, ssus, dep., (ad, 
gradior.) ‘To goto; accost or 


address ; attempt ; attack or as- |. 


sault ; accuse. 

Agito, are, avi, tum, (freq. from 
ago.). To drive, toss ; exercise ; 
aliquid mente vel animo, to 
think, meditate. 

Agmen, inis, n., (ago.) An army 
on march. 

Agnosco, ére, 6vi, itum, (ad, nos- 
co.) ‘To know, discern; recog- 
nise, acknowledge ; approve. 

Ago, ére, égi, actum. ‘To drive; 
act, do; treat, transact; gra- 
tias, give thanks ; cum aliquo, 
treat with, converse; bellum, 
conduct; causam populi, es- 
pouse the cause of the people, 
favor the popular faction ; nul- 
lis agi casibus, be moved from 
his purpose by no misfortunes ; 
qui nihil aliud egérunt, who 
applied to nothing else ; id agi- 
tur, it is proposed or intended. 

Agrestis, is, e, adj.,(ager.) Of 
the country, rural, rustic, clown- 


Agricibla, @, m., (ager, colo.) A 
tiller of the ground, husbandman, 
farmer. 

Aio, def. I say. 

Ala, ea, f. A wing of a bird; 
arm ; wing of an army. 

Alidcer, or aldcris, cris, cre, adj. 
Cheerful ; brisk, active ; coura- 


geous. 

Alias, adv., (alius.) At another 
time ; in another respect, other- 
wise. 

Alienadtus, a, um, part., (alieno.) 
Disaffected, estranged. 

Aliénigéna, e, m. and f., (alienus, 
gigno.) A foreigner. 

Aliéno, are, (alius.) To*cast off; 
estrange, alienate ; to transfer 
the property of a thing to an- 
other. 

Aliénus, a, um, adj., (alius.) Be- 
longing to another ; foreign, ad- 
verse ; alienus locus, disadvan- 
tageous ground. 


279 


AMBITIO 


Alio, (alius,) adv. To another 
place, thing, person ; end, pur- 
pose, intent, use. 

Aliquamdiu, or Aliquandiu, adv., 
(aliquis, diu.) For some time. 

Aliquando, adv.,(aliquis, quando.) 
Atsome time ; sometimes, at last. 

Aliquanto, aliquantum, adv., (ali- 

quid, quantum.) Somewhat, a 
little, considerably. 

Aliquis, qua, quod or quid, pron., 
(alius, quis.) Some, somebody, 
some one. 

Aliquot, adj. pl. indecl. 
several, a few. 

Aliquoties, adv., (alius, quoties * 
Several times, sometimes. 

Aliter, adv., (alius.) In anothe 
manner, otherwise. 

Alibi, for alibi, adv., (alius, ub 
et ibi.) Elsewhere, in another 
place. 

Alius, a, ud, adj., gen. alius 
Other, another ; different, con- 
trary. ' 

Allatirus, a,um. See Affero. 

Allatus, a, um, part., of Affero. 

Alo, Gre, ui, itum, or altum. 'To 
maintain, support ; nourish, fos- 
ter. 

Alpicus, a, um, adj. See Alpi- 
nus, Hist. and Geog. Index. 
Alte, adv., (altus.) On _ high, 
high, highly, aloft; from on 
high, from a_ great height; 
deeply, low, to a great depth. 

Fig., high, &c., deeply, &c. 

Alter, a, um, adj., gen. tus. An- 
other; one of two; the second. 

Alteriter, ra, rum, adj., (alter, 
uter.) One or other, one of two. 

Altitado, inis, f., (altus.) Height, 
depth. 

Altius, adv. comp. alte, pos., (al- 
tus.) More highly. 

Amator, 6ris,m., (amo.) A lover 
gallant. 

Ambitio, dnis, f., (ambio.) A go- 
ing round; soliciting or can- 
vassing for any public employ- 


Some, 





| ment; ambition; ostentation, 


pomp, Dion, ii 


AMBITUS 


Ambitus, tis, m., (ambio.) A go- 
ing round; canvassing for pub- 
lic office ; bribery or corruption. 

Ambrosia, @, f... Ambrosia, the 
food of the gods. 

Amice, adv. In a friendly man- 
‘ner, cordially, kindly, benevo- 
lently. 

Amicus, a, um, adj. (amo.) 
Friendly, benevolent ; favorable, 
courteous. 

Amicus, i,m. A friend. 

Amicitia, @, f., (amicus.) Friend- 
ship. 

Amicilum, i, m., (amicio.) A 
strait outer garment, little cloak. 

Amissus, tis, m., (amitto.) Loss. 

Amita, @, f.. An aunt, father’s 
sister. 

Amitio, &re, isi, issum, (a, mitto.) 
To send away ; let go; lose. 
Amo, are, avi, datum. To love, 

take delight in. 

Amenitas, atis, f., (amenus.) 
Pleasantness. . 

Amenus, a, um, adj. Pleasant 
to the sight ; agreeable, delight- 
ful. 

Amor, 6ris, m., (amo.) Love, af- 
fection. 

Amoveo, ére, dvi, 6tum, (a, mo- 
veo.) ‘To remove, banish, get 
rid of, shake off. 

Amphira, @, f., (am, fero.) A 
vessel having two handles, and 
containing nine gallons; a jar. 

Amplector, xi, xus., dep., (am, 
plico.) ‘To fold in one’s arms, 
to embrace, to clasp; to hold, 
to comprehend. 

Amplitudo, inis, f., (amplus.) 
Bulk, extent ; greatness ; honor. 

Amplius, adv. comp. ample, et 
ampliter, pos., (amplus.) More, 
more copiously or largely; 
moreover, besides. 

Amplus, a, um, adj., (am, plus.) 
Large, ample ; great, noble. 


An, adv. and conj., interrogative | 


or indefinite, used in asking 
a question, or expressing doubi. 
Whether, or. 


280 





ANTE 


Anagnostes, @,m. A reader, ser- 
vant employed to read during 
entertainments, or at other 
times. 

Anceps, ipitis, adj., (am, capio.) 
Double, on both sides, T’hesn. iii. ; 
two-edged; doubtful ; dangerous. 

Ancilla, @, f. A id, a 
-woman-servant. 

Anchora, (or ancora,) @, f. An 
anchor; metaphorically, a sup- 
port, stay, refuge. 

Anfractus, tis or 1, m., (am, fran- 
go.) A winding or bending of 
away; a circuit er compass. 

Angustia, @, f., (angustus.) Nar- 
rowness; plur., straits, ; 
difficulties. 

Angustus, a, um, adj., (ango.) 
Narrow, strait; scanty, pinch- 
ing. 

Anima, e, f. Air, breath; the 
soul or vital principle ; life. 

Animadversus, a, um, part. Seo 
Animadverto. 

Animadverto, re, ti, sum, (an- 
imus, ad, verto.) ‘To turn the 
mind to, consider, attend to; 
punish. 

Animatus, a, um, part. and adj., 
(animo.) Alive, animate; dis- 
posed or affected towards; bene 
animatus insulas, well-aftected 
islands. ~Cim. ii. 

Animus, i, m. The soul; will; 
passion ; courage. 

Annalis, is, e, adj., (annus.) Of 
a year; subst., a book contain- 
ing the register of each year’s 
transactions ; journal, memoir. 

Annicilus, a, um, adj., (annus.) 
One year old. 

Annitlus, i, m., (annus.) A ring. 

Annuo, ére, i, —. To nod to; 
consent, grant. 

Annus, i, m. A circle; a year; 
that period in which the earth 
performs an entire revolution 
round the sun. 

Annuus, a, um, adj., (annus.) 
Yearly, annual. 

Ante, prep. gov. acc. a3 tt respects 


ANTEA 







time, place, and persons. Be- 

fore. With persons it signifies 

comparison, unus ante alios 
carissimus. 

_ Antea, adv., (ante, ea, acc. pl. of 
is.) Before that, before, for- 
merly. 

_ Anteactus, a, um, adj., (ante, 

ago.) Done before, past. 

Antécédo, ére, ssi, ssum, (ante, 
cedo.) To go before; excel, 

Surpass. 

_ Anteeo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, (ante, 

eo.) To go before; excel ; pre- 

vent. 

 Antéfero, ferre, tili, latum, (ante, 

_ fero.) To carry before; prefer. 

 Antepono, re, dsui, dsitum, (ante, 
no.) ‘To place or set before, 

ih or carry before, prefer, 
give the preference to. 

Antequam, adv., (ante, quam, 

mpiv dv, xpiv h-) Before, before 

that. 


= _- rr i, 


Antesto and antisto, are, stéti, 
stitum and statum, (ante, sto.) 
To stand before; be superior, 
excel or surpass. 

Antiquitas, atis, f., (antiquus.) 
Antiquity. 

Antiquus, a, um, adj., (ante, 

: @quus.) Old, ancient. 

Antistes, itis, m. and /., (antisto.) 

A chief priest or priestess, a 
great lawyer. 
_ Antisto. See Antesto. 

Apério, ire, ui, tum, (ad, pario.) 
To open; uncover, disclose, dis- 
cover; unfold or explain. 

| Pagietins, ‘tis, m., (ad, paro.) 

preparing, getting ready; 

provision ; splendor, state, equip- 
age, magnificence. 

Appareo, ére, ui, ittum, (ad, 
pareo.) ‘To appear, be visible, 
be evident ; attend as a servant, 
Eum. xiii. 

Appéro, are, avi, atum, (ad, pa- 
ro.) To prepare or make 
ready; prepare or make pro- 
vision for. 


Appello, are, “" atum, (ad, pelle.) 
” 


281 





ARMA 


To call, name; to address, 
speak to. : 

Appello, ére, uli, pulsum, (ad, 
pello.) To drive, make go; 
navem, bring a ship.to land. 

Appéto, ére, wi, itum, (ad, peto.) 
To desire greatly; catch at ; 
endeavor to lay hold of; ap- 
proach ; draw near to; assault, 
attack. 

Applico, are, avi, dtum, and ui, 
itum, (ad, plico.) ‘To lay one 
thing to another; attach, join, 
Arist. ii.; apply. 

Appono, ére, sui, situm, (ad, 
pono.) ‘To put or place near to 
or upon; appoint, add. 

Apporto, are, avi, atum, (ad, 
porto.) To bring or carry to, 
conduct, convey, bring on, bring 
with. 

Apprime or adprime, adbv., (ad, 
primus.) Very, especially, par- 
ticularly, chiefly. 

Appropinquo, are, dvi, -dtum, 
(ad, propinquo.) To approach, 
draw near, come On, approx- 
imate. 

Aptus, a, um, adj. 
meet, proper. 
Apud, prep. At, to, nigh, with, 

before, among. 

Aqua, @, f. ater. 

Aquilo, dnis,m.-The north wind ; 
any violent wind. 

Ara, e, f. Any elevation of earth, 
stone, &c., an altar. 

Arbitrium, i, n. The sentence of 
an arbiter; judgment, will, 
pleasure, inclination, choice, 
disposition. 

Arbiiror, ari, dtus, dep., (arbiter.) 
To decide a dispute referred to 
one as arbiter; judge, think. 

Arbor aud arbos, éris, f. A tree. 

Arcesso. See Accerso. 

Argentum, i,n. Silver, money. 

Arguo, tre, wi, wilum and iium. 
To show, indicate; prove; ac- 
cuse, Alcib. vii. ; convict, Paus. 
iii. 

Arma, drum, n., (armus.) Arms 


Fit, suitable, — 


ARMATURA 


or armor, weapons offensive and 
defensive. 

Armatira, @, f. Method of arm- 
ing; accoutrements; magnum 
numerum levis armature, (sc. 
militum.) A great number of 
light-armed soldiers. 

Armilla, @, f., (armus.) A brace- 
let; a ring or ornament worn 
on the left arm by soldiers who 
had distinguished themselves in 
battle. 

Armo, are, avi, datum, (arma) 
To arm ; excite to war; equip; 
rig or fit out a ship. 

Arripio, ére, ai, reptum, (ad, ra- 
pio.) ‘Totake or snatch by vio- 
lence, seize ; learn quickly, en- 
gage in eagerly. 

Ars, tis, f. Art, skill, ability ; 
invention, method, Milt v.; 
trade ; deceit. 

Artifex, icis, adj. Artificial; 
artful, cunning ; swbst., an arti- 
ficer, an artist. 

Aruspex. See Haruspex. 

Arz, cis, f. Fortress, castle, tow- 
er; citadel; place of refuge. 
Ascendo, ére, di, sum. To go up, 

mount, ascend, climb. 

Ascisco. See Adscisco. 
Aspectus, ts, m., (aspicio.) See- 
ing, sight ; appearance, aspect. 
Aspergo, @re, si, sum, (ad, spar- 
go.) To. besprinkle; asperse, 

revile. 

Asperitas, atis,f., (asper.) Rough- 
ness; sourness ; harshness, mo- 
roseness, austerity. 

Aspernor, ari, atus, (ad, sperno.) 
To despise, disdain, scorn, re- 
ject. 

Aspicio, @re, exi, ectum, (ad, spe- 
cio.) ‘To look at, see, behold; 
look up to, esteem. 

Asporto, are, avi, datum, (abs, 
porto.) ‘To carry or convey to, 
carry away, conduct away. 

Assecla, @, m. and f., (assequor.) 
A mean attendant, a servant ; 
assecla pretoris, the pretor’s 
lieutenant, Até. vi. 


282 





AUDACITER 


Assiduus, a, um, adj., (assideo.) 
Constant, continual; diligent, 
industrious, assiduous. 

Assimilo, are, avi, datum, (ad, 
simulo.) ‘To resemble; liken 
or compare ; counterfeit, Lum. 


ix. 

Astu, n. indecl. The city Athens, 
Them. iv. 

Asylum, i,n. An inviolable tem- 
ple; a sanctuary, or place of 
refuge, an asylum. 

At, conj. But, yet. 

Athléta, @, m., (d0d\nris.) A 
wrestler, or any one who con- 
tended at the public games, 
prize-fighter, champion, athlete. 

Atque, conj. And. With an ad- 
jective of comparison, as; cum 
totidem navibus atque profectus 
erat, with as many ships as; 
than, as, alio atque videri vo- 
lebant, to another purpose than 
they wished to appear, Them. 


vi. 

Attendo, ére, di, tum, (ad, tendo.) 
To attend, to apply ; attendisset 
animum ad cavendum, he had 
applied his whole attention to 
guard against their machina- 
tions, Alc. v. 

Attingo, #re, igi, actum, (ad, 
tango.) To touch gently ; touch 
upon, mention, e Reg. i.; 
study, bestow some attention 
upon, Aft. xviii. ; touch or arrive 


at, Dion. v. 

Attili. See Affero. 

Au! interj. expressing fear or de- 
precation. Hold!  prythee! 
peace! 


Auctor, dris, m. seldom f., (augeo.) 
An author, founder; adviser, 
proposer or instigator; inven- 
tor. - x 

Auctoritas, atis, f., (auctor.) Au- 
thority, influence, interest, 
weight. 

Auctus, a, um. See Augeo. 


Audaciter, or audacter, adv. 
Boldiy, with audacity, impu- 


dently. 


AUDACIUS 


_ Audacius, comp. See Audaciter, 
Audacter. 
Audaz, acis, adj., (audeo.) Bold, 
_ daring, courageous, resolute. 
Audeo, ére, ausus sum. To dare, 
attempt, adventure, presume, 
endeavor, undertake. 
_Audenter, adv. Boldly, bravely, 
- courageously, daringly. 
Audiens, part. See Audio. 
_ Audio, ire, ivi, ti, itum. To hear, 
listen ; regard, obey; audiens 
_ dicto, obedient. 
_Auféro, auferre, abstuli, ablatum, 
(ab, fero.) To take away, garry 
off, withdraw, remove. 
Augeo, ére, xi, ctum. To in- 
crease, énlarge, T'imol. i. 
_Aulicus, i, m., (aula.) A courtier, 
an attendant on the palace or 
court; aulicus, a, wm, adj., 
_ relating to a palace or court. 
Aureus, a, um, adj., (aurum.) Of 
d, golden. 
Phe bo f. The ear. 
Aurum, i, n. Gold, money. 


Aut, conj. Or, either. 
Autem, conj. But, now, truly, 
indeed. 


_Auzilium, i, s. n., (augeo.) Aid, 

help, assistance ; a remedy ; sup- 
port ; redress. 

Avdareé, adv., (avarus.) Covetous- 
ly, greedily, avariciously. 
_Avdritia, @, f., (avarus.) Ava- 
rice, covetousness, greediness. 

_ Avadrus, a, wm, adj., (aveo.) Cov- 
etous, greedy of money, avari- 
cious, sordid, stingy. 

Aversus, a, um, part. 
to. 

Averto, tére, ti, sum, act., (a, ver- 
to.) To turn away, to drive 
away, avert, remove, bear away. 

Aviditas, atis, f., (avidus.) An 
eager desire ; covetousness, avid- 
ity, earnestness. 

_Avico, are, act., (a, voco.) To 

_ call off, to withdraw, abstract, 
divert. 

_ Avunciilus, i, m., (avus.) An un- 
cle, a mother’s brother. 


See Aver- 


283 





BONITAS 


Avus, i, m. A father’s or mother’s 
father, grandfather, an ancestor. 


B. 
Barba, e, f A beard ; promissa, 


long. 

Barbarus, a, um, adj. Foreign, 
the Romans called all nations 
barbarians or foreigners, except 
themselves and the Greeks; 
savage, cruel, barbarous. 

Beatus, a, um, adj. Blessed, hap- 
py ; rich, Ages. viii. 

Bellicésus, a, um, adj., (bellum.) 
Warlike, fierce. 

Bellicus, a, um, adj., (bellum.) 
Of or pertaining to war; bellica 
virtus, his valor in war, Ages. 
iv. . 

Bello, are, avi, datum, (bellum.) 
To wage war, fight, carry on 
war, contend. 

Bellum, i, n. War. 

Bene, adv., (bonus.) Well, hap- 
pily ; comp. melius, sup. op- 
time. 

Benéficium, i, n., (benefacio.) A 
deed of kindness, benefit, favor ; 
privilege. 

Benevolentia, @e, f., (bene, volo.) 
Benevolence, kindness ; favor, 
good-will. 

Benignitas, atis, f., (bene, ago.) 
kindness, benignity ; liberality, 
bounty. 

Bestia, e, f. A beast, the irra- 
tional brute ; fera bestia, a beast 
of prey, a wild animal. 

Bibo, @re, i, ttum. To drink, 
quaff, imbibe. 

Biduum, i, n., (bis, dies.) The 
space of two days, two days. 

Bini, @, a, adj., (bis, unus.) Two 
by two, two and two; binus, a, 
um, double, twofold. 

Bis, adv. Twice, on two occa- 
sions. 

Blandus, a, um, adj. Kind, sooth- 
ing, fond, pleasing, courteous ; 
flattering, fawning. 

Bonitas, atis, f., (bonus.) Good- 


BONUS 


ness, virtue, Timol. iv.; gener- 
osity, Att. xxi.; excellence. 

Bonus, a, um, adj. Good, virtu- 
ous; bountiful; skilful; well 
disposed, friendly. 

Boreas, @,m. The north wind; 
the N. N. E. wind. 
Brevis, is, e, adj. 
concise ; small. 
Brevitas, atis, f., (brevis.) Short- 

ness, brevity, conciseness. 
Breviter, adv., (brevis.) Shortly, 
briefly, in a word ; narrowly. 


C. 
See Hist. and Geo. In- 


Short, brief, 


C. Caius. 
dex. 
Cado, @re, cecidi, casum. To fall, 
be overturned ; happen, occur ; 
incur, as, cadere in suspicionem. 

Caduceus, i, m., et caduceum, i, 
n. ‘The wand of Mercury, rod, 
staff, with the figure of snakes 
twisted round it, carried by 
ambassadors who sued for 
peace. 

Cedes, is, f., (ee@do.) Slaughter, 
havoc, massacre. 

Cedo, ere, cecidi, cesum. To 
beat, strike, cut, kill. 

Calum. See Calum. 

Ceremonia and Cerimonia. See 
Ceremonia. s 

Cesarianus. See Hist. and Geo. 
Index. 

Cater and ceterus, a, um, adj. 
The rest, other. 
Ceterum, adv., (ceter.) But, in 
other respects, as to the rest. 
Calamitas, atis, f., (calamus.) 
Calamity, misfortune, distress. 
Calefacio, ére, éci, actum, (caleo, 
_ facio.) To make warm ; pass., 
calefio, fieri, factus, to be made 
warm. 

Calende, arum, f. See Kalende. 

Calidus. See Callidus. 

Callidé, adv., (callidus.) Shrewd- 
ly, expertly, skilfully ; cunning- 
] 


y- 
Calliditas, datis, f., (callidus.) 


284 





. 


CAREO 


Expertness, shrewdness, cun- 
ningness. 

Callidus, a, um, ad)., (calleo.) 
Shrewd, sagacious, wise, ex- 
pert ; cunning. 

Calz, cis, m. and f. The heel ; 
end of a thing, goal. 

Campester or ris, ris, re, adj., 
(campus.) Of or pertaining te 
a plain, champaign or level. 

wr ray i, m. A plain, level 

el 

Canis, is, m. and f. A dog, a 
bitch. 

Cano, &re, cecini, cantum. To 
sing ; foretell, predict. 

Canto, are, (freq. from cano.) To 
sing or chant; play on a mu-~ 
sical instrument, Auc. Pref. 

Capesso, re, iwi, itum, (capio.) 
To take ; rempublicam, to take 
the management of; pericula, 
to undergo. 

Capillus, i, m., (as if capitis pilus.) 
Hair. 


Capio, ére, cepi, captum. To 
take, receive; contain; seize; 
consilium, to form ascheme or 
resolution. 

Capitulatim, adv., (caput.) Ina 
summary manner, briefly. | 

Captivus, a, um, adj., (capio.) 
Captive, taken in war 5 subs. m., 
a prisoner, captive. . 

Captus, a, um, part. See Capio. — 

Caput, itis, n. The head ; whole — 
man, person ; state er conditien 
life, safety, liberty ; accusatus 
‘capitis, accused of a_ capital 
crime ; damnatus capitis, con- 
demned to death ; a judicio ca- 
pitis discessit, he was acquitted — 
of a capital charge, Epam. viii. ; 
top or extremity ; a capital city ; 
source of a river; chapter. 

Care, adv., (carus.) Dearly, af-— 
fectionately ; of high price or 
value, 

Careo, ére, ui. To be without, 
want; stand in need of ; dispense 
with ; be excluded frems carere 
patria, be exiled or baniabees 





eee 


CARITAS 


"Caritas, atis, f., (carus.) Dear- 
ness, dearth, a high price ; love, 
_ esteem, affection, charity. 

y _ Carmen, inis, n., (cano.) A verse, 
‘song, ode, poem ; a set form of 
words ; prediction. 

Carus, a, um, adj. Dear or loved ; 

_ expensive, precious, valuable. 
@, f. A cottage, soldier’s 
hut. 
- Castellum, i, n., (diminutive from 


. 

- 

_ eastrum.) A little fort, castle, 
- redoubt, a small fortified place 
* or town. 

_ Castrum,i,n. A fortress, castle, 


intrenchment, fortified town. 
eran érum, n.. A camp; sta-" 
tiva, standing camp; estiva, 
summer camp ; hiberna, winter 
quarters ; nautica, place where 
ships are laid up; ponere castra, 
pitch a camp ; movere, decamp ; 
metari, measure out ground for 
_ @ camp. 

Casus, tis, m., (cado.) A fall; 

chance or misfortune ; case. 

| Caterva, a, «A multitude of 
_ men who belong together, a 

troop of soldiers. 
Causa and Caussa, e, f. A 
# cause ; suit at law ; causa, abl., 
: for the sake of. 
0 


~ 


ee 


Caveo, cavére, cavi, cautum. To 
_ beware, avoid, be on one’s 
___ guard ; use precaution ; provide. 
 Cedo, cadére, cessi, cessum. To 
r give place, depart ; yield; ces- 
_ gerunt hec et prospere, ‘these 

things fell out luckily for him ; 

cedere vita, to die. 
 Celéber, or ris, ris, re, adj. Fre- 

_ quented ; renowned, celebrated. 
 Celebritas, atis, f., (celeber.) A 
¥ t resort ; renown, celebrity 
are, “(celeber.) To fre- 
quent ; celebrate, make famous ; 
~ solemnize ; ; 
perform funeral solemnities. 

- Celer, or éris, éris, ere, adj. 
Swift, nimble, speedy, quick. 

| Celéritas, atis, f., (celer.) Swift- 
- ness, quickness, speed, dispatch. 







285 


celebrare funus, | - 





CHILIARCHUS 


Celériter, adv., (celer.) Quickly, 
speedily. 

Celo, are. 

Cena. See Cena. 

Ceno. See Ceno. 

Censeo,. ére, ui, um. ~To think, 
judge ; deliver one’s opinion, de- 
cree ; estimate the fortunes of 
the people, in order to tax them. 

Censor, oris, m., (censeo.) A cen- 
sor. At Rome there were two 
magistrates, called Censors, 
elected every five years, to take 
an account of the number and 
fortunes of the citizens, and to 
take cognizance of the public 
morals. 

Censérius, a, um, adj., (censor.) 
Of or pertaining to the censor ; 
homo censorius, one who has 
been censor. 

Censira, @, f., (censeo.) ‘The of- 
fice of censor, censorship ; cen- 
sure. 

Centies, adv., (centum.) A hun- 
dred times. 

Centum, pl. adj.,indecl. A hun- 
dred. 

Cera, e, f. Wax; book, writing- 
tablet, because the Romans 
wrote upon tablets covered with 
war. 

Cereménia, cereménia, @, f. A 
ceremony ; veneration, sanctity, 
Themist. viii. ; splendor, pomp. 

Cerno, ere, crévi, crétum. ‘To 
separate with a sieve; see, dis- 
cern, distinguish; deliberate, 
judge, determine. 

Certamen, inis, n., (certo.) Con- 
test, battle ; rivalship. : 

Certe and certo, adv., (certus.) 
Certainly, at least. 

Certus, a, um, adj. (cerno.) 

Sure, certain; trusty, steady ; 

resolved ;_ stated, appointed, 

fixed. 

Ceterum. See Ceterum. 

Ceterus, a, um, adj Not used, 
in nom. sing masc ‘The other, 
the rest. 

Chiliarchits, i, chiliarcha, e,m 


To conceal, hide. 


CHORDA 


A commander of a thousand 
men. 
Chorda, e, f. The string of a 
musical instrument ; cord, rope. 
Cibaria, rum, n., (cibus.) Meat, 
victuals, food, provisions. 
Cibus, i, m. Meat, food, victuals, 
provender. 


Cingo, re, cinxi, cinctum. To}. 


gird, tie about, surround. 

Circa, prep. About, around, round, 
round about. 

Circiter, adv. About, near, some- 
where about. 

Circilus, i,m., (dim. from circus.) 
Circle; company of people 
standing or sitting together in a 
ring. 

Circumdo, dre, édi, datum, (cir- 
cum, do.) ‘To put or place 
round, to surround, encompass, 
environ, invest. 

Circumeo, tre, ivi and ii, itum, 
(circum, eo.) ‘To go round, en- 
compass, surround. 

Circumfundo, ére, adi, tisum, 
(circum, fundo.) To pour 
around, to surround. 

Circumfisus. See Circumfundo. 

Circumsedeo, ‘circumsideo, ére, 
édi, essum, (circum, sedeo.) To 
besiege, invest, blockade. 

Circumvého, é@re, exi, ectum, 
(circum, veho.) To carry round, 
sail round; classe circumve- 
hens Peloponnesum, sailing 
round the Peloponnese. 

Circumvehor, vehi, vectus sum, 
dep. ‘To sail round, gees Sih go 
round. 

Circumvénio, entum, 


are, €ni, 


(circum, venio.) 'To come round, . 


surround; circumvent, 
reach, cheat. 

Circumventus. See Circumvenio. 

Citerior, us, adj., comp. from 
citer, obsolete, sup. citimus; 
nearer, hither; sup. nearest, 
hithermost. 

Citharizo, are, (cithdra.) To 
play on the harp. 

Cito, are, avi, atum, (freq. from 


over- 


286 





COCTUS 


cieo.) ‘To summon or call; to 
rouse, excite ; to mention; cele- 
brate, Auc. Pref. 

Civilis, is, e, adj., (civis.) Of or 
pertaining to a citizen; affable, 
humane, civil; polite, courte- 
ous. 

Civis, is, m. and f., (perhaps cieo.) 
A citizen, free man or woman 
of a city, fellow-citizen. 

Civitas, atis, f., (civis.) An as- 
semblage of citizens living in 
the same place, and enjoying 
the same laws; city, or state ; 
the inhabitants of a whole king- 
dom or country, having the 
same privileges and laws; right 
of citizens. ; 

Clam, adv. Secretly; prep., with- 
out the knowledge of. 

Clandestinus, a,.um, adj., (clam.) 
Secret, clandestine. 

Clare, adv., ius, issime. Clearly, 
evidently ; brightly; loudly. 

Claritas, atis, f., (clarus.) Clear- 
ness, brightness; celebrity, re- 
nown. : 

Clarus, a, um, adj. Clear, bright ; 
renowned, famous, illustrious. 

Classiarius, i, m., (classis.) One 
who fights in a fleet; a marine. 

Classis, is, f. A number of ships, 
fleet ; class of citizens; class of © 
boys in a school. 

Claudo, ére, si, sum. To shut, 
close ; surround, encompass, be-— 
girt ; stop, stay; fig., preclude. — 

Claudus, a, um, adj. Lame, 
halting. 

Clava, e, f. A club, a cudgel. 

Clemens, tis, adj. Mild, calm 3 
gentle, merciful. 

Clementia, @, f., (clemens.) — 
tleness, mercy, clemency. 

Clypeus, i, m. A shield, buick 
ler or target. 

Cn. Abbreviation for Cneus, 
Cneus. 

Coarguo, ére, ui, utum, (con, 
arguo.) 'To detect, prove; re- 
buke ; convict. N 

Coctus, a,um. See Coquo. 








_ Collabefacio, 


CQ@iLUM 


Celum, i, n., pl. cali, 6rum, m. 
Heaven ; the sky, air. 

Cena, @, "f. Supper; the prin- 
cipal meal among the Romans. 

Ceno, are, (cena.) To sup; be 
at supper. 

Cepi, sse, and ceptus sum, def. 
To begin ; undertake. 

+ Coed, ire, ivi or ii, itum, (con, eo) 
To go or come together; meet, 
conspire. 

Coerceo, ére, ui, itum, (con, ar- 
ceo.) To restrain, check, con- 
fine. 


Cogitatio, onis, f., (cogito.) 
Thought, meditation, reflec- 
tion. 


Cogitatum, i,n. A thought, cogi- 
tation, reflection ; plan, design, 
intention. 

Cogito, are, avi, datum. To think, 
consider, meditate; devise, in- 
tend. 

Cognatio, nis, f., (con, nascor.) 

lation or connection by blood ; 
jfig-, connection, likeness, re- 
semblance. 

Cognatus, i, m., (con, nascor.) 
A relation by blood ; a kinsman, 

- either by male or female de- 
scent. 

Cognitus, a, um, part. 
nOsco. 

Cognosco, ere, dvi, itum, (con, 
nosco.) ‘To find out, discover ; 

__._ know, understand ; examine. 

_ Cognomen, inis, n., (con, nomen.) 
A surname, added to one’s 
name for something remark- 
able. 

Cogo, ére, coégi, coactum, (con, 
ago.) ‘To gather together, as- 

| semble, collect ; compel. 

_ Cohortatio, dnis, f., (hortor.) An 
encouraging ; exhortation. 

ére, €ct, actum, 
(con, labefacio.) 'To cause to 
fall, ruin, supplant. 

Collabefio, iéri, factus sum. See 

_ Collabefacio. 
Collatus, a, um, part. 


fero. 


See Cog- 


See Con- 


287 





COMITIA 


Collaudo, are, avi, datum, (con, - 
laudo.) 'To praise, commend. 

Collectus,a, um. See Colligo. 

Colléga, @, m., (con, lego.) A 
colleague, partner in office. 

Colligo, are, avi, datum, (con, 
ligo.) To tie, bind together ; 
connect ; comprehend. 

Colligo, ére, égi, ectum, (con, 
lego) ‘To gather together, col- 
lect. 

Collis, is, m. <A hill. 

Collico, are, avi, datum, (con, 
loco.) 'To place together ; settle 
in a place, Milt. ii.; settle in 
marriage, Arist. ili.; place 
money at interest. 

Colliquium, i, n., (con, -loquor.) 
A dialogue, conversation ; con- 
ference. 

Colléquor, qui, citus or quutus, 
dep., (con, loquor.) 'To speak 
with one, speak together, have 
a conference. 

Colo, ére, ui, ultum. To till, cul- 
tivate ; inhabit ; esteem ; 3; wor- 
ship. 

Colonia, @, f., (colo.) A colony, 
number of citizens sent. to in- 
habit a foreign district ; district 
so occupied. 

Colénus, 7} m., (colo.) A hae 
bandman, farmer; colonist, in- 
dividual of a colony. 

Comes, itis, m. and f., (con, e0.) 
Attendant, companion. 

Cominus, comminus, adv., (con, 


manus.) Hand to hand; in 
close combat; forthwith, in- 
stantly. 


Comis, is, e, adj. Mild, gentle, 
good-natured; affable, courte- 
ous, polite. 

Comitas, atis, f., (comis.) Good 
humor, complaisanee, affability 

Comitium, i, n., (con, eo.) A 
place near the Forum, in Rome, 
where the people assembled for 
the purpose of enacting laws, 
&c. ; a popular assembly. 

Comitia, drum, n. An assembly 
of the Roman people. 


COMITOR 


Comitor, ari, atus, dep., (comes.) 
To accompany, attend; wait 
upon. 

Commeatus, tis, m., (con, meo.) 
Liberty of going and coming, 
passport, furlough, leave of ab- 
sence; concourse of people; 
provisions. 

Commémiro, are, avi, atum, (con, 
memor.) ‘To relate, mention, 
recount. 

Commendatio, 6nis, f., (commen- 
do.) Commendationy- recom- 
mendation ; commendatio oris, 
a prepossessing appearance. 

Commendo, are, avi, atum, act., 
(con, mando.) 'To intrust, com- 
mit; recommend; commend, 
praise. 

Commeo, Gre, avi, datum, (con, 
meo.) ‘To come, go; move. 
Comminiscor, i, dep. ‘To design, 
imagine, invent, contrive, de- 

vise. 

Commiséror, ari, atus, dep., (con, 
miseror.) ‘To pity; deplore, 
lament. 

Commissum, i, n., (committo.) A 
fault, crime; secret intrusted. 

Commissus. See Commitio. 

Committo, ére, isi, issum,; (con, 
mitto.) To join; committere 
prelium, join battle; intrust ; 
commit a trespass. 

Commidé, adv. comp. ius, sup. 
issime, (commodus.) Fitly, con- 
veniently ; well; advantageous- 


Coiba; i, N., (commodus.) 
Advantage, profit, convenience. 

Commi ditas, atis, f., (commodus.) 
Convenience, advantage, utility. 

Commotus. See Commoveo. 

Commiveo, ére, dvi, dtum, (con, 
moveo.) ‘To move together; 
excite ; alarm, disquiet. 

Comminio, ire, ivi, itum, (con, 
munio.) ‘To fortify, strengthen, 
secure, 

Comminis, is, e, adj. (con, mu- 
nus) Common; belonging to 
one as well as another. 


288 





COMPRIMO 


Communitas, atis, f. A commu- 
nity, having all things in com- 
‘mon, common right, fellowship, 
society. 

Comminiter, adv., (communis.) 
Promiscuously, in common; 
commonly. 

Commiutatio, dnis, f., (commuto.) 
A change. 

Commito, dre, avi, atum, (con, 
muto.) ‘To change, alter; bar- 
ter, exchange. 

Compareo, ére, ui, (con, pared.) 
To appear, be seen. 

Compdaro, are, a@vi, datum, (con, 
paro.) ‘To procure, prepare, 
purchase ; compare ; exercilum, 
levy. 

Compello, are, avi, atum, (con, 
pello, obs.) ‘To address, speak 
to; to sue at law, to accuse. 

Compello, ére, uli, ulsum, (con, 
pello.) To drive together ; force, 
compel, restrain. 

Compério, ire, éri, ertum, (con, 
pario.) ‘To find out; ascer- 
tain by inquiry ;~know accurate- 
] 


y- 

Complector, cti, xus, dep., (con, 
plecto.) To embrace, clasp; 
join ; comprehend ; express. 

Compleo, ére, évi, tum. To fill 
up ; complete, finish. . 

Complexus. See Complector. 

Complires, es, a and ia, adj., 
(con, plures.) Several; good : 
many ; considerable number. 

Compono, ére, dsui, ositum, (con, 
pono.) ‘To place together or in 
order; settle; componere bel- 
lum, finish a war by treaty. 

Composite, adv., (con, pono.) In 
order; properly, neatly, ele- — 
gautly. 

Camposito, adv., (con, pono.) On 
purpose, designedly. 

Compositus. See Compono. 

Comprehendo, ére, di, sum, (con, — 
prehendo.) 'To lay hold of, ap-_ 
prehend, seize; perceive, com- 
prehend. 

Comprimo, ére, essi, essum, (con, 








COMPROBO 


premo.) To press together, 
check, repress, restrain. 

Comprobo, are, avi, atim, act., 
(con, probo.) To prove; ap- 
prove, ratify, Han. iii. 

Conatum, i, n., (conor.) An at- 
tempt,endeavor. This word is 
generally used in the plural. 

Conatus, a, um, part. See Conor. 

Canatus, ts, m., (conor.) An 
endeavor, effort, attempt. 

Concalefio. See Calefio. 

Concédo, ere, ssi, ssum, (cedo.) 
To yield, give place; depart, 
Them. viii. ; grant, allow; agree, 
give up. 

Concido, ére, di, sum, (con, c@a- 
do.) To cut in pieces, slay, 
kill. 

Concido, ere, i, —, (con, cado.) 
To fall down; be slain; be 
ruined. 

Conciliator, éris, m., (concilio.) 
One who reconciles, - peace- 
maker ; procurer. 

Concilio, dre, avi, atum, act., 
(concilium.) ‘To call together, 
unite; conciliate, gain over, 
gain the affections; attach one 
to another; procure ; reconcile. 

Concilium, i, n., (con, calo.) A 
council, assembly; place of 
meeting. 

Concinnus, a, um, adj., (con, 


cinnus.) Concise, neat, ele- 
gant, Epam. v.; agreeable, en- 
tertaining. 


Concio, contio, dnis, f., (con, cio.) 
An assembly of people, met to 
be harangued; speech, ha- 
rangue, popular address. 

Concitatus. See Concito. 

Concito, are, dvi, datum, act., 
(con, ciep.) ‘To move greatly ; 
stir up, excite, provoke ; equum, 
spur on. 

Conclave, is, n., (con, clavis.) An 
inner room; apartment under 
lock and key. 

Conclido, ere, si, sum, (con, 
claudo.) 'To shut up, confine; 
contain ; ae 

3 


289 





CONFIDO 


Conclisio, dnis, f., (conclude.) 
Long confinement, Eum. v.; 
an end, conclusion. 

Concupisco, ére, ivi, itum, (con, 
cupio.) ‘To desire earnestly, 
covet ; aspire to. 

Concurro, currére, curri and cu- 
curri, cursum, (con, curro.). To 
run or meet together; engage 
in battle ; join, agree. © 

Concursus, tis, m., (concurro.) A 
running or meeting together, 
concourse; conflict, onset in 
battle. 

Concutio, Gre, ssi, ssum, (con, 
quatio.) ‘To shake violently ; 
alarm. 

Condiscipilatus, ts, m., (condis- 
cipulus.) Fellowship at school. 

Condiscipilus, i, m., (con, disci- 
pulus.) A schoolfellow. 

Conditio, Condicio, dnis, f., (con- 
do.) A state or condition, for- 
tune ; offer, proposal ; terms of 
peace. 

Conditor, dris, m., (condo.) A 
founder or builder; author, in- 
ventor ; writer, composer ; com- 
piler. 

Condo, ére, idi, itum. To lay 
up; found, build; hide, con 
ceal; compose. 

Condiico, ére, xi, ctum, (con, 
duco.) 'To bring together, bring 
along with; hire, Aue. Pref.; 
undertake at an _ estimated 
price. 

Conductitius, a, um, adj., (con- 
duco.) Hired, mereenary. 

Confectus. See Conficio. 

Conféro, ferre, tuli, latum, (con, 
fero.) To bring together, col-’ 
lect; se, go; convey; pecuni- 
am, contribute; arma, fight; 
facta illustrium virorum, com- 
pare. 

Confestim, adv. 
forth with, 

Conficio, re, éci, ectum, (con, 
facio.) To finish, accomplish ; 
subdue ; kill ; orationes, write. 

Confido, ere, isus, (con, fido.) 


Immediately 


CONFIGO 


To trust, confide; to be as- 
sured. . 
Configo, @re, xi, xum, (con, 
jfigo.) To fix, fasten together ; 

pierce. 

Confinis, is, e, adj., (con, finis.) 
Adjoining, contiguous, border- 
ing on. 

Confirmo, are, avi, 
(con, firmo.) To 
confirm, increase ; 
clare solemnly. 

Confiteor, éri, essus, dep., (con, 
fateor.) To confess. 

Confizus. See Configo. 

Conflicto, dre, avi, datum, freq. 
and conflictor, ari, atus, dep., 
(con, fligo.) ‘To contend, strug- 
gle; encounter, fight. 

Confligo, tre, xi, ctum, (con, 
fligo.) To contend, fight ; strive. 

Conjlo, are, avi, datum, (con, flo.) 
To blow together; metallum, 
melt; bellum, raise; @s alie- 
num, contract debt. 

Confluo, ére, xi, cum, (con, fluo.) 
To flow together; flock to- 
gether, assemble. 

Confodio, ére, di, ossum, (con, 
fodio.) 'To dig; pierce, stab. 
Confugio, ére, agi, ugitum, (con, 

fugio.) To flee for refuge. 

Congero, tre, essi, estum, (con, 
gero.) To fill up, heap together, 
collect. 

Congredior, di, ssus, dep., (con, 
gradior.) 'To meet, go together ; 
accost, address; engage in bat- 
tle ; dispute. 

Congruo, ére, ui, —. 
accord. 

Conjectus. See Conjicio. 

Conjectus, tis, m. A throwing, 
casting. 

Conjicio, ére, éci, ectum, (con, 
jacio.) To throw together; 
aim; cast; conjecture. 

Conjugium, i, n. A joining to- 
gether, conjunction; marriage, 
matrimony, wedlock. 

Conjuncté, adv. comp. ius, sup. 
issime, (conjunctus.) Conjoint~- 


datum, act., 
strengthen, 
affirm, de- 


To agree, 


290 





CONSERVO 


ly; in a friendly manner; in- 
timately. 

Conjunctim, adv., (conjungo ) 
Conjointly, together. 

Conjunctus. See Conjungo. 

Conjungo, ére, xi, ctum, (con, 
jungo.) 'To join together ; unite 
in marriage ; associate, procure. 

Conjiratio, onis, f., (conjuro.) 
A conspiracy, combination. 

Conlatus, (collatus.) See Con- 
fero. 

Conor, ari, dtus, dep. To en- 
deavor, try, attempt. 


Conquiro, ére, sivi, situm, (con, * 


quero.) ‘To search, seek for 
diligently ; collect ; acquire. 

Conscendo, ére, di, sum, (con, 
scando.) To climb, mount; 
navem, to embark. 

Conscisco, ére, tvi, itum. To 
vote together by common con- 
sent; determine, resolve, de- 
creé. 

Conscius, a, um, adj., (con, scio.) 


Privy to, being witness to, Milt. | 


iii.; conscious, guilty. 
Conscribo, ere, psi, plum, (con 
scribo.) 'To write, enroll, enlist 
Conscripti, m., (sc. patres.) Con- 
script fathers, the title by which 
the Roman senators were ad- 


dressed. 
Conscriptus. See Conscribo. . 
Consector, ari, atus, dep., (freq. — 
consequor.) To follow after 
diligently, pursue; overtake; 
obtain. : 


Consecutus. See Consequor. 
Consensio, 6nis, f., (consentio.) 


Agreement, consent ; combina-— 


tion. 
Consentio, ire, si, sum, (con, sen- 

tio.) ‘To agree in sentiment, 

consent ; combine, conspire. 


Consequor, qui, quutus and citus, — 


dep., (con, sequor.) ‘To follow, 
pursue ; overtake ; get, obtain. — 
Consero, &re, wi, tum, (con, sero.) 


To join, knit together ; manum, — 


to fight in close combat. as 
Conservo, are, avi, atum, (con, 


“ 
t 


4 


















CONSIDEO 


servo.) To keep; preserve; 
observe. 

Consideo, ére, édi, essum, (con, 
sedeo.) To sit together, sit 
down ; encamp; abide, remain 
in one place. 

Considéro, are, avi, adtum. To 
consider, to observe. 

Consido, ére, édi, essum, (con, 
sido.) To rest, alight as a bird ; 
sit down ; settle. 

Consilium, i, n., (consulo.) Ad- 
vice, counsel ; design ; wisdom, 
conduct; talent, Alc. i.; scheme, 


Consimilis, is, e, adj. Like. 

Consisto, ere, titi, titum, (con, 
sisto.) ‘To stand firmly, settle ; 
consist in; depend upon. 

Consobrina, @, f. A female 
cousin, daughter of a mother’s 
sister. 

Consélor, ari, atus, dep. To 
comfort, console ; alleviate sor- 
row. 

Conspectus, tis, m., (conspicio.) 
Sight, view ; presence. 

Conspicio, ere, exi, ectum, (con, 
specio.) ‘To see, behold; con- 
sider ; pass., be conspicuous or 
remarkable. 

Conspicor, ari, atus, dep., (con- 
spicio.) ‘To see, behold. 

Constans, tis, adj., (consto.) Con- 
stant, steady ; uaiferta, regular, 
consistent. 

Constituo, @re, ui, titum, (con, 
statuo.) To place, erect, build ; 
establish ; appoint ; determine, 
resolve. 

Consto, are, iti, ttum and datum. 
To stand together, continue, be 

' steady; consist ; cost; be evi- 
dent. 

Consuesco, @re, évi, étum, (con, 
suesco.) ‘To be accustomed ; 
act., to accustom. 

Consuetido, inis, f., (consuesco.) 
Custom, habit; acquaintance, 
familiarity. 

Consul, ilis, m., (consulo) A 
consul. The two consuls were 


291 





CONTINEO 


the supreme magistrates of 
Rome: they were elected an- 
nually with regal authority, 
preceded by twelve lictors, and 
distinguished by the other en- 
signs of royalty. 

Consularis, is, e, adj. Of or be- 
longing to a consul, consular. 
Consulatus, tis, m. Consulship, 
consulate: it refers both to office 

and term of service. 

Consulo, re, ui, tum. To con- 
sult, ask or give advice; consulo 
te, I ask your advice; consulo 
tibi, I provide for your welfare. 

Consultus, a, um, part., (consulo.) 
Adj., experienced, practised, 
skilfal. 

Consumo, ére, psi, plum, (con, 
sumo.) To waste, consu.we, 
spend, 

Contégo, ere, xi, ctum, (con, 
tego.) ‘To cover all over; hide, 
conceal. 

Contemno, ére, psi, ptum, (con, 
temno.) 'To despise, contemn. 
Contendo, ere, di, tum, (con, 
tendo.) To stretch; strain; 
act with great effort; go or 
hasten to a place; contend, 
fight; affirm confidently, Ait. 

xii. 

Contentio, onis, f., (contendo.) A 
strong exertion, earnest en- 
deavor ; contest, dispute. 

Contentus, a, um, part., (con, 
tendo.) Stretched, strained. 

Contentus, a, um, adj., (con, 
teneo.) Content, satisfied. 

Contexo, ére, ui, tum, (con, texo.) 
To weave, join, or knit togeth- 
er ; historia contexta, continued 
history, Att. xvi. 

Continens, tis, adj. and part., 
(contineo.) Moderate, temper- 
ate, Epam. iii. ; adjoining, suc- 
cessive, uninterrupted ¥ terra, 
the continent, main land. % 

Continentia, e@, f. The contents; 
continuity, proximity ; modera- 
tion, forbearance, restraint. — 

Contineo, ére, inui, entum. Ta 


CONTINGIT 


hold together; keep close, con- 
tain ; restrain. 

Contingit, igit, ingére, imp., 
(con, tango.) It happens. 

Contingo, ére, igi, tactum.. To 
touch, touch upon. 

Contra, prep. Against ; opposite 
to; contrary to. 

Contraho, ére, xi, ctum, (con, 
traho.) To draw together, as- 
semble; contract or gather; 
bring on, cause; shorten ; con- 
tract or bargain. 

Contrario, adv., (contrarius.) On 
the contrary. 

Contrarius, a, um, adj., (contra.) 
Contrary, opposite ; e or ex con- 
trario, on the contrary. 

Contueor, éri, itus, dep., (con, 
tueor.) 'To see, behold steadily ; 
survey. 

Contumaciter, adv. comp. us, sup. 
ssime, (contumaz.) Obstinate- 
‘ly, proudly ; rebelliously, Cim. ii. 

Contumélia, @, f., (con, tumeo.) 

An affront, insult, reproach, 
Them. i.; bad usage, injury. 

Convenio, ire, éni, entum, (con, 
venio.) ‘To come together, meet 
with; agree; suit; be agreed 
on; zmp., it is agreed. 

Conventus, tis, m., (convenio.) A 
meeting, assembly, agreement. 

Converto, ére, ti, sum, (con, verto.) 
To turn, apply, convert, change. 

Convictus, tis, m., (convivo.) Liv- 
ing or boarding with ; familiari- 
ty, acquaintance, society. 

Conviva, @, m. or f., (convivo.) 
A person invited to an enter- 
tainment, guest. 

Convico, are, avi, atum, (con, 
voco.) ‘To call together, sum- 
mon, assemble. 

Coorior, iri, ortus sum, dep., 
(con, orior.) ‘To arise with vio- 
lence; burst forth, Epam. viii. 

Copia, e, f. Plenty, abundanco; 
ability, leave ; pl., forces. 

Copidsus, a, um, adj., (copia.) 
Copious, plentiful, abundant ; 
rich. 


292 





CUBITUS 


Copila, e, f. A chain, fetter; 
bond, tie. 

Coquo, ére, xi, ctum. 'To boil, to 
cook, or dress meat. 

Coram, prep. Before, in presence 
of; adv., openly. ” 

Cornu, n. sing. indecl., plur. cor- 
nua,um. A horn, trumpet; ex- 
tremity of any thing; wing of 
an army. 

Corona, e, f. A crown, garland, 
ring or circle of people. 

Coréno, are, dvi, dtum. To crown, 
surround. 

Corpus, bris, n. A body; per- 
son, stature; substance ; socie- 
ty or corporation. 

Corripio, &re, ipui, eptum, (con, 
rapio.) To snatch or seize 
hastily; hasten; blame, cen- 
sure. 

Corrumpo, ére, api, uptum, (con, 
rumpo.) To spoil, corrupt ; 
bribe. 

Corruptus, a,um. See Corrum- 
po. 

Coss., for consulibus, dat. and abl. 
pl. of consul. ; 
Crastinus, a, um, adj., (cras.) 
Of to-morrow; of the time to 

come. 

Creber, ra, rum, adj. 
thick, close. 

Crédo, ére, idi, itum. To be- 
lieve ; trust ; think, suppose. 

Cremo, are, avi, atum. To burn, 

Creo, are, dvi, dtum. 'To create, 
make ; beget; elect. 

Cresco, ére, vi, tum, (creo.) To 
grow, increase, increase in 
wealth or power; grow great. 

Crimen, inis, n. A crime; im 
peachment, accusation. 

Crudélis, is, e, adj., (crudus.) 
Cruel,,inhuman. 

Crudelitas, atis, f., (crudelis.) 
Cruelty, inhumanity. 

Crudeliter, adv., (crudelis.) Cru- 
elly. 

Cracais, are, avi, &tum, (cruor.) 
To stain with blood. 

Cubitus, i, m., (cubo.) The el- 


Frequent ; 


CUBO 


bow; arm from the elbow to 
the end of the middle-finger ; 
cubit, measure of a foot and a 
half. 

Cubo, are, ui, itum. To lie down, 


be in bed, recline at table; 


dwell, reside. 
Culeus and culleus, i, m A 
leathern sack or bag; the great- 


est liquid measure among the 
Romans, containing twenty 
amphore. 


Culpa, @, f. A fault, miscar- 
riage, blame, guilt; involuntary 
offence. 

Cultus, tis, m., (colo.) Cultiva- 
tion; worship; respect; dress ; 
manner of living. 

Cum, prep. With, together with. 

Cum, adv. and con). hen, see- 
ing that, since. 

- Cunctus, a, um, adj. All, whole. 

Cupide, adv. comp. ius, sup. issi- 
me, (cupidus.) Eagerly, fondly. 

Cupiditas, atis, f., (cupidus.) 

esire, eagerness; covetous- 
ness, ambition. 

Cupidus, a, um, adj., (cupio.) 

irous, eager, fond; covet- 
ous ; ambitious. 

Cupio, ére, ivi, itum. To covet, 

esire ; wish. 

Cur, adv. Why, wherefore ; be- 
cause. 

Cura, @, f. Care, concern; charge; 
darling. 

Curatio, dnis, f., (cura.) A ta- 
king care or charge of; cure, 
healing of disease. 

Curo, are, avi, atum, (cura.) To 
take care of; cause; refresh, 
cure. ' 

Curro, &re, curri and cicurri, 
cursum. ‘To run; pass away 
speedily. 

Cursor, 6ris, m., (curro.) A run- 
ner, footman ; courier, post. 

Cursus, tis, m., (curro.) A run- 
ning ; race, course ; voyage. 

Custodia, @, f., (custos.) <A 
keeping; charge; imprisonment, 
custody ; prison. 

25* 


293 





DECIDO , 


Custédio, ire, ivi, itum, (custo-~ 
dia.) To guard, watch; keep, 
defend. 

Custos, 6dis,m. and f. A guard- 
ian, guard, keeper; watch. 


D. 


D., Decimus; in titles of emper- 
ors, Divus; five hundred. 

Damnatio, odnis, f., (damno.) 
Condemnation. 

Damno, are, avi, datum, (dam- 
num.) ‘To condemn, reprove; 
doom, consign over; damnatus 
voti, bound by his vow, in conse- 
quence of having gained the ob- 
ject for which the vow was made, 

De, prep. Of, concerning, about, 
from ; de die, by day; diem de 
die, day after day. 

Dea, a, A (deus.) A goddess. 

Debeo, ére, ui, itum, (de, habeo.) 
To owe, be indebted; be ob- 
liged ; with the infinitive it is 
translated ought, as, debeo ire, 
I ought to go; debui ire, I 
ought to have gone. 

Debilito, are, avi, atum, (debilis.) 
To weaken, enfeeble ; discourage. 

Debitum, i, n., (debeo.) A debt. 

Decedo, ére, ssi, ssum, (de, cedo.) 
To depart; yield; de vitd, die. 

Decem, adj. indecl. Ten. 

Decemplex, icis, adj. (decem, 
plico.) 'Tenfold. 

Decemviri, 6rum, m. Ten men 
united in office. 

Decemviralis, is, e, adj., (decem, 
vir.) Of or pertaining to the 
decemviri. 

Decerno, tre, crévi, crétum, (de, 
cerno.) ‘To decree, determine, 
resolve, Milt. ii.; fight. 

Decerto, dare, dvi, atum, (de, 
certo.) To contend vehement- 
ly, strive ; fight. 

Decessus, tis, m., (decedo.): A. 
departure, decease, death. 

Decet, ere, uit,imp. It becomes; 
is proper or suitable. 

Decido, re, i, —, (de, cado.) To 
fall down ; die. 


DECIPIO 


Decipio, ére, épi, ptum, (de, 
capio.) To deceive, beguile, 
make to forget. 

Declaro, are, avi, atum, (de, 
clarus.) 'To show, make evi- 
dent ; declare. . 

Decorus, a, um, adj., (decor.) 
Comely, beautiful ; honorable. 


Decrétum, i, n., (decerno.) A 
decree, statute. 
Decreturus, a, um, part. See 


Decerno. 

Decurro, @re, curri and citcurri, 
cursum, (de, curro.) To run 
down ; run hastily, run a race ; 
have recourse t6. 

Deditio, dnis, f., (dedo.) A sur- 
render. 

Deditus. See Dedo. 

Dédo, ere, idi, ttum, (de, do.) 
To surrender, give up to, sub- 
mit. 

Dediuco, @re, xi, tum, (de, duco.) 
To bring down; lead out, 
conduct, Milt. iv.; derive; de- 
duce. 

Deductus, a, um, part. See De- 
duco. 

Defatigo, are, avi, datum. To 
weary or tire greatly, tire out, 
fatigue. 

Defectio, dnis, f., (de, facio.) A 
revolt; failure of strength, weak- 
ness. 

Defendo, ére, di, sum, (de, fendo, 
obs.) To keep off; defend; 
support, preserve. 

Defensio, dnis, f., (defendo.) A 
defence. 

Deféro, erre, tuli, latum, (de, 
fero.) To bring, carry, report, 
tell; inform against, accuse ; 
defer. 

Deficio, &@re, éci, ectum, (de, 
facio.) To fail; be discouraged ; 
revolt. 

Deformitas, atis, f., (de, forma.) 
Deformity, ugliness; disgrace, 
dishonor ; indecency. 

Degredior, édi, gressus sum, dep., 
(de, gradior.) ‘To depart. 

Dehortor, ari, dtus sum, dep., (de, 


294 





DEMONSTRO 


hortor.) 
suade. 

Dejicio, ere, éci, ectum, (de, 
jacio.) To throw down, cast 
down ; dispossess ; degrade ; re- 
move. 

Deinde, adv., (de, inde.) Then, 
thereafter, after that. 

Delatus, a, um, part. See De- 
fero. 

Delecto, are, avi, atum, (de, lac- 
to.) To allure; please, de- 
light. 

Delectus, a, um, part. See De- 
ligo. 

Dalacad tis, m., (deligo.) A 
choosing, election ; levy of sol- 
diers. 

Deleo, ére, évi, étum, (de, leo, for 
lino.) To blot out, efface; de- 
stroy utterly, raze, terminate, 
quash, Alcib. viii. 

Delibero, are, avi, datum, (de; 
libero.) 'To deliberate, consult, 
consider. 

Delicate, adv., (delicatus.) Soft- 
ly, delicately ; wantonly, Alc. ii. 

Delictum, i, n., (delinguo.) Fault, 
crime, offence, sin; error, Over- 
sight. 

Deligo, are, avi, datum, (de, ligo.) 
To bind up, tie, fasten. 

Deligo, ére, égi, ectum, (de, lego.) 
To choose, pick out, select. 

Demens, tis,- adj., (de, mens.) 
Mad, frantic, outrageous; silly. 

Dementia, e, f., (demens.) Mad- 
ness, phrensy ; folly. 

Demergo, ére, si, sum, (de, mer- 
go.) To dip or plunge into 
water; drown; sink. 

Demigratio, onis, f., (demigro.) 
An emigration, change of place 
or abode. 

Demigro, are, avi, atum, (de, 
migro:) To remove, change 
one’s place of abode, go from, 
one place to another. 

Demélior, iri, itus, dep., (de, 
molior.) 'To demolish or throw 
down a building; destroy. 

Demonstro, are, avi, datum. To 


To discourage, dis- 


ira es ——, pam, pF 


— 


DEMUM. 


show, point out, prove evidently, 
demonstrate. 

Demum, adv. At length, at last ; 
tum demum, then, and not till 
then. 

Denique, adv. Finally, in short, 
to conclude. 

Denuncio, are, avi, a&tum, (de, 
nuncio.) ‘To foretell, forewarn ; 
denounce, threaten. 

Depello, ére,ili,ulsum, (de, pello.) 
To drive away, repel, keep off. 

Depingo, ere, xi, ctum, (de, pin- 
go.) To paint, describe. 

Depéno, ere, bsui, ositum, (de, 
pono.) To lay down; deposite ; 
lay aside; resign. 

Depopilor, ari, atus, dep., (de, 
populus.) To lay waste, de- 
populate ; pillage, ravage. 

Deporto, are, avi, datum, (de, 
porto.). To carry away, con- 

' vey; banish. 

Deprecor, ari, atus, dep., (de, 
precor.) To pray for, pray 
earnestly, entreat; deprecate, 
pray against. 

Deprimo, tre, essi, essum, (de, 
premo.) 'To press or keep down ; 
sink ; repress, check. 

Depugno, are, avi, atum, (de, 
pugno.) To fight eagerly; 
strive, contend. 

Depulsus. See Depello. 

Descendo, tre, di, sum, (de, 
scando.) To go down, de- 
scend, dismount ; condescend. 

Descisco, ere, ivi or ii, itum, (de, 
scisco.) To revolt, rebel. - 

» ere, psi, ptum, (de, 
scribo.) 'To write over, copy; de- 
scribe, define; distribute; assign. 

Desero, tre, ui, tum, (de, sero.) 
To leave, forsake, desert. 

Desidertum, i, n., (desidero.) 
Desire or regret for a thing lost; 
longing. 

Desidéro, are, avi,atum. To desire 
or regret a thing lost ; long for. 
Desino, ére, ivi or ii, itum, (de, 
sino.) ‘To leave off, give over; 

_ terminate. 


295 





DEVEHO 


Desisto, ére, titi, titum, (de, 
sisto.) 'To desist from; discon- 
tinue, cease. 

Despectus, a, um. See Despicio. 

Desperatio, onis, f., (despero.) 
Despair. 

Despéro, dre, avi, datum, (de, 
spero.) ‘To despair; be with- 
out hope. 

Despicio, @re, exi, ectum, (de, 
specio.) ‘To look down upon, 
despise. 

Despondeo, ére, di or spipondi, 
sum, de, spondeo.) 'To promise; 
betroth, promise in marriage; 
lose hope, despond. 

Destino, are, avi, dtum. To bind 
or fasten ; appoint, design. 

Destituo, re, ui, atum, (de, 
statuo.) To forsake, disappoint ; 
break promise. 

Desum, esse, fui, irreg. neut., (de, 
sum.) ‘To be wanting, be ab- 
sent ; fail. 

Detégo, ere, exi, ectum, (de, 
tego.) ‘To uncover, expose; de- 
tect. 

Deterior, ior, ius, adj. comp. 
Worse ; sup. deterrimus, worst. 

Deterreo, ére, ui, itum, (de, ter- 
reo.) ‘To frighten from, deter ; 
dissuade, discourage. 

Detestor, ari, atus, dep., (de, 
testor.) To witness against, 
Timol.; to pray that it may be 
removed ; detest. 

Detraho, ére, xi, ctum, (de, tra- 
ho.) To draw or drag down; 
draw or pull off; take from, de- 
tract. 

Detrimentum, i, n., (detero.) Loss, 
damage, detriment. 

Detrido, re, si, sum, (de, trudo.) 
To thrust down; drive or thrust 
out ; dispossess ; compel. 

Deus,i,m. A god, deity, divini- 
ty. 

Deutor, ti, sus sum, dep., (de, 
utor.) ‘To make an ill use of; 
abuse. 

Devtho, re, xi, ctum, (de, veho.) 
To carry down; convey. 


DEVENIO 


Devénio,ire, éni, entum,neut., (de, 
venio.) To come down; happen. 

Deverto, ére, ti, sum, (de, verto.) 
To turn away, turn aside ; wan- 
der, digress. 


Devictus. See Devinco. 
Devincio, ire, xi, ctum, (de, 
vincio.) To bind fast ; oblige ; 


attach, or gain the affections of. 

Devinco, ére, ici,ictum, (de, vinco.) 
To subdue, vanquish completely. 

Devius, a, um, adj., (de, via.) 
Out of the way or road, retired, 
sequestered ; erring. 

Devico, are, avi, datum, (de, voco.) 
To call; call away or aside; 
invite, Cim. iv. 

Devotio, onis, f., (de, voveo.) A 
devoting or giving up; curse. 
Devoveo, ére, dvi, dtum, (de, 

voveo.) Tovow; devote ; curse. 

Dexter, @ra, rum or ra, rum, 
adj. Right, on the right hand ; 
prosperous, lucky. 

Dextra, @, f., sc. manus, (dexter.) 
The right hand. 

Diadéma, itis,n. A diadem,crown. 

Dicis, gen. (nom. dix, obsol.) 
Dicis gratia, for form’s sake ; 
in word only, not in reality. 

Dico, ére, xi, ctum. To speak, 
say, tell ; name; appoint ; plead. 

Dictator, odris, m., (dicto.) <A 
dictator, a Roman magistrate, 
created in times of extraordi- 
nary difficulty, with absolute 
power. 

Dictito, Gre, avi, datum, (freq. 
dicto.) To say commonly or 
frequently; give out. 

Dictum, i, n., (dico.) A saying, 
word ; wise saying, proverb. 
Dies, éi, m. and f., plur.m. A 

day ; time, a season. 


Différo, erre, stuli, latum, irreg.. 
To scatter, dis- 


(dis, fero.) 
perse, spread abroad; differ; 
délay or put off. 

Difficile, adv., (difficilis.) Hard- 
ly, with difficulty. 

Difficilis, is, e, adj., (dis, facilis.) 
Difficult; morose, peevish, Att.v. 


296 





DISCRIMEN 


Diffido, ére, sus sum, (dis, fido.) 
To distrust, to despair of. 

Digitus, i,m. <A finger; finger’s 
breadth ; inch. 

Dignitas, atis, f., (dignus.) Dig- 
nity, authority. 

Dignus, a, um, adj. 
serving of. 

Digredior, di, ssus sum, dep., (dis, 
gradior.) To depart, go away 
or aside. é 

Dilabor, bi, psus sum, dep., (di, 
labor.) To slip or steal away, 
go away ; fail or decay. 

Dilatus. See Differo. 

Diligens, tis, adj., (diligo.) Fond, 
studious, diligent, careful. 

Diligenter, adv., (diligens.) Dili- 
gently, carefully. 

Diligentia, @, f., (diligens.) Dili- 
gence, attention. 

Diligo, re, exi, ectum, (di, lego.) 
To love, esteem highly. 

Dimico, are, avi, seldom ui, atum, 
(di, mico.) To fight, con- 
tend. ‘és 

Dimidius, a, um, adj., (di, me- 
dius.) Half. 

Dimitio, ére, si, ssum, (di, mitto.) 
To dismiss, disband; let go or 
let slip; discard; divorce; ar- 
range or draw up an army; 
order. 

Dirigo, ére, exi, ectum, (di, rego.) 
To direct, guide. 

Diripio, ére, ipii, eptum, (di, 
rapio.) ‘To take away by vio- 
lence, plunder; tear in pieces. 

Diruo, uére, wi, itum, (di, rvo:) 
To pull down, overthrow, de- 
stroy. 

Discédo, ere, ssi, ssum, (dis, 
cedo.) 'To go in another direc- 
tion; go away, depart; die. 

Discerno, ére, crévi, crétum, (dis, 
cerno.) ‘To separate; discern, 
distinguish ; determine. 

Disciplina, @e, f., (discipulus.) 


Worthy, de- 


Instruction, learning; discip- 
line ; skill. 
Disco, ére, didici. 'To learn. 


Discrimen, inis, n., (discerno.) 


Saye” 


DISERTE 


A difference, distinction; dan- 
ger; contest. 

Diserte, adv. 
eloquently. 

Disertus, a, um, adj., (dissero.) 
Clear and copious in expression ; 
fluent, eloquent. 

Disjicio, ere, éci, ectum, (dis, 
jacio.) To disperse, scatter, 
Milt. ii.; cast down, overthrow. 

Dispalor, ari, dius, dep., (dis, 
palor.) To scatter up and 
down; wander here and there, 
straggle. 

Dispenso, are, avi, atum, (dis- 
pendo.) ‘To manage, regulate 
or take care of, Con. iv.; to 
dispense, afford, distribute ; de- 
termine. 

Dispergo, ere, si, sum, (di, spar- 
go.) 'To disperse, scatter. 

Dispertio, ire, ivi,.itum, and 
dispertior, iri, ttus sum, dep., 
(dis, partio.) 'To divide, dis- 
tribute. 

Displiceo, ére, ui, itum, (dis, 
placeo.) ‘To displease. 

Dispono, ere, dsui, itum., (dis, 
pono.) ‘To arrange, put in or- 
der, dispose ; appoint ; distribute. 

Dispito, are, avi, atum, (dis, 
_ puto.) ‘To reason or discourse 
of, discuss ; dispute. 

Dissensio, dnis, f., (dissentio.) 
Difference in sentiment or 
opinion, disagreement, dissent ; 
strife, dissension. 

Dissentio, ire, sensi, sensum, 
(dis, sentio.) ‘To differ in opin- 
ion or sentiment, dissent, disa- 


Clearly, expressly ; 


gree. 

Dissideo, ére, édi, —, (dis, se- 
deo.) To be at variance ; differ, 
quarrel. 

Dissimilis, is, e, adj., (dis, simi- 
lis.) Unlike. 

Dissimilitido, inis, f., (dissimi- 
lis.) Unlikeness, dissimilitude ; 
diversity. 

Dissocio, are, avi, dtum, (dis, 
socio.) To dissolve partner- 
ship; disjoin, disunite, separate. 


297 





DIVINATIO 


Dissolutus. See Dissolvo. 
Dissolitus, a, um, adj. Loose; 
careless ; profligate, Alczb. i. 
Dissolvo, ére, vi, tutum, (dis, 
solvo.) To loose, dissolve ; dis- 
engage; destroy; es alienum, 

pay debt. 

Distineo, ére, wi, entum, (dis, 
teneo.) ‘To hold or keep asun- 
der; separate, divide ; distract, 

' perplex, Aft. ix. 

Distraho, @re, xi, ctum, (dis, 
traho.) To draw asunder or 
into different parts; separate, 
divide or distract. 

Distringo, @re, nzi, ctum, (dis, 
stringo.) ‘To bind fast, wound 
slightly, graze; rub; pass., be 
much engaged. 

Ditissimus, a, um, adj. sup. 
(dives.) Very rich; richest. 
Diu, adv. comp. diutius, sup. 
diutissime, (dies.) Long, a 

long time. 

Diutinus, a, um, adj., (diu.) 
Long, lasting, continual. 

Diuturnitas, atis, f., (diuturnus.) 
Long continuance, length of 
time. 

Diuturnus, a, um, adj., (diu.) 
Long, lasting. 

Diverse, adv. Different ways, 
hither and thither; in differe 
ent parts, here and there; in 
a different manner, different- 
ly. 

Diversus, a, um, adj , (diverto.) 
Turned aside or out of the way ; 
different. 

Diverto, ére, ti, sum, (di, verio.) 
To turn’ aside or out of the 
way ; take lodgings. 

Dives, itis, adj. Rich, wealthy ; 
able. Jt wants the nominative, 
accusative, and vocative, plural 
neuter. 

Divido, &re, isi, isum, (dis, idudy 
obs.) To divide, distribute ; 
separate. 

Divinatio, anis, f., (divino.) The 
foreseeing or foretelling future 
events, divinatioi ; conjecture. 


DIVINO 


Divino, are, dvi, atum, (divinus.) 
To foresee or foretell, divine ; 
judge, conjecture. 

Divinus, a, um, adj., (divus.) Di- 
vine, godlike, heavenly ; subst., 
a diviner, a soothsayer. 

Divisus. See Divido. 

Divitia, arum, f., (dives.) Riches. 

Divum, or Dium, i, n. The open 
air. 

Divus, i,m. A god. 

Do, tre, dedi, datum. To give, 
to grant; dare manus, to yield, 
Hamil. i.; dare fidem,to prom- 
ise, to swear. 

Doceo, ére, ui, tum. To teach; 
inform, tell. 

Docilis, is, e, adj., (doceo.) Apt 
to learn or to be taught, docile. 

Docilitas, atis, f., (docilis.) Apt- 
ness to learn, docility. 

Doctor, 6ris, m., (doceo.) 
teacher, instructor. 

Docirina, @, f., (doctor.) Learn- 
ing, instruction, doctrine. 

Dodrans, tis, m. Nine ounces, 
or three-fourths of a pound ; 
three-fourths of any thing. 

Dolor, oris, m., (doleo.) Grief, 
sorrow ; pain. 

Dolus,i,m. Deceit, guile, false- 
hood ; wile, trick, stratagem. 
Domesticus, a, um, adj., (domus.) 
Belonging to a house or family ; 

domestic. 

Domicilium, i, n., (domus, colo.) 
A place of abode, lodging; 
dwelling-place, residence. 

Dominatio, dnis, f., (dominus.) 
Power, sway, sovereignty ; usur- 
pation, tyranny. 

Dominatus, ts, m., (dominus.) 
Rule, power, sovereignty, tyr- 
anny. 


A 


Dominus, i, m. A master of - 


slaves; owner; master, ruler; 
lord. 
Domus, tis, f. A house, a dwel- 
ling; gen. domi, at home. 
Donec, adv. Until. 


298 





DYNASTA 


Donicum, conj. Until 

Dono, are, avi, atum, (donum.) 
To give freely, present. 

Donum, i, n. A_ gift, offering ; 
bribe. 

Dos, dotis, f., (do.) A dowry, 
marriage portion; endowment 
of body or mind. 

Dubito, are, avi, datum, (dubius.) 
To doubt; hesitate; distrust. 
Dubium, i, n., (dubius.) Doubt, 
hesitancy, distrust. 
Dubius, a, um, adj. Doubtful, 

dangerous, uncertain. 

Ducenti, @, a, adj., (duo, centum.) 
Two hundred. . 

Duco, ére, xi, ctum. To lead, 
conduct, bring; tempus, pass 
the time, delay ; think, reckon, 
esteem. 

Ductor, 6ris, m., (duco.) <A lead- 
er, commander, captain, gen- 
eral. 

Ductus, agum. See Duco. 

Ductus, tis, m., (duco.) A lead- 
ing, conduct. 

Dulcis, is,e, adj. Sweet; pleas- 
ant, delicious, Att. xviii. 

Dum, adv. While, whilst ; until, 
provided. 

Duo, @, 0, adj. Two. 

Duodécim, adj. pl. indecl., (duo, 
decem.) ‘Twelve. 

Duplex, icis, adj., (duo, plico.) 
Double, twofold ; crafty. 

Duplico, are, avi, atum, (duo, 
plico.) ‘To double, to increase 
twofold. 

Duritia, @, f., (durus.) WHard- 
ness; austerity, frugality, Alc. 
xi.; rudeness, cruelty, harsh- 
ness. 

Durus, a, um, adj. Hard, solid; 
hardy ; rough, harsh, unpleas- 
ant. 

Duz, ducis, m. and f., (duco.) A’ 
guide ; leader, general. 

Dynasta or dynastes, @, m A 
prince ; ruler, governor. 


E | 299 


E. 


E or ex, prep. Of, out of, from ; 
e or ex contrario, on the con- 
trary; e or ex regione, over, 
against, opposite; e or ex lon- 
ginquo, afar off; e or ex vesti- 
gio, instantly; e or ex repub- 
licd, for the good of the com- 
monwealth. 

Edictum, i, n., (edico.) An edict 
or order, proclamation. 

Editus, a, um, part. and adj., 
(edo.) Sprung or descended ; 
published, declared ; high, lofty. 

Edo, tre, idi, itum, (e, do.) To 
bring forth; utter, give out, 
Dat. vi.; publish, Att. xvi. ; ex- 
hibit or show. 

Edico, are, avi, atum, (e, duco.) 
To bring up, maintain; instruct; 
train, form. . 

Edico, tre, xi, ctum, (e, duco.) 
To lead forth or out ; draw out ; 
bring up. : 

Efftro, erre, extili, elatum, (ex, 
fero.) To carry out; bury, 
Cim. iv.; extol, Alc. xi.; trans- 
port, elate, puff up, Alc. vii. ; 
produce. 

Efficio, re, éci, ectum, (ex, fa- 
cio.) To finish; accomplish, 
effect; cause, bring about, Ages. 
iii. 

Efflo, are, avi, atum, (ex, flo.) 
To breathe out, exhale; ani- 
mam, to die, to expire. 

Effractus, a, um, part. See Ef- 
fringo. 

_ Effringo, ére, égi, actum, (ex, 
frango.) To break open ; break 
in pieces. 

Effigio, ére, agi, ugitum, (ex, 
fugio.) ‘To flee from; escape, 
elude. 

Effundo, ére, audi, isum, (ex, 
fundo.) To pour out, lavish, 
squander. 

us, a, um, part., (effundo.) 
Lavished ; too common, Mil. vi. 
Ego, mei, m. and f., pron. I. 





EMITTO 


Egimet, meimet, pron. I my- 
self. 

Egrédior, di, ssus sum, dep., (e, 
gradior.) To go out; navi, 
disembark. 

Egregius, a, um, adj., (e, grex.) 
Eminent, remarkable, excellent. 

Ejectus. See Ejicio. 

Ejicio, @re, éci, ectum, (e, jacio.) 
To cast out; discard; banish ; 
throw off. 

Ejusmidi, (is, modus.) Of that 

rt. 


so 

Elabor, bi, psus sum, dep., (e, 
labor.) To slide or slip away ; 
escape ; fall out. ; 

Elabéro, are, avi, atum, (e, la- 
boro.) To labor greatly or dili- 
gently ; procure by great labor. 

Elate, adv., (elatus.) Proudly, 
haughtily, loftily. 

Elégans, tis, adj., (e, lego.) Ele- 
gant without splendor, Att. xiii. ; 
handsome, polite. 

Elegantia, e, f.,(elegans.) Ele- 
gance, politeness. 

Elephantus, i,m. An elephant, 
ivory. 

Elicio, re, ui, itum, (ex, lacio, 
obs.) ‘To draw or bring out; 
allure ; elicit or strike out. 

Eligo, ére, égi, ectum, (e, lego.) 
To choose, elect. 

Eloquentia, @, f., (eloquens.) 
Eloquence. 

Elaceo, re, xi, —, (e, luceo.) 
To shine forth ; be conspicuous. 

Emaz, dcis, adj., (emo.) Fond 
of buying. 

Emendo, are, avi, dtum, (e, men- 
da.) To amend or correct. 

Emergo, @re, si, sum, (e, mergo.) 
To rise up, emerge; extricate, 
Ait. xi. 

Emineo, ére, ui, —, (e, mineo, 
obs.) ‘To rise or grow up as a 
tree; be raised above others; 
be conspicuous or eminent. 

Eminus, adv., (e, manus.) At a 
distance. 

Emitto, re, isi, issum, (e, mitto.) 
To send out; throw away; let 


nMO 


go; discharge; animam, ex- 
pire, die. 

Emo, ére, emi, emptum. To buy ; 
take ; bribe. 

Enarro, are, avi, atum, (e, nar- 
ro.) ‘To relate from beginning 
to end; recite, declare. 

Enim, adv. and conj. 
deed. 

Enimvero, conj. Truly, of a truth, 
indeed, surely. 

Enuméro, Gre, avi, datum, (e, 
numero.) ‘To reckon up, re- 
count ; enumerate. 

Enuncio, and Enuntio, are, avi, 
datum, (e, nuncio.) ‘To pro- 
nounce, utter; declare; pub- 
lish. 

Eo, ire, ivi, tium, irreg. neut. 
To go. 

Eo, adv. Thither, to that place ; 
therefore. 

Eodem, adv. To the same place ; 
to the same purpose. 

Ephébus, i, m. A youth; a 
young man who has reached 
the age of puberty, or fifteen. 

Ephéméris, idis, f. A journal; 
a book in which are recorded 
the events and-transactions of 

‘each day. 

Ephirus, i,m. One of the Epho- 
ri, or magistrates of Sparta. 
They were five in number, 
elected annually, and _ their 
power was so great, as even to 
control their kings. 

Epigramma, dtis, n., dat. pl. 
atis, seldom atibus. An in- 
scription ; an epigram, or short 
pointed poem. 

Episiéla, e, f. A letter, epistle. 

Epilor, ari, atus, dep., (epulum.) 
To feast. 

Epilum, i, n., pl. @, arum, f. 
A feast or banquet. 

Eques, itis, m., (equus.) A horse- 
man; knight,—a title of rank 
among the Romans. 

Equester, or ris, ris, re, adj., 
(equus.) Of or pertaining to a 
horse or cavalry ; equestrian. 


For, in- 


300 





EVADO 


Equitatus, ts, m., (eques.) Cav- 
alry ; the equestrian rank. 

Equus, i,m. A horse. 

Ereptus, a, um. See Eripio. 

Erga, prep. ‘Towards; over 
against ; against. 

Ergo, conj. Therefore, then; 
ergo, adv., on account of, for 
the sake of, governs the geni- 
live. 

Erigo, ére, exi, ectum, (e, rego) 
To raise up, erect, build; en- 
courage. 

Eripio, ére, ipui, eptum, (e, rapio.) 
To take or snatch by force, 
wrest from, Con. ii.; rescue. 

Error, 6ris, m., (erro.) A wan- 
dering ; mistake or false opin- 
ion ; offence. 

Eridio, ire, ivi, and ti, itum, (e, 
rudis.) ‘To teach, instruct. 

Eruditus, a, um, part. and adj 
Learned ; skilful. 

Erumpo, re, api, uptum, (e, rum- 
po.) To break or burst out; 
sally forth; attack with vio- 
lence. 

Eruo, ére, ui, utum, (e, ruo.) To 
pluck or tear up by the roots; 
dig up; overturn; overthrow ; 
search or find out ; discover. 

Eruptio, onis, f., (erumpo.) A 
bursting forth; sally; violent 
assault. 

Escendo, ére, di, sum, (e, scando.) 
To disembark, land; ascend, 
mount, climb up to, step up. 

Esse. See Sum. 

Et, conj. And, both. When it 
is repeated in successive clauses 
of a sentence, it first signifies 
both, then and. 

Eténim, conj. For ; because that ; 
truly. ; 

Etiam, conj. Also; even; yes; 
etiam atque etiam, again and 
again. 

Etsi, conj. Though, although. 

Evado, ére, si, sum, (e, vado.) To 
go out; escape; turn out, fall 
out, Dion. viii.; happen; be- 
come. i . 


EVENIO 


_ Evenio, ire, éni, entum, (e, venio.) 
To come out; fall out or hap- 

* pen ; evenit, imp., it happens. 

_ Evito, are, avi, atum, (e, vito.) 
To shun, to avoid. 

Evico, are, avi, atum, (e, voco.) 
To call out; send for, sum- 
mon ; invite. 

Ex, prep. Of, out of, from. 

_ Exacuo, ére, ui, utum, (ex, acuo.) 
_ To whet or sharpen; irritate, 
 Phoe. iv. 
_ Exzadversum, or us, adv. 
site to; over against. 
} Exagito, Gre, avi, datum, (ex, 
_ agito.) To drive out; harass 
. or vex ; agitate ; excite. 
Rcanime, are, avi, atum, (ex, 
animus.) ‘To astonish, terrify ; 
eg to death ; Kill ; pass., 
ie. 
Exardeo, ére, si, sum, (ex, ar- 
’ deo.) To blaze, be on fire; 
_ ‘Tage, as war or sedition ; be in- 


Oppo- 


flamed with rage. 
_Exardesco, re, arsi. See Ex- 
ardeo. 
_ Exaudio, ire, wi, itum, (ex, au- 
dio.) To hear pericotiy 5 ; at- 
tend to or regard. 

Excédo, re, ssi, ssum, (ex, cedo.) 
_ ‘To go out, depart ; exceed or go 
beyond ; die. 

. Excellens, tis, adj. and part. Ex- 
celling, excellent ; eminent, Alc. 
1.3 high, rising ; 

Excellenter, ~ +» (excellens.) 
‘Transcendently, in an excellent 
manner. 

Excello, re, ui, —, (ex, cello, 
_ obs.) ‘To excel or surpass ; be 
eminent. 

_Exceptus. See Excipio. 

Excio, ire, and exciéo, iére, ivi, 
tium, (ex, cio.) To raise; 
Touse, incite; excite; call or 
send for, Hun. viii 

_ Excipio, ere, epi, eptum, (ex, ca- 
_ pw.) To take; receive; sus- 
tain or withstand, Chab. i.; en- 
tertain; except ; attack by sur- 
bee ; ; catch ; 3 follow or succeed. 









301 





EXIMO 


Excito, are, avi, datum, (ex, cio, 
or cieo.) To stir or raise up; 


excite, rouse, animate; insti- 
gate, Han. x.; awaken. 
Exclido, ere, si, sum, (ez, 


claudo.) To shut out, exclude ; 
reject or refuse. 

Excogito, are, avi, dium, (ex, 
cogito.) To think ; find out by 
intense thinking ; "invent, de- 
vise. 

Exculpo. See Exsculpo. 

Excursio, énis, f., (excurro.) An 
excursion ; sally ; ; inroad or in- 
vasion. 

Excitio, tre, ussi, ussum, (ex, 
quatio.) ‘To shake off or out; 
extort or press out; search : 
consider. 

Exemplum, i, n. An example;_ 
copy or model; way or man- 
ner. 

Ezeo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, irreg. 
neut., (ex, eo.) To go- out, 
abroad ; be divulged ; die; end. 

Exerceo, ére, ti, itum, (ex, ar- 
ceo.) ‘To exercise ; train. 

Exercitatio, onis, f., (exercito.) 
Exercise, practice, custom. 

Exzercitatus, a, um, part. and adj. — 
Practised, experienced, disci- 
plined. 

Exercitus, tis, m., (exerceo.) An 
army. 

Exheredo, dre, avi, atum, (ex, 
heres.) To exclude from an 
inheritance, disinherit. 

Exhaurio, ire, si, stum, seldom 
hausum, (ex, haurio.) 'To draw 
or drink out ; empty ; drain, ex- 
haust. 

Ezxiguus, a, um, adj. 
tle ; scanty. 

Exilis, is, e, adj. Slender, lean ; 
poor, mean ; empty. 

Exzilium, exsilium, i, n., (exul.) 
Banishment, exile. 

Ezimie, adv. Particularly, ex- 
cellently, remarkably. 

Eximo, tre, émi, emptum, (ex, 
emo.) ‘To take from; exempt; 
discharge or free. 


Small, lit- 


EXISSE 


Exisse. See Exeo. 

Ezistimo, are, avi, atum, (ex, 
estimo.) To think, judge; de- 
termine; esteem. 

Existimatio, onis, f., (existimo.) 
An opinion ; estimation ; char- 
acter, reputation, credit. 

Exzisto, re, stiti, seldom stitum, 
(ex, sisto.) To be, exist ; be- 
come ; appear. 

Exitus, ts, m., (exeo.) A going 
out; end; event ; death. 

Exordior, tri, sus, (ex, ordior.) 
To begin. 

Expectatio, onis, f., (expecto.) 
Expectation, desire. 

Expecto, are, avi, atum, (ex, 
specto.) ‘To look or wait for; 
hope or wish for; fear; expect. 

Expedio, ire, ivi, itum, (ex, pes.) 
To disentangle, extricate, free ; 
finish or accomplish ; explain ; 
produce. 

Expédit, imp., (ex, pedio.) It is 
expedient or profitable, Milt. 
iii. 

Expeditus, a, um, adj. and part., 
(expedio.) Disengaged, not en- 
cumbered ; free ; ready ; light. 

Expello, ére, uli, ulsum, (ex, pel- 
lo.) To drive out, expel. 

Expendo, ére, di, sum, (ex, pen- 
do.) 'To weigh, pay ; atone or 
suffer for; consider. 

Expensum, i, n., (ex, pendo.) Ex- 
pense, cost. 

Expensus, a, um, part. See Ex- 
pendo. 

Experior, iri, tus, dep. To try; 
prove ; experience. 

Ezxpers, tis, adj., (ex, pars.) Des- 
titute, void of ; free from. 

Explendesco,'ére, dui, n. To 
shine 3 fig., to distinguish one’s 
self. 

Exzplico, are, ui, itum, or avi, 
atum. 'To unfold, spread out; 
draw out in battle array ; disen- 
tangle; execute or perform; 
explain, narrate at length, Pe- 
lop. i. 

Ezploro, are, avi, datum, (ex, 


302 





EXTREMO 


ploro.) ‘To search out; exam- 
ine diligently ; explore. 

Expono, ére, dsui, ositum, (ex, 
pono.) ‘To lay or put out; dis- 
embark ; expose; set forth to 
view; explain; mention, re- 
late. 

Exposco, @re, pdposci, —, (ex, 
posco.) To ask earnestly; de- 
mand urgently ; entreat. ; 

Exprimo, ére, essi, essum, (ex, 
premo.) ‘To press or squeeze 
out ; extort ; express; resemble. 

Exprobro, are, avi, datum, (ex, 
probrum.) 'To upbraid or re-. 
proach. 

Expugno, are, avi, datum, (ex, 
pugno.) ‘To take by storm or 
assault ; attack with success ; 
vanquish. 

Expulsor, ris, m., (ex, pello.) 
An expeller; one that drives 
out. 

Exsculpo, ére, si, tum, (ex, scul- 
po-) ‘To scratch out ; erase. 
Exspectatio, dnis, f. An await- 

ing, expecting, expectation. 

Exspecto, are, avi, adtum. To 
look out, be on the look-out, 
watch or wait for. 

Exsplendesco, ére, ui, —. To 
shine forth ; become eminent. 

Externus, a, um, adj., (exter.) 
Outward, foreign, alien. 

Extimesco, re, ui, —, (ex, ti- 
meo.) ‘To be greatly afraid of ; 
dread. 

Extinguo, ére, xi, ctum, (ex, 
stinguo, obs.) ‘To extinguish ; 
_wipe away, Them. i.; suppress, 
kill. 

Exsto, or Exto, are, titi, titum, 
or tatum, neut., (ex, sto.) To 
stand or be above; remain, be 
extant. 

Extra, prep. Without, opposed 
to within; beyond; besides ; 
except. 

Extrého, @re, xi, etum, (ex, tra- 
ho.) To draw out, extract; 


disengage. 
Extrémo, adv. Lastly, at last. 


a 
y 


EXTREMUS 


Ezxtrémus, or extimus, a, um, 
adj. sup., (exter.) Outermost ; 
last ; utmost. 

Extruo, or exstruo, ére, xi, uc- 
tum, (ex, struo.) To pile up, 
raise ; build, erect. 

Extuli. See Effero. 


_ Exul, or exsul, ilis,m. A ban- 


ished person , exile. 

Ezulio, are, avi, atum, (ex, sa- 
lio.) To leap or frisk about; 
rejoice or exult. 


F. 


Faber, ri, m. One that works in 
wood, metal, stone, ivory, or the 
like materials ; workman, arti- 
ficer, mechanic. 


figure, shape ; appearance. 
Facile, adv., (facilis.) Easily, 
readily. 


DS Facilis, is, ¢, adj. (facio.) Easy ; 


_ Facinus, oris, n., (facio.) 


7 


gentle, good-natured, indulgent ; 
pitious. 

P Recilitas, atis, f. Easiness, facility, 
readiness; gentleness, courte- 
ousness, kindness, good humor. 

A 

deed, action, exploit, either good 

or bad ; wickedness, villainy. 


: Facio, ire, féci, factum. To do, 


L 


f 
ss 


make, cause, effect. Facio 
takes various significations, ac- 
cording to the aan with which 
it is connected. 


_ Factio, onis, f., (facio.) A doing 
or the power of doing ; faction, 


% 


; 


_ Factus, a, um, part. 


Pee ee 


‘? 


eS 


party. 
Factiésus, a, um, adj., ( factio.) 


Factious, seditious, contentious. 


_ Factum, i, n., ( facio.) Deed or 


action. 

See Facio. 

Facultas, atis, f., (facio.) Abili- 
ty, power; occasion, opportu- 
nity; faculty, power of the 
mind; wealth, riches. 

_ Fallo, ace, fefelli, falsum. To 
deceive; disappoint ; break one’s 
word or ’ promise. 


~ 


303 





FEROCITER 


Falso, adv., (falsus.) Falsely, 
unfaitufully ; wrongfully. 

Falsus, a, um, adj., ( fallo.) False; 
mistaken, deceived: 

Fama, e, f. Report, rumor ; fame, 
reputation, renown. 

Fames, is, f. Hunger, famine. 

Familia, a, f. The slaves of one 
master; family; branch of a 
clan; patrimony or family es- 
tate. 

Familiaris, is, e, adj., ( familia.) 
Of the same family ; intimate, 
familiar. 

Familiaritas, atis, f., (familiaris.) 
Intimacy, familiarity. 

Familiariter, adv., ( familiaris.) 
Familiarly, intimately. 

Fanum, i, n., (fari.) A temple, 
church, fane. 

Fastigium, i, n., (fastus.) The 
top or roof of a house, height ; 
declivity, slope; dignity, rank. 

Fateor, éri, ssus sum, dep. To 
confess, acknowledge. 

Fatigo, are, avi, dtum. To fa- 
tigue, weary; harass, impor- 
tune. 

Fautor, oris, m., (faveo.) <A fa- 
vorer, supporter, partisan. 

Fautrix, icis, f., (faveo.) <A fe- 

' male partisan or favorer. 

Faveo, re, favi, fautum. To 


favor; linguis, listen in si- 
lence. 
Febris, is, f., (ferveo.) A fever. 
Fefelli. See Fallo. 


Felicitas, atis, f., (feliz.) Hap- 
piness, felicity, good fortune, 
Milt. ii. 

Fenestra, @, f. A window, inlet. 

Fenus. See Fenus. 

Fere, adv. Almost; for the most 
part; generall 

Fero, oe ‘ili | latum. 'To bear 
or carry; advance, approach ; 
endure ; tell, report ; ferre suf 
fragium, vote. 

Ferécia, e, f., (ferox.) Fierce- 
ness; cruelty ; insolence. 

Ferociter, adv. Fiercely, say- 
agely, impudently, insolently ; 


FEROX 


courageously, bravely, valorous- 
ly. 

prey écis, adj. Fierce, bold, 
warlike ; insolent, cruel. 

Ferreus, a, um, adj., (ferrum.) 
Of iron ; hard-hearted ; cruel. 

Ferrum,i,n. Iron; a sword. 

Ferus, a, um, adj. Wild; sav- 
age, cruel, fierce. 

Festinatio, onis, f.. (festino.) 
Haste, speed, dispatch. 

Festum,i,n. A stated festival ; 
holiday ; feast. 

Festus,a,um,adj. Festival, joy- 
ful; pleasant. 

Fictilis, is, e, adj., (fingo.) 
Earthen ; made of earth or clay. 

Fidélis, is, e, adj., ( fides.) Faith- 
ful, trusty ; sure. 

Fideliter, adv., (fidelis.) Faith- 
fully. 

Fidens, tis, part. and adj., (fido.) 
Trusting in; confident, coura- 
geous, bold. 

Fides, ei, f. Faith; credit; pro- 
tection, Them. viii.; a promise. 

Fido, ere, fidi or fisus sum. 'To 
trust ; to confide in. 

Fiducia, @, f., (fido.) 
confidence ; pledge. 

Fidus, a, um, adj., ( fido.) Faith- 
ful, trusty. 

Figura, e, f., (fingo.) A figure, 
shape ; image. 

Filia, e, f. A daughter. 

Filius, i, m. A son. 

Fing~, ére, nxi, ctum. To form, 
fashion, frame ; feign. 

Finio, ire, ivi, itum. 'To confine 
in limits, cireumscribe, limit ; 
bound, restrain, check. 

Finis, is, m. and f. The end; 
purpose, design; plur. m., boun- 
daries of a field, territories of a 
state. 

Finitimus, a, um, adj., (finis.) 
Bordering upon ; neighboring. 
Fio, fieri, facius sum, (pass. of 
facio) To be made, become; 

happen. 

Firmitas, atis, f., ( firmus.) Firm- 
ness ; strength, constancy. 


Trust, 


304 





FORMA 


Firmus, a, um, adj. Firm; strong; 
steady ; constant. 

Fistula, @, f. A pipe for con- 
veying water; pipe, flute; dis- 
ease in the anus, Alt. xxi. 

Flagitium, i, n. A flagrant crime ; 
profligacy, lewdness; infamy, 
disgrace. 

Flagito, are, avi, dtum. 'To ask 
with importunity ; crave; so- 
licit; demand; accuse, im- 
peach. 

Flagro, are, avi, atum. To burn; 
be inflamed with desire. 

Flamma, e, f. A flame; ardor; 
love. 

Flecio, re, xi, ctum. To bend, 
turn ; bend or direct one’s course; . 
persuade, move ; change. 

Fleo, ére, évi, étum. To weep; 
lament. 

Floreo, ére, ui, —, (flos.) 'To 
flourish, blossom; be conspicu- 
ous, make a figure. 

Flos, éris, m. A flower, blos- 
som. 

Fluctus, ts, m., ( fluo.) A wave, 
billow ; commotion. 

Flumen, inis, n., ( fluo.) A river. 
Federatus,a, um, part. and adj., 
(fedus.) Allied, confederate. 
Fenus, 6ris,n. The interest of 
money, usury; money lent at 

interest. 

Forem, fore, def. I might, or 
should be. 

Forensis, is, e, adj.,( forum.) Of 
or pertaining to the forum, or 
court of law; homo forensis, a 

- lawyer, advocate; usus foren- 
sis, practice at the bar; opera 
forensis, attendance in the fo- © 
rum, or at the bar. 

Foris,is, f. More frequently used 
in the plural. A door. 

Foris, adv. Without doors, with- 
out ; answering to the question, — 
ubi? Foras, out of doors, out; 
forth, abroad,—to the question, 
quo? . 

Forma, e, f. A form, shape, fig- — 
ure ; beauty. ‘ 


FORMOSUS 


_ Formésus, a, um, adj., ( forma.) 


Handsome, beautiful. 

Fors, tis, f. Chance, luck ; for- 
tune, lot; destiny. 

Forte, adv. By chance ; perhaps. 

Fortis, is, e,adj. Brave, valiant ; 
stout, vigorous, manly. 

Fortiter, adv., ( fortis.) Bravely, 
manfully ; strongly. 


_ Fortitudo, inis, f., ( fortis.) Bra- 


very ; fortitude. 

Fortuito, adv. By chance, acci- 
dentally. 

Fortuna, @, f., (fors.) Fortune, 
chance ; the goddess of fortune. 

Forum,i,n. A public place in 
Rome, where assemblies of the 
people were held, justice ad- 
ministered, and -other public 
business transacted, particular- 
ly what concerned the borrow- 
ing and lending of money A 
market-place. 

Frango, ére, égi, actum. To 
break; impair, weaken; sub- 
due, vanquish, T'hem. ii.; dis- 
courage, T'hem. i. 

Frater, ris,m. A brother. 

Fraternus, a, um, adj., ( frater.) 
Of a brother; fraternal. 

Fratricida, @, m. and f., ( frater, 
cedo.) A murderer of a broth- 
er; fratricide. 

Fraus, dis, f. Fraud, deceit. 

Frequens, tis, adj. 'Thronged, 
crowded ; frequent ; constant. 


J Frequentia, @, fry ( frequens.) A 


crowd, throng; great company. 
Fretus, a, um, adj. Trusting to, 
relying on. 
Wecceuss tis, m., (fruor.) Fruit; 
reward, advantage, profit. 
Frumentum, i, n., (as if frugmen- 
tum, frugis.) Corn of all kinds, 
especially wheat. 


_ Fruor, i, itus and ctus sum, dep. 


To enjoy. 

_ Frustra,adv. In vain; ineffec- 
_ tually ; to no purpose. 

. Frustror, ari, atus, dep., (frus- 


tra.) To disappoint, deceive ; 
frustrate. 
26* 


305 





GENU 


Fuga, e, f. Flight, running 
away. 

Fugio, ére, fugi, itum. 'To flee, 
run away ; chase, escape. 

Fugo, are, avi, atum. ‘To put to 
flight, rout ; drive away. 

Fulgeo, ére, obiscip- To shine, be 
bright. 

Fumus, i,m. Smoke. 

Fundamentum, i, n., ( fundus.) 
A foundation, basis. 

Funditor, 6ris, m., (funda.) A 
slinger. 

Findus, i, m. The bottom of 
any thing; farm or estate in 
the country ; site of buildings in 
the city. 

Funestus, a, um, adj., (funus.) 
Fatal ; doleful, lamentable. 

Fungor, i, ctus sum, dep. To 
discharge a duty; to hear an 
office or honor. 

Funus, @ris,n. A funeral ; ‘death ; 
dead body. 

Fundo, ére, fadi, fata. To 
pour; melt; defeat, rout. — 

Fusus, a,um. See Fundo: - 

Futurus, a,um, part. Sée Sum. 


G. 


Galea, e, f. A helmet, covering 
for the head. 

Gaudeo, ére, gavisus. To re- 
joice ; be glad. 

Gaza, @, f. The treasure of a 
prince ; wealth, riches. 

Gener, ri, m., (gigno.) A son- 
in-law. 

Generatus. See Genero. 


Genero, are, avi, datum, (gi ) 
To beget ; bring for produ 
create. —*., 


Generésus, a, um, adj., (genus.) 
Of noble birth; generous; brave, 
excellent. 

Gens, tis, f., (gigno.) A nation ; 
clan, comprehending. all of the 
same general name; and di- 
vided into several familia. 

Genu,n. A knee; pl, genua, 
uum, ibus or ubus, ke. 


GENUI 


Genui. See Gigno. 

Genus, éris, n., (gigno.) Race, 
lineage, descent ; kind, contain- 
ing several ‘species or sorts. 

Gero, ére, ssi, stum. To carry; 
wear; conduct; rem bene, be 

_ successful; rem male, be un- 
successful ; manage, behave. 

Germana, @, f., (germen.) A 
sister by the father’s side. 

Gesta, drum, n., (gero.) Exploits, 
achievements, deeds. 

Gestus, a,um. See Gero. 

Gigno, ére, geniti, genitum. 'To 
beget; conceive, bring forth; 
produce ; cause. 

Gladius,i, m. A sword. 

Globus, i, m. Any round body; 
globe, ball, bowl; band, crowd. 

Gloria, e, f. Glory, renown; de- 
sire of glory. 

Glorior, ari, atus sum, dep., (glo- 
ria.) ‘To boast; glory. 

Gloriose, adv., (gloriosus.) Boast- 
fully, vaingloriously. 

Gloriosus, a, um, adj., (gloria.) 
Glorious, renowned; vaunting, 
boasting. 

Gradus, ts, m., (gradior.) A 
step ; step of a ladder or stair ; 
degree ; station, rank. 

Grece, adv., (Grecus.) In Greek. 

Grecus, a, um, adj., (Grecia.) 
Of Greece, Greek. 

Graius, a, um, adj. Of or per- 
taining to the Grecians, Greek. 

Grandis, is, e, adj. Large, big, 
very large; great, noble, brave ; 
grand, lofty, sublime. 

Gratia, @, f. Favor,. partiality, 
influence ; thanks; gratia, for 
the sake of. 


Gratis, adv. Freely; for noth- 


ing. - 
Gratus, a, um, adj. Grateful, 
thankful ; acceptable, pleasant. 


Gravis, is, e, adj. Heavy ; griev- 
ous; severe 3 important; digni- 
fied. 

Gravitas, atis, f., (gravis.) Heavi- 
ness ; gravity 3 dignity ; author- 
ity. 


806 





HIC 


Graviter, adv., (gravis.) Heavi- 
ly ; grievously ; 3 severely. 
Gubernator, doris, m., (guberno.) 
The pilot of a ship; governor, 
ruler. 
Gymnasium, i, n. 
ercise ; school. 
Gyneconitis, idis, f., (called like- 
wise gyneceum.) An inker 
apartment in Grecian houses, 
appropriated to the women. 


H. 


Habeo, ére, xi, itum. To have; 
possess 5 suppose ; esteem. 

Habito, are, avi, atum, (freq. ha- 
beo.) 'To dwell, inhabit. 

Habitus, is, m. A habit; state 
or condition ; a manner. 

Hac, adv., (or abl. of hic, vid be- 
ing understood.) By this way. 

Hactenus, adv., (hac, tenus.) Thus 
far, hitherto. 

Heréditas, atis, f., (heeres.) An 
inheritance. 

Herédium, i, n., (heres.) Asmall 
estate or farm. . 

Haruspex, icis, m., (ara, or haru- 
ga, specio obs.) One who fore- 
told future events by inspecting 
the entrails of victims ; a sooth- 
sayer, diviner. 

Hasta, e, f. A spear, pike, lance. 

Hastile, is, n., (hasta.) The shaft 
of a spear ; spear or rod. 

Haud, adv. Not. 

Hemerodrémus, i,m. A post, day 
courier. 

Herma, and Hermes, a, m. A 
statue of Mercury. 

Heterice, es, f. The social band ; 
name given to a body of cavalry 
among the Macedonians. 

Hiberna, and Hibernacila, 6rum, 


A place of ex- 


n., (sc. castra.) Winter quar-— 


ters. 

Hic, hec, hoc, pron. This; op- 
posed to is, hic signifies the 
latter, 7s, the former. 

Hic, adv. 
hereupon, upon this. 


Here, in this place ; | 














HIEMALIS 


Hiemélis, is, e, adj., (hiems.) Of 
winter, wintry. 


- Hiemo, are, avi, atum, (hiems.) 


_ Honestas, 


To winter; pass the winter. 

Hiems, émis, f. Winter ; storm, 
tempest ; year. 

Hierophanta, ores, @,m. An in- 
terpreter of sacred mysteries ; 
priest at Athens, whose office 
was to instruct the initiated in 
the knowledge of holy ceremo- 
nies and rites. 

Hildris, is, e, or us, a, um, adj. 
Cheerful, gay. 

Hildritas, atis, f., (hilaris.) Cheer- 
fulness, mirth, gayety. 

Tinc, adv. Hence, from this 
place ; from this cause ; hence- 
forth. 

Hirtus, a, um, adj. Shaggy; 
rough ; rude, rugged, unpolish- 
ed 


Historia, e, f. History; a con- 
tinued narrative of events in 
the order of time. 

Historicus, i,m. An historian. 

Hodie, adv., (hoc, die.) ‘To-day, 
this day. 

Homo, inis, m. and f. A man or 
woman ; human being. 

atis, f., (honestus.) 

Honesty, probity; dignity, de- 

cency, respectability, Aue. 

Pref.; reputation. 


| Honestus, a, um, adj., (honor.) 


Honorable ; respectable ; hon- 
est. 


Honor, or, os, éris, m. Honor, 


f 


respect ; public office; beauty, 
gracefulness. 

Honoratus, a, um, adj., (honor.) 
Honored, honorable ; respected ; 
having borne or bearing a public 
office. 

Honorificus, a, um, adj., (honor, 
facio.) Conferring or causing 
honor ; honorable. 


; - Hortatus, fis, m., (hortor.) An ex- 


_ Hortor, ari, atus, dep. 


ibe 

pe 
* 
Sy 
j 


v4 


hortation, encouragement, ad- 
vice. 

To ex- 
hort, encourage ; advise. 


307 





IGNORO 


Hortus, i, m. A garden, orchard 

Hospes, itis, m. and f. A host, 
entertainer; guest, person en- 
tertained ; stranger, foreigner. 

Hospitium, i, n., (hospes.) Friend- 
ship arising from mutual hospi- 
tality ; an inn, place of lodg- 


Pn. @, f., (hostis.) A victim 5 . 
animal sacrificed. 

Hostis, is, m. and f. An enemy ; ; 
public enemy; originally, a 
stranger. 

HS. See Sestertius, and Notes 
iv., v., Att. 

Huc, ado. Hither, to this place. 
Hujusmidi, or hujuscemodi, (gen. 
of hic, modus.) Of this kind. 
Humanitas, atis, f., (humanus.) 
Humanity ; gentleness, polite- 

ness ; learning. 

Hamaans, a, um, adj., (homo.) Of 
or pertaining to a man ; human, 
humane ; polite, gentle. 

Humilis, is, e, adj., (humus.) 
Low ; humble ; mean, poor. 

Humo, Gare, avi, datum, (humus.) 
To cover with earth; bury, in- 
ter. 

Hyems. See Hiems. 


I. 


Ibi, adv. There, in that place; 
then, thereupon. 

Ibidem, adv. In the same place. 

Ico, re, ici, ictum. To strike; 
fedus, to make a league. 

Ictus,a, um, part. See Ico.. 

Idem, eidem, idem, pron., (is.) 
The same. 

Ideo, conj. 

- cause. 

Idoneus, a, um, adj. proper, 
suitable. 

Igitur, conj. Therefore, then. 

Ignis,is,m. Fire; lightning. 

Ignominia, @, f., (in, nomen.) 
Disgrace, ignominy. 

Ignoro, are, avi, atum, (igna- 
rus.) Not to know, be ignorant 
of. 


Therefore ; for that 
Fit, 


IGNORANTIA 


Ignérantia, @, f., (ignoro.) Ig- 
norance. 

Ignosco, ére, dvi, 6tum, (in, nos- 
co.) ‘To pardon; overlook. 

Ignotus, a, um, adj. Unknown; 
not knowing, ignorant. 

Ille, a, ud, pron. That; he, she, 
it 


it. 

Illic, adv. There, in that place. 

Illo, adv. Thither, to that place. 

Illuc, adv. Thither. 

Illado, &re, si, sum, (in, ludo.) 
To make sport of; mock; de- 
ceive. 

Illustris, is, e, adj., (in, lustro.) 
Bright, clear; evident ; conspic- 
uous, illustrious. 

Illustro, are, avi, datum, (in luz.) 
To make clear or evident; il- 
lustrate ; render famous. 

Illusus, a, um, part. See Illudo. 

Imago, inis, f. An image, pic- 
ture ; likeness, representation of 

-Sany thing; vision, apparition. 

Imbuo, re, ui, atum. To wet, 
moisten ; dye, stain ; animum, 
fill, impress, bias, instruct. 

Imitator, 6ris, m., (imitor.) An 
imitator, one who imitates. 

Immérens, tis, adj., (immereo.) 
Undeserving ; innocent, unwor- 
thy of punishment, Dion. x. 

Immineo, ére, ui, —, (in, mineo, 
obs.) ‘To hang over; watch an 
opportunity of injuring, Ewm. x. ; 
threaten. 


Imminuo, ére, ui, autum, (in, 
minuo.) ‘To lessen, diminish ; 
impair. 


Immitto, @re, isi, issum, (in, mit- 
to.) ‘To send, let or drive in; 
throw in; se, rush. 

Immoderatus, a, um, adj., (in, 


modus.) Without. bounds or 
moderation ; immoderate, ex- 
cessive. 


Immodestia, @, f., (immodestus.) 
Want of, modesty or modera- 
tion ; insubordination, disobedi- 
ence, Lysan. i., Alc. viii. ; in- 
temperance. 

Imméblo, Gre, avi, atum, (in, mo- 


308 





IMPERO 


la.) 'To sprinkle a victim with 
the salted cake; immolate ; 
sacrifice. 

Immortalis, is, e, adj., (in, mor- 
talis.) Free from death, im- 
mortal. 

Immutatus, a, um, part., (immu- 
to.) Changed greatly. 

Imparatus, a, um, adj., (in, pa- 
ratus.) Unprepared. 

Impedimentum, 1, n., (impedio.) 
An encumbrance or hinderance ; 
impediment; plur., the baggage 
and beasts of burden of an 
army. . 

Impédio, ire, ivi, itum, (in, pes.) 
To entangle; encumber; hin- 
der. 

Impello, ére, uli, ulsum, (in, pel- 
lo.) ‘To drive or push forward ; 
impel; instigate, incite, per- 
suade. 

Impendeo, ére, di, sum, (in, pen- 
deo.) To hang over, impend ; 
threaten. 

Impensa, @, f., (impendo.) Ex- 
pense, cost, charge. 

Imperator, oris, m., (impero.) A 
commander-in-chief, generalis- 
simo, emperor. 

Imperatorius, a, um, adj., (im- 
perator.) Of or pertaining to a 
commander or emperor; im- 
peratorial, imperial. 

Imperatum, i, n., (impero.) The 
command of a general; per- 
emptory command. 

Imperiosus; a, um, adj., (impero.) 
Possessed of command ; uncon- 
trollable ; imperious, tyrannical, 
Pelop. ii. . . 

Imperite, adv., (imperitus.) Un- 
skilfully. 

Imperitus, a, um, adj., (in, peri- 
tus.) Unskilful, inexperienced, 
ignorant. | 

Impérium, i, n., (impero.) Mili- 
tary command, empire, sway, — 
dominion, Milt. vi. ! 

Impéro, Gre, avi, atum, (in, pa- — 
ro.) ‘To command, order, rule 
over. 


IMPERTIO 


es wid in, pars.) Toim- 
part, besto 
Impertior, Hi, itus, (in, pars.) 
o be furnished or instructed, 
Att. i. 
Impetro, are, avi, datum, (in pa- 
tro.) To obtain; finish, effect. 
Impetus, tis, m., (in, peto.) An 
attack, assault; vehemence; 
violent desire, instinct. 
Impiger, ra, rum, adj., (in, pi- 
ger.) Not sluggish, active, dili- 
gent. 
Impius, a, um, adj., (in, pius.) 
mpious, itreligious ; undutiful ; 
wicked. 
Implacabilis, is, e, adj., (in, 
placo.) ‘That cannot be ap- 


— or reconciled, implaca- 


_ Implicitus, a, um, part. and adj., 





ly. 
Im 





(implico.) Entangled, involved, 
intricate; im morbum, seized 
with a disease. 

Implico, are, avi, atum, and ui, 
itum, (in, plico.) To wrap in; 
infold, entangle, involve. 

Impoéno, ere, dsui, ositum, (in, 
pono.) To place, put, or lay 
upon; impose on or deceive, 
Eum. vy. 

Impitens, tis, adj., (in, potens.) 
Weak; unable to restrain, as 
impotens ire, doloris, etc.; in- 
capable of being restrained, as, 
impotens ira, amor, letitia, 
etc.; insolent, cruel, impotens 
dominatio, Lys. i. 

Impresentiarum, adv., (in pre- 
sentia rerum.) In present cir- 
cumstances, as things are, 
(were, or shall be;) for the 
present, at present, for now, 
now. 


Imprimis, adv., (in, primus.) In 


the first place, chiefly, especial- 


dens, tis, adj., (in, pru- 
ens.) Not knowing, Lys. iv. ; 

off our guard, unawares, Ages. 

ii. ; imprudent, inconsiderate. 


Impridenter, adv., (imprudens.) 


309° 





INCOGNITUS 


Ignorantly, unwittingly; im. 
prudently, heedlessly. 

Impridentia, e, f., (imprudens.) 
Want of knowledge or fore- 
sight; imprudence, unskilful- 
ness, E’pam. vii. 

Impugno, are, avi, datum, (in, 
pugno.) To fight against, at- 
tack ; thwart, oppose, resist. 

Impulsus, a, um. See Impello. 

Impulsus, tis, m., (impello.) A 
pushing on, impulse ; advice, 
instigation, Pelop. i. 

Impiine, adv., (in, pena.) With- 
out hurt, punishment, or dan- 
ger; with mnpunity or safety. 

Imputo, are, (in, puto.) 'To im- 
pute or ascribe; reckon, ac- 
count. 

Imus, a,um. See Inferus. / 

In, pree- When it governs the 
abl. it signifies, in, among, 
during ; when the accus., into, 
towards, upon, against, a: 

Inanis, is, e, adj. Empty, void; 
vain, fruitless; frivolous,’ insig- 
nificant. 

Incendium, i, n., (incendo.) Fire, 
burning flame, conflagration. 
Incendo, @re, di, sum, (in, can- 
deo.) To set on fire, kindle ; 

burn, inflame. 

Incensus. See Incendo. 

Inceptum, n., (incipio.) A be- 
ginning, undertaking. 

Incido, ére, idi, asum, (in, cado.) 
To fall into or upon; fall in 
with, meet, happen, occur. 

Incido, tre, di, sum, (in, cedo.) 
To cut; carve or engrave, 
Alcib. iv. 

Incipio, ére, epi, eptum, (in, ca- 
pio.) ‘To begin, attempt. 

Incito, are, avi, atum, (in, cito.) 
To incite, spur on, provoke. 

Inclino, are, avi, atum, (in, clino, 
obs.) ‘To incline, lean towards; 
dispose or direct towards. 

Incognitug, a, um, adj., (in, cog- 
nitus.) Unknown,-unheard of; 
causa incognita, his cause not 
being tried. 


INCOLA 


Incibla, @, m., (incolo.) An in- 
habitant. 

Incélo, ére, olui, ultum, (in, 
colo.) ‘To inhabit, reside in a 
place. ° ; 

Incolimis, is, e, adj. Safe, en- 
tire; sound... 

-Incolumitas, atis, f. Safety. 

Incommidum, i, n., (in, commo- 
dum.)  Inconveniente, disad- 
vantage, damage, loss. 

Incommédus, a, um, adj., (in,com- 
modus.) Inconvenient, trouble- 
some; detrimental, disadvan- 
tageous. 

Inconsideratus, a, um, adj., (in, 
consideratus.) Inconsiderate, 
thoughtless ; injudicious. 

“Incredibilis, is, e, adj., (in, cre- 
do.) Not to be believed, in- 
credible. 

Incresco, tre, évi, étum, (in, 
cresco.) ‘lo grow up, increase. 

Inciiria, @, f., (in, cura.) Care- 
lessness, negligence. 

Incurro, @re, curri or cucurri, 
cursum, (in, curro.) ‘To run 
against, attack; fall into, in- 
cur; meet by chance. 

Inde, adv. ‘Thence, from that 
place ; ever since. 

Index, icis, m. and f. An infor- 
mer, Paus. iv.; indication or 
mark, sign; index or title; in- 
dex or pointer. 

Indicium, i, n., (index.) A dis- 
covery or proof; information ; 
accusation. 

Indico, are, avi, atum, (indez.) 
To show, discover; to indi- 
cate. 

Indico, @re, xi, ctum, (in, dico.) 
To declare or proclaim, de- 
nounce. 

Indidem, adv., (inde, idem.) 
From thence, from the same 
place. 

Indigens, tis, part. and adj., (in- 
digeo.) Wanting, needy, indi- 

' gent. f 

Indigeo, ére, ui, —, (in, egeo.) 
To want, stand in need of. 


310 





INFAMIS— 


Indigne, adv., (indignus.) Un- 
worthily, shamefully, basely. 
Indignor, ari, atus, dep., (in, 
dignor.) ‘To be very angry or 
displeased; be indignant at; 

disdain. 

Indignor, ari, dtus sum, dep. 
To consider as unbecoming or 
unseemly; scorn, disdain, be 
enraged or highly offended at. 

Indignus, a, um, adj., (in, dig- 
nus.) Unworthy ; base, shame- 
ful. 

Indiligens, tis, adj., (in, diligens.) 
Careless, negligent. 

Indoles, is, f., (in, oleo.) Natu- 
ral disposition or inclination ; 
natura! talents or abilities. 

Inducie, arum, f. A truce, ces- 
sation of hostilities. 

Indico, ére; xi, ctum, (in, duco.) 
To bring in, introduce; cover, 
put on; persuade ; in animum, 
think. 

Inductus, a, um. See Induco. 

Indulgeo, ére, si, tum. To in- 
dulge ; grant; be kind to. 

Indulgens, tis, part. and adj., 
(indulgeo.)  Indulgent, kind, 
gracious. 

Indulgentia, @, f., (indulgeo.) 
Indulgence, favor. 

Industria, @, f. Industry, dili- 
gence. 

Indutiea. See Inducie. 

Ineo, ire, wi and ii, tium, (in, — 
eo.) 'To go into, enter upon, be- 
gin; consilium, form a scheme — 
or resolution; gratiam, obtain — 
favor. : | 

Inermis, is, e and us, a, um., adj., 
(in, arma.) Unarmed, defence-— 
less. 

Inertia, @, f., (in, ars.) Want of — 
art or skill; inactivity, sloth. 

Inexercitatus, a, um, adj., (in, 
exercitatus.) Unexercised, un- 
disciplined; untrained, unskilfal. 

Infamia, @, f. Ill report, dis- 
grace, dishonor, infamy. 

Infamis, is, e, adj., (in, fama.) 
Infamous, disgraceful. 4 


- INFAMO 


Infamo, Gare, avi, aium, (in, 
fama.) To defame, to slan- 
der. 

Infectus, a, um, part. and adj., 
(in, facio.) Not done, unfin- 


Inferior. See Inferus. 

Inféro, ferre, intili, illatum, (in, 
fero.) To bring into or upon ; 
bellum, wage ; signa, advance; 
se hostibus, rash upon. 

Inférus, a, um, adj. at a low ; 
comp. ior, lower, inferior ; sup. 
infimus and imus, lowest. 

Infestus, a, um, adj., (in, festus.) 
Hostile, inveterate against, ex- 
asperated. 

Inficias, Infitias, f. Used only 
tm the acc. pl., and always 
joined with ire. A denial; 
ire inficias, to deny. 

10, re, éci, ectum, (in, facio.) 

To stain, dye; taint, infect; 

; season, instruct. 

; Inficior, ari, eve = dep., (in- 

jicias.) Tode 

_ Infimus. See Inférue. 

nitus, a, um, adj., (in, finis.) 
nbounded, endless, vast, in- 

finite. 

_Infirmus, a, um, adj. Infirm, 

_ weak; unsteady, fickle. 

4 Unfitior. See Inficior. 

_ Infodio, ere, adi, ossum, (in, 



























fodio.) To inter, bury. 


a énium, i, n, (in, gigno.) 
atural disposition; genius, 
ability, capacity. 


jon - atiis, Ingratis, abl., (in, gra- 
tia.) In spite of; against one’s 
will. 


; ait atus, a,um, ad}j., (in, gratus.) 
greeable. 


icio, re, éci, ectum, (in,  Jacio. ) 
_ To throw into or upon ; inspire, 
infuse. - 

Inimicitia, e, f., inimicus.) En- 
_ Inity, hostility. 

Inimicus, a, um, adj., (in, ami- 
i cus.) Unfriendly ; ; hostile, hurt- 
a ful, i injurious. 


: 


311 


INSERVIO 


Inimicus, i, m., (in, amicus.) An 


ngrateful; unpleasant, disa- | 


; 





enemy. 

Initium, i, n., (ineo.) A begin- 
ning; pl. elements; mysteries 
of Ceres. 

Injiria, @, f., (in, jus.) 
wrong; damage, hurt. 

Injuste, adv., (injustus.) Unjust- 
ly, wrongfully. 

Innitor, ti, sus and xus sum, dep. 
(in, nitor.) ‘To lean upon, de- 
pend upon. 

Innécens, tis, adj., (in, nocens.) 
Innocent, harmless. / 

Innicentia, @, f., (innocens.) Ta- | 
nocence ; integrity, Arist. ii. 

Innoxius, a, um, adj., (in, noxius.) 
Harmless, inoffensive ; innocent. 

Inopia, @, f., (inops.) Want; in- 
digence, poverty. 

Be cane tis, adj., (in, opinor.) 

ot thinking, not expecting, un- 


Injury, 


awares. 

Inopinatus, a, um, part. and adj., 
(in, opinor.) Unexpected, sud- 
den. 

Inops, opis, adj., (in, opes.) 
Poor, needy, destitute; mean, 
humble. | 

Inpresentiarum, adv., (for in 
presentia rerum.) At present 

Inprimis. See Imprimis. 

Inquam, is, it, def. I say. 

Inrideo. See Irrideo. 

Insciens, tis, adj., (in, scio.) Not 
knowing, ignorant. 

Inscientia, e, f., (inscius.) Ig- 
norance, unskilfulness. 

Inscius, a, um, adj., (in, scio.) 
Not knowing, ignorant; unskil- 
ful. 


Inscribo, ere, psi, ptum, (in, scri- 
bo.) ‘To inscribe, write ; mark ; 
indicate, show. 

Inséquor, qui, quitus and citus 
sum, dep., (in, sequor.) To 
pursue ; persecute, harass. 

Inservio, ire, neut., (in, servio.) 
To serve, attend to; firmitati 
corporis, . to study, ‘aitend to, 
Alc. xi.; temporibus, avail him- 
self of. 


INSIDIZ 
Insidie, drum, f.,  (insideo.) 
Snares, ambush, ambuscade; 
treachery. 


Insidiator, oris, m., (insidie.) 
One that lieth in wait. 

Insidior,.ari, dep. Lie in wait, 
deceive. 

Insigne, and insigniter, adv., (in- 
signis.) Remarkably, excel- 
lently. 

Insolens, tis, adj., (in, soleo.) Un- 
usual; unaccustomed to; inso- 
lent, proud, haughty. 

Insolentia, @, f., (insolens.) Want 
of custom ; insolence, haughti- 
ness, disdain. 

Instituo, ére, ui, itum, (in, statuo.) 
To institute, appoint, ordain ; 
resolve, Alc. v. ; ; begin, Cat. iii. ; 
be a ag "Att. xiv. 

Institutum, i, n., (instituo.) A 
custom, institution, Pref. ; law ; 
settled plan of life, Adz. vii. 

Insto, are, iti, ttum, and datum, 
(in, sto.) ‘To press on, urge ; 

- be at hand; instans periculum, 
impending danger; affirm; be 


eager for. 
Instruo, ére, uxi, uctum, (in, 
struo.) ‘To furnish, prepare ; 


draw up in order of battle; 
equip, fit out ; build. 

Insuesco, re, évi, étum, (in, su- 
esco.) ‘To accustom, train, in- 
ure ; be accustomed to. 

Insula, e, f. An island. 

Insum, esse, fui, (in, sum.) To 
be in or within. 

Intéger, ra, rum, adj. Entire, 
whole ; fresh, new ; sound, vig- 
orous ; "equitatus, undiminished ; 
upright, honest. 

Integritas, atis, f. Soundness, 
integrity, honesty. 

Intelligo, ére, exi, ectum, (inter, 
cego.) ‘To understand, be sen- 
sible of ; know. 

Intempérans, tis, adj., (in, tem- 


312 





» perans.) Intemperate, immod- 
erate, excessive, violent. —— 
Intemperanter, adv. Immoder- 


ately, excessively, extravagantly. 


INTERSERO 


Intempérantia, @, f., (intempe- 
rans.) Intemperance ; violence ; 
insolence. 

Inter, prep. Between, among. 

Intercédo, ére, ssi, ssum, (inter, 
cedo.) ‘To be or go between, 
intervene. 

Intercipio, ére, cepi, ceptum, (in- 
ter, capio.) ‘To intercept ; seize 
or cut off by surprise. 

Interdico, ére, xi, ctum, (inter, 
dico.) 'To forbid, interdict ; pro- 
hibit. 

Interdiu, adv. .» (inter, dies.) In 
the daytime. 

Interdum, adv. Sometimes. 

Interea, adv., (inter, ea.) In the 
meantime. 

Intereo, ire, ivi and ii, itum, irreg. 
neut. ‘To perish, die; be lost, 
Them. ii. 

Interfector, 6ris, m., (interficio.) 

. A slayer, murderer, assassin. 

Interficio, ére, féci, fectum, (in- 
ter, facio.) 'To kill, destroy. 

Intérim, adv., (inter,id.) In the 
meantime. 

Interimo, &re, émi, emptum, (in- 
ter, emo.) ‘To take away ; kill. 

Interior, tor, us, adj. comp. More 
inward, inner, interior. 

Interitus, tis, mM. (intereo.) De-— 
struction, ruin, death. 

Internécio, onis, f., (inter, nex.) 
Utter destruction, Ewm. iii. ; a 
massacre, slaughter, carnage. 

Internuncius, and Internuntius, 
1, m., (inter, nuncius.) A mes- 
senger that goes between two 
parties ; a go-between. 

Interpono, ére, dsui, ositum, (ine | 
ter, pono.) To put in or be- 
tween, interpose ; become surety 
for, Att. ii. and ix. 

Interprétor, ari, atus sum, d 
(interpres.) 'To interpre 
plain, translate. 

Interrigo, are, avi, atum, (inter, 
rogo.) ‘To interrogate or qu 
tion, ask; examine ; accuse. 

Inierséro, "tre, ui, tum, (inter 
sero.) ‘To insert, intermingle 


\ 











INTERSUM 


interserens causam, alleging as 
a reason. 

- Intersum, esse, fui, irreg. neut., 
(inter, sum.) ‘To be present ; 
engage, take part in; differ. 

Intestinus, a, um, adj., (intus.) 
Internal ; intestine ; bellum, a 
civil war. 

Intestinum, i, n., (intestinus.) 
An entrail, bowel, gut 

Intime, adv., (intimus.) Intimate- 
ly, affectionately. 

Intimus, a, um, adj. sup., (in- 
terus, obs.) Innermost, familiar, 

intimate. 

Intra, prep. Within. 

Intro, are, avi, datum, (intra.) To 
enter; penetrate ; insinuate. 

Introeo, ire, ivi, or ti, itum, irreg. 
neut., (intra, eo.) ‘To enter, go 
in. 

Introitus, tis, m., (introeo.) An 

| eutrance. 

: Infromitto, ere, isi, issum, (intra, 
mitto.) ‘To let in, admit; al- 

low. 

Intueor, éri, itus, dep., (in, tueor.) 
To look at, behold ; consider ; 
regard ; imitate. 

Intuor, ui, utus, dep., (in, tuor.) 
To see, behold. 

Inutilis, is, e, adj., (in, utilis.) 
Useless, unprofitable ; hurtful. 
“a tre, si, sum, (in, vado.) 

0 go or come upon; seize; 

ities attack. 3 

 Invectus. See Inveho. 

_ Lnvtho, ere, exi, ectum, (in, veho.) 

_ To import; carry in; inveigh 

against. 

_ Invenio, ire, éni, entum, (in, ve- 

_ mio.) To find; invent. 

_Inventum, i, n., (invenio.) A 

contrivance, device, invention ; 

# Invettrasco, ére, —, —, incomp., 

(in, veterasco.) Fo grow old, 

__ ontinue long ; become inveter- 

ing ate or incurable. — 

— Anvetératus, a, um, part., (in, 

a vetero.) Old, long-continued, 

» inveterate. 

27 


. 


re dy. 


— _ue = 


ee ve 







313 


ITERUM 


Invictus, a, um, part. and adj., 
(in, v’nco.) Unconquered, in- 
vincible ; unwearied, indefatiga- 
ble. 

Invideo, ére, idi, isum, (in, video.) 
To envy, hate. 

Invidia, e@, f., (invidus.) Envy; 
hatred ; ill-will, odium, ‘J’hem. 
Viii. 

Invidus, a, um, adj., (invideo.) 
Envious; malicious, spiteful. 
Inviolatus, a, um, part. and adj., 
(in, violatus.) Inviolate, un- 
hurt, uninjured; incorrupted, 

pure, immaculate. 

Invisus, a, um, part. and adj., 
(invideo.) Unseen ; hated, odi- 
ous. 

Invito, are, avi, atum. To in- 
vite. 

Invitus, a, um, adj. 
reluctant. 

Invico, are, avi, atum, (in, voco.) 
To call upon, invoke ; implore ; 
beg assistance: 

Ipse, a, um, pron. Himself, her- 
self, itself. 

Ira, e, f. Anger, wrath, rage, 
displeasure. 

Trascor, i, —, dep., (ira.) To be 
angry, to be in a passion. 

Tratus, a, um, adj., (irascor.) 
Angry, enraged. 

Irrideo, ére, isi, isum, (in, rideo.) 
To laugh at. 

Irritus, a, um, adj., (in, ratus.) 
Not ratified ; vain, of no effect ; 
spei, disappointed in hope. 

Is, ea, id, pron. He, she, it, or 
that ; euch : opposed to hic, it 
sometimes signifies the former, 
and hic, the latter. 

Iste,a, ud, pron. 'That; he, she, 
it; iste is generally used in 
contempt. 

Ita, adv. So, thus; yes. 

Itéque, conj. And so; therefore. 

Item, adv. Also, likewise. 

Iter, itinéris, n., (eo.) A journey, 

~ amarch; a toad: 

Itérum, adv. Again, the second 


Unwilling, 





time. 


JACEO 


J. 


Jaceo, ére, ui. To lie, be situ- 
ate; be low; be fallen or slain. 
Jacio, re, éci, jactum. 'To throw, 
east, fling, hurl. 

Jacto, are, avi, dtum, (freq. jacio.) 
To throw; toss; throw out; 
alter; boast; revolve in one’s 
mind. 

Jactus, a,um. See Jacio. 

Jam, adv. Now, presently, im- 
mediately. 

Janua, e@, f., (Janus.) <A gate, 
entry, beginning. 

Jocor, ari, dtus sum, dep. To 
joke or speak in jest. 

Jocose, adv., (jocosus.) Sportive- 
ly, merrily, in jest. 

Jocus, i, m., pl. joci#and joca, 
orum. A joke, jest. 

Jubeo, ére, jussi, jussum, (jus, 
habeo.) ‘To order, command, 
charge. 

Jucundus, a, um, adj., (juvo.) 
Pleasant, agreeable, delightful ; 
joyful, merry. 

Judex, icis,m. and f., (jus, dico.) 
A judge. 

Judicium, i, n. Judgment ; opin- 
ion. 

Judico, are, avi, atum, (judez.) 
To judge, think; decide, give 
sentence. 

Jugétrum, i, n., and juger, not 
used, gen. jugeris, abl. jugere, 
pl. jugera, jugerum, jugeribus, 
(jugum.) An acre of ground. 

Jugulo, dre, avi, dtum. To cut 
the throat, butcher, kill, slay ; 
jiz., silence, confute, convict. 

Jumentum, i, n., (juvo.) A beast 
of burden; a beast used for the 
assistance of man. 

Junctus, part. See Jungo. 

Jungo, ére, xi, ctum. To join; 
couple, yoke ; unite. 

Jurisconsultus, i, m., (jus, consu- 
lo.) A lawyer. 

Juro, are, avi, dtum. To takell 
an oath ; swear, conspire 

Jus, jiwris, n. Right, law 


314 


LARGITIO 


‘ 


| Jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, n., 


(jus, juro.) An oath. 

Jussum, i, n., (jubeo.) An order, 
command ; mandate 

Jussus, %s, m., (jubeo.) A com- 
mand, charge. 

Justitia, @, f., (justus.) Just- 
ice. 

Justus, a, um, adj., (jus.) Just, 
honest ; lawful, proper. 

Juvencus, i, m.. A bullock, a steer. 

Juvo, are, jivi, jutum. To aid, 
help; profit, be advantageous ; 
delight. 

Juxta, prep. Nigh, near to. 


K. 


Kaiende, and Calende, arum, f., 
(calo, obs.) ‘The kalends, the 
first day of the month. See 
Att. xxii. 


L. 


Labor, or os, 6ris,m. Labor, toil ; 
distress. 

Laboriosus, a, um, adj., (labor.) 
Laborious, toiling ; painstaking. 

Labéro, are, avi, atum, (labor.) 
To labor, toil; be in distress ; 
be ill of a disease ; be in danger. - 

Lacéro, are, avi, datum, (lacer.) 
To tear, mangle ; rend ; waste ;_ 
revile. , 

Lacesso, ére, ivi, tum. To pro-— 
voke ; challenge, attack. 

Lacrima, or Lachryma, Lacru- 
ma, @, f. A tear. 

Lacrymo, Lacrumo, Lacrimo, are, 
avi, atum, (lacryma.) To weep, 
shed tears. 

Ledo, ére, si, sum. To hurt, in- 

_ jure, offend. . 

Letitia, @, f., (letus.) Joy 
gladness ; mirth. 

Lapideus, a, um, adj., (lapis. 
Of stone. 

Lapis, idis, m. A stone. 

Largitio, nis, f., (largior.) 












erality ; prodigality; bribery 
largess, bribe. . wif 





~~ 


a * Pe eee Oe 
= ~~ = 


“LASSITUDO 


Lassitudo, inis, f.,(lassus.) Wea- 
riness, fatigue ; lassitude. 

Late, adv., (latus.) Widely, ex- 
tensively, far and wide. 

Lateo, ére, ui. To lurk, be hid; 
be concealed. 

Latine, adv., (Latinus.) In Latin. 

Latinus, a, um, adj., (Latium.) 

“ Latin ; of the people of Latium. 

Latus, a, um, adj. Broad, wide ; 
spacious, extensive. 

Laudatio, dnis, f., (laudo.) Com- 
mendation, praise. 

Laudo, are, avi, datum, (laus.) 
To praise, commend. 

Laus, dis, f. Praise; glory, re- 
nown; excellence, merit. 

Laute, adv., (lautus.) Elegantly ; 
sumptuously, splendidly, Chab. 
iii. 

Lautus, a, um, part., (lavo.) 
Washed, dressed ; adj., elegant, 
splendid, sumptuous, rich. 
x0, Gre, avi, atum, (larus.) To 
loose ; open; slacken, relax. 

Lectica, @, f., (lectus.) A couch; 
sedan, chair. 

Lecticila, e, f., (dim. lectica.) 
A small horse-litter or sedan. 
Lectio, dnis, f., (lego.) A gather- 
ing, choosing; reading, lesson, 

Att. xiv. 

Lector, doris, m., (lego.) A reader. 

Lectus, i, m., (lego.) A bed, 
couch, Dion. ix. 

Legitio, onis, f., (légo.) An em- 
bassy; lieutenancy; office of 
delegate or deputy. 

Legatus, i, m., (légo.) A dele- 
gate, deputy ; ambassador ; lieu- 
tenant. 

Legitimus, a, um, adj., (lezx.) 

wful, just ; required by law. 

Lego, ére, légi, lectum. To 
gather 5 choose, select, pick, 

aus. i. ; read. 

Lenio, ire, ivi, itum, (lenis.) To 
mitigate, soften; calm, sooth; 
appease, tame. 

Lenis, is, e, adj. 
tame, calm. 

Leo, énis,m. A lion. 


Gentle, mild, 


315 ; 





LIGNEUS 


Lepor, or os, Gris, m. Polite wit 
or humor; elegance ; graceful- 
ness in speech. 

Lethum, or Letum,i,n. Death. 

Levis, is, e, adj. Light ; nimble, 
swift ; small; slight, trivial, in- 
significant ; fickle, inconstant. 

Levo, are, avi, dtum, (levis.) To 
raise or lift up; assist, relieve ; 
mitigate, lighten. 

Lex, légis, f., (lego.) A law; 
statute, ordinance ; condition. 
Libenter, Lubentur, adv., (libens.) 

Willingly. 

Liber, ra, rum, adj. Free, frank. 

Liber, ri, m. The inner bark, 
rind of a tree; a book. 

Liberalis, is, e, adj., (liber.) Lib- 
eral, becoming a gentleman; 
bountiful, generous. 

Liberdalitas, atis, f., (liberalis.) 
Liberality, bounty ; generosity. 

Liberator, éris, m., (libero.) A 
deliverer. 

Libere, adv. Freely, frankly, lib- 
erally, cheerfully. 

Liberi, drum, m. Children, off- 
spring. 

Libero, Gre, avi, datum, (liber.) 
To free, to deliver, let go. 

Libertas, atis, f., (liber.) Liber- 
ty, freedom. 

Libet, uit, or itum est, imp. It 
pleases. 

Libido, inis, f., (libet.) Desire, 
lust, passion; pleasure, unlaw- 
ful indulgence ; caprice, extrav- 
agance. 

Libidinésus, a, um, adj., (libido.) 
Lustful, libidinous, sensual, Alc. 
i.; arbitrary, capricious. 

Librarius, i, m., (liber.) <A clerk, 
amanuensis ; or transla- 
tor of books. 

Diicenter, adv., (licet.) 
tiously, too freely. 

Licentia, @, f., (licet.) Excess of 
liberty, license ; licentiousness. 

Licet, uit, and itum est, ére, imp 
It is lawful, it is allowed. 

Ligneus, a, um, adj., (lignum.) 
Wooden, made of wood, 


r 





Licen- 


LIGNUM 


Lignum, i, n. Wood, timber; 
log of wood. 

Limen, inis, n. A threshold; 
entrance ; beginning. 

Lingua, @, f. <A tongue; lan- 
guage. 

Linteus, a, um, and Lineus, a, 
uM, adj., (linum.) Made of 
flax or lint; flaxen, linen. 

Lis, litis, f. A lawsuit; fine im- 
posed by law, Milt. vii.; con- 
troversy, strife, debate. 

Litéra, Littera, @, f. A letter of 
the alphabet ; pl., letter or epis- 
tle ; learning. 

Literatus, Litteratus a, um, adj., 
(litera.) Marked with letters ; 
learned. 

Litius, or Litus, dris, n. 
shore ; coast. 

L.LS., due libre et semissis. 
Two pounds and a half, a ses- 
terce. 

Locuples, étis, adj., (locus, ple- 
nus.) Rich, opulent. 

Locupléto, are, avi, atum, (locu- 
ples.) ‘To enrich, make rich. 

Locus, i, m., pl. loci, or loca, 
orum. A place, rank, condi- 
tion, dignity; occasion; loca, 
places, loci, topics of dis- 
course. 

Longe, adv., (longus.) Far off, 
at a distance; comp. longius, 
sup. longissime. 

Longinquus, a, um, adj., (longus.) 
Far off, distant, remote; long 
continued. 

Longus, a, um, adj. Long, tall ; 
lasting, tedious ; longior, longis- 
simus. 

Loguor, qui, quutus or cutus, 
dep. ‘To speak; say, tell; de- 
clare. 

Lorica, e,f. A corslet ; coat of 
mail; breastwork, parapet. 

Lorum, iin A thong ; pl., the 
reins of a bridle. 

Lucide, adv., (lucidus.) Clearly, 
plainly, evidently. 

Lucrum, i,n. Gain, profit, ad- 
vantage. 


The 


316 





MAJORES 


Luctor, ari, atus sum, dep. To 
wrestle, struggle 5 contend. _ 
Lucus, i, m. ‘A. wood or grove 

consecrated to some deity. 
Ludus, i,m. Play, sport, diver- 

sion ; school, place of exercise. 
Lumbus,i,m. The loin, reins. 


Lumen, inis, n. Light; the eye; 
day. 
Luna, @, f. The moon. 


Luzxuria, e, f. Luxury, delat 
living ; superfluity, excess. __ 

Luzuridse, adv., (luxuriosus.) 
Luxuriously, wantonly. 

Luxuriésus, a, um, adj., (luru- 
rid.) Luxurious, excessive; 
luxuriant. 


M. 


Macrochir, iris, or iros. Long- 
handed. A surname of Arta- — 
xerues. 3 

Macilo, are, avi, atum, (macula) 
To stain ; pollute, defile. f 
agis,adv. More. ae 

Magister, ri, m. A master, teach-— : 
er; ruler. q 

Magistratus, tis, m., (magister.) 3 
A magistrate; magistracy, the — 
office of a magistrate. 4 

Magnifice, adv. (magnificus.) . 

Magnificently, nobly ; vate 

ly. q 

Magnificus, a, um, adj., (magnus, 4 
facio.) Great, noble, Thras.i.3 
magnificent, splendid, pompaaaa a 
Att. xiii. <i 

Magnitido, inis, f., (magnus.) — 
Greatness, power. : 

Magnopére, adv., (magnus, o 
Greatly, very much. 

Magnus, a, um, adj. 
large ; comp. major, sup. maxi 
mus. e 

Majestas, atis, f., (major.) Mac 
jesty, grandeur; power, au- 
thority. ae 

Major, Majus, oris. See Mag-— 
nus. oe 

Majores, um, m., (major.) A 
cestors, forefathers. ‘i 









MALE 


Male, adv., (malus.) Ill, badly; 
wickedly, amiss. 

Maledicus, a, um, adj., (male, 
dico.) Evil speaking, slander- 
ous, scurrilous, reviling, abu- 
sive. 

Maleficus, a, um, adj., (male, 
facio.) Mischievous, hurtful. 
Maliti6se, adv.,  (malitiosus.) 
panetally, maliciously, crafti- 

y: 

Malitiésus, a, um, adj., (malitia.) 
Spiteful, malicious; crafty. 

Malo, malle, malui, irreg. neut., 
(magis, volo.) To be more 
willing ; wish rather. 

Malus, a, um, adj. Bad, evil, 
wicked, comp. pejor, sup. pessi- 
mus. 

Malum, i, n., (malus.) An evil, 
misfortune ; mischief. 

Manceps, ipis, m. and f (manus, 
capio.) A farmer of the public 
taxes, Aft. vi.; undertaker of 
any public work. 

Mandatum, i, n., (mando.) A 
‘command or charge, commis- 
sion. 

Mando, are, avi, dtum. To com- 
mit, intrust, give in charge; 
command. 

Maneo, ére, si, sum. To stay, 
remain ; wait; expect. 

Manibie, arum, f, 
Spoils taken in war. 

Manus, is, f.. A hand; band or 
body of men; handwriting. 

Mare,is,n. The sea. 

Maritimus, a, um, adj., (mare.) 
Of or belonging to the sea, lying 

. near the sea, maritime. 

_ Mater, ris, f. A mother. 

Matricida, e, m. and f., (mater, 


(manus.) 


cedo.) A murderer of his 
mother. 
Matrimonium, i, n., (mater.) 
‘Marriage. 


Mature, adv., (maturus.) Soon, 
speedily. 
aturo, are, avi, atum, (matu- 
rus.) ‘To ripen, hasten, ma- 
ture. 
Q7* 


317 





MENTIOR 


Maxime, adv., (maximus.) Very 
much, most. 

Medeor, éri, —, dep. To heal, 
cure ; prevent ; provide against, 
Pelop. i. 

Medicina, @, f. Physic, medi- 
cine ; remedy, consolation. 

Medicus, 7, m., (medeor.) £ phy- 
sician, a surgeon. 

Medimnus, m., and Medimnum, 
i,n. A measure of corn among 
the Athenians, containing six 
modii or pecks, Att. ii. 

Mediocris, is, e, adj., (medius.) 
Moderate ; middling; indiffer- 
ent, ordinary. 

Meditor, ari, adtus sum, dep. To 
think, muse upon, meditate. 

Medius, a, um, adj. Mid, mid- 
die ; ordinary, common. 

Megalesia, 6érum, n., (Megale.) 
Games celebrated on the fourth 
or fifth of April, in honor of 
Megale or Cybele, the mother 
of the gods. 

Mel, lis, n. Honey. 

Melior, us, adj. com., (bonus.) 
Better. 

Memini, isse, def. To remem- 
ber, mention, think of, call to 
mind, recollect. 

Memor, oris, adj. Mindful ; abl. 
ori, gen. pl. orum, wants the 
nom. acc. and voc. sing. and 
plur. neut. and the dat. and 
abl. plur. in all the genders. 

Memoria, e, f. Memory, remem- 
brance ; record, meution. 

Mendacium, i, n., (mendaz.) A 
lie, falsehood, untruth. 

Mens, tis, f. The mind, under- 
standing ; judgment, opinion. 
Mensa, e, f. table ; a course 

of dishes. 

Mensis, is, m., (metior.) A month. 

Mensura, e@, f., (metior.) Meas- 
ure, capacity, proportion ; quan- 
tity, quality, length. 
ntio, dnis, f., (memini.) Men- 
tion, a making mention or speak- 
ing of. 

Mentior, iri, itus, dep. To lie, 


MERCATOR 


tell a falsehood, deceive, impose 
upon ; feign, counterfeit, pretend. 
Mercator, oris, m., (mercor.) A 
purchaser, merchant. 
Mercenarius, a, um, adj., (mer- 
ces.) Mercenary ; hired, bribed. 
Mercenarius, i, m., (merces.) A 
méreenary soldier; one that 
works for hire ; day-laborer. 
Merces, edis, f. Hiye, wages, 
pay, reward for labor; rent. 
Mereo, ére, ui, itum, and Mereor, 
éri, itus sum, dep. ‘To serve, 
earn, gain; stipendia, serve as 
a soldier. 
Meridies, éi, m., (medius, dies.) 
Mid-day, noon, the south. 
Merito, adv., (mereo.) Deserved- 
‘ 


Wavctur, i, mn. (mereo.) Merit, 
desert ; reward, kindness. 

Meritus, a, wm, part., (mereo and 
mereor.) 

- Metallum, i,n.’ Metal, a mine. 

Metior, iri, mensus sum, dep., 
(meta.) ‘To measure, survey, 
estimate, judge of, value. 

Metuo, ére, wi, (metus.) To fear, 
be afraid of. 

Meus, a, um, pos. pron., (mei, gen. 
of ego.) My, mine. 

Migro, are, avi, datum. To-re- 
move from one place to another, 
change one’s place of abode, 
migrate. 

Mile. See Mille. 

Miles, itis, m. and f. A soldier, 
military man, warrior. 

Militaris, is, e, adj., (miles.) Of 
or pertaining to a soldier, mili- 
tary, warlike, martial, soldier- 
like. 

Mille, ind. adj. A thousand ; 
plur. millia, um, n., thousands. 
Minime, adv. Very little ; not at 

all; by no means. 

Mie wanus, a, um, superl. 
Parvus. 

Minor, comp. See Parvus. 

Minuo, ére, wi, atum, (minor.) 
To lessen, diminish, impair, 
abate, lower, weaken. 


See 


318 





MODERATUS 


Minus, adv. comp. See Parum. 

Minutus, a, um, adj. Minute, 
small, little ; low, insignificant, 
mean. 

Mirabilis, is, e, adj., (miror.) 
Wonderful, strange, marvellous, 
astonishing, amazing, stupen- 
dous, extraordinary. 

Mirabiliter, adv., (mirabilis.) 
Wonderfully, admirably, ex- 
ceedingly, very much. 

Miror, ari, dius sum, dep., (mi- 
rus.) ‘To wonder ; be astonish- 
ed at ; to admire. 

Mirus, ‘i, um, adj. Wonderful, 
strange, marvellous. 

Misceo, ére, ti, tum, and xtwm. 
To mix, mingle, blend; con- 
found, throw into confusion ; 
embroil. 

Miserandus, a, um, part. and adj. 
Lamentable, pitiable, deplored, 
mourned over. 

Misereor, éri, miseritus and mis- 
ertus sum, dep. 'To pity, com- 
passionate. 

Misericordia, @, f., (misereor, 
cor.) Compassion, pity. 

Miseror, ari, atus sum, dep., 
(miser.) ‘To lament, bewail ; 
pity, have compassion upon. 

Missus. See Mitto. ; 

Missus, ts, m. A sending, die: 


patching, deputing; throwing, — 


hurling, discharge; a match, 
course, heat in a race; course 
at an entertainment. 

Mitto, ere, misi, ssum. To send ; 
‘throw, cast. 

Mobilis, is, e, adj., (moveo.) Move- 
able; changeable, -inconstant, 
fickle. 

Mobilitas, datis, f., (mobilis.) 
Fickleness, inconstancy. 

Moderate, adv., (moderatus.) 
Moderately. 

Moderatio, Onis, pe 
Moderation, cect 3 rule, 
government. 


Moderatus, a, um, part. and adj. 
Moderate, discreet, temperate, — 


gentle, unassuming, modest. 


(moderor.) 





—— a 


MODEROR 


Moderor, Gri, atus sum, dep., 
(modus.) To moderate, re- 
strain ; rule, govern. 

Modestia, @e, f., (modestus.) Mod- 
esty, humility; temperance, 
moderation. 

Modesius, a, um, adj., (modus.) 
Moderate, keeping within due 
bounds ; modest; gentle. 

Modicus, a, um, adj., (modus.) 
Moderate ; small. 

Modius, i,m. The chief Roman 
measure for things dry, some- 
what more than an English 
eck; a bushel. 
odo, adv. Lately, just now; 
sometimes ; only ; provided that. 

Modus, i,m. A measure; man- 
ner or fashion ; method, rule. 

Menia, um, n. Fortified walls; 
town. \ 

Molestus, a, um, adj. Trouble- 
some ; irksome; painful; un- 


easy. 

Molior, iri, itus sum, dep., (mo- 
les.) To attempt or perform 
any thing difficult; contrive, 
plot, manage. 


_ Molitio, dnis, f.;(molior.) A great 


effort, an attempt, an enter- 
prise. 

Momentum, i, n., (moveo.) Mo- 
tion or any thing that causes 
motion ; force, power, weight ; 
importance, value; moment of 
time. 

Moneo, ére, wi, itum. To put in 
mind ; admonish, advise ; warn ; 
inform. 

Mons, tis, m. A mountain. 

Monstro, are, avi, atum. Toshow, 
point out ; tell, declare. 

Monumentum, i, n., (moneo.) Me- 


' morial, record; monument ; 
tomb, sepulchre. 

Mora, @, f. Delay, hinderance ; 
leisure; division or body of 


men, Iph. ii. : 
Morbus, i,m. A disease, distem- 
per, disorder, malady. 
Morior, i, twus sum, dep. To die, 
expire, perish. 


319 





MUNICIPIUM 


Moror, ari, atus sum, dep., (mora.) 
To delay, retard ; hinder, stay, 
linger. 

Mors, tis, f. Death. 

Mortalis, is, e, adj., (mors.) Mor- 
tal, subject to death ; belonging 
to men. 

Mortifer, era, erum, adj., (mors, 
fero.) Deadly, causing death. 
Mos, 6ris,m. Manner or custom ; 
gerere morem, to comply with, 

obey ; plur., morals. 

Motus, a, um. See Moveo. 

Motus, tis, m. Motion, gesture ; 
commotion. 

Moveo, ére, mévi, métum. To 
move; excite, provoke; per- 
suade. 

Mulcta. See Multa. 

Mulcto. See Multo. 

Muliebris, is, e, adj., (mulier.) 
Of or pertaining to a woman; 
effeminate ; inconstant. 

Mulier, eris, f. A woman; ma- 
tron. 

Multa, and cta, @, f., (mulgeo.) 
A fine, penalty. 

Multimodis, for multis modis. In - 
many ways. 

Multiplico, are, avi, datum, (mul 
tus, plico.) To multiply, in- 
crease, augment, enlarge. 

Multitado, inis, f., (multus.) 
Multitude, a great number. 

Multo, and cto, are, avi, datum, 
(multa.) ‘To fine, to punish. 

Multo, and um, adv. Much, 
greatly ; by much, by far. 

Multum, adv. Much, very much, 
frequently, often, many times, 
far, very, greatly. 

Multus, a,um,adj. Much, many, 
comp. plus. neut., plur. plures, 
es, a or id, sup. plurimus. 

Mundities, éi, f., (mundus, adj.) 
Neatness ; cleanliness. 

Mundus, i, m. The world, the 

“universe. 

Municipium, i, n., (munis, capio.) 
A town, the citizens of which 
enjoyed, in whole or part, the 
rights of Roman citizens. 


MUNIO 


Munio, ire, ivi, itum, (menia.) 
To fortify, enclose with walls, 
defend, secure, strengthen ; 7¢2- 
nera, make or pave roads, Han. 
iii. 

Munitio, dnis, f., (munio.) A for- 
tifying ; fortification. 

Munitor, oris, m., (munio.) 
fortifier ; pioneer. 

Munitus, a, um, part. and adj. 
Enclosed with walls, fortified, 
defended, guarded, secured, pro- 
tected. 

Munus, éris,n. A gift, present ; 
office, charge, function. 

Munuscilum, i, n., (dim. munus.) 
A small gift or present. 

Murus, i,m. <A wall of a city; 
any kind of wall. 

Musica, or e, @, or es, f., (musa.) 
Music. 


Musicus, i,m. <A musician. 


A 


Mutatio, onis, f., (muto.) A 
change, alteration; an ex- 
change. 


Muto, are, avi, datum. To change, 
alter ; exchange, barter. 

- Mutus, a, um,adj. Dumb, mute. 

Mutuus, a, um; adj. Borrowed 
or lent; mutual. 

Mystérium, i, n. A mystery ; se- 
cret religious rite. 


N. 


Nam, conj. For; as for; but. 

Namque, conj. For ; as for. 

Nanciscor, i, nactus sum, dep. 
To get, obtain ; find, meet with, 
stumble upon. 

Narro, are, avi, atum. To tell, 
relate, recount, recite, set forth, 
report, declare, affirm, ex- 
press. 

Nascor, nasci, natus sum, dep. 
To be born; spring up, arise, 
grow. 

Natalis, is, e, adj., (nascor.) Na- 
tal; native ; belonging to one’s 
birth. 

Natio, dnis, f., (nascor.) A na- 
tion, people, tribe, sect. 


320 





NEGLIGENTER 


Nativus, a, um, adj., (nascor.) 
Natural, native. 

Nato, are, avi, atum, (freq. no.) 
To swim, sail, float about, ~R 
fluctuate, waver, doubt. 

Natu, abl. m., (nascor.) By birth 3 


minor natu, younger; major 
natu, older. 
Natura, @, f.,(nascor.) Nature, 


disposition. 
Naturalis, is, e, adj. Natural, by 
birth ; natural, usual, custom- 


ary: 

Natus, a, umigeddj. and part. 
Born, brought forth, sprung ; 
fit, apt, suited. 

Natus, is, m. See Natu. 

Naufragium, i, n., (navis, frango.) 
A shipwreck ; jfig., ruin, loss, 
destruction ; pl., shattered re- 
mains, the wreck. 

Nauticus, a um, adj., (navis.) 
Belonging to ships or mariners. 

Navalis, is, e, adj., (navis.) Of 
or pertaining to ships, naval. 

Navis, is, f., (no.) A ship, bark, 
vessel, galley, boat. 

Ne, edb. Not ; conj., lest, that 
not ; ne, in the end of a word, 
asks a question, and is equiva- 
lent to, an. 

Nec, conj. Neither, nor. 

Necessario, adv., (necessarius.) 
Of necessity, necessarily. 

Necessarius, a, um, adj., (neces- 
se.) Necessary, needful ; subs., 
a friend, a connection. 

Necesse, adj. n. ind. Necessary, 
unavoidable. % 

Necessitas, datis, f., (necesse.) 
Necessity ; force, constraint. 

Necessitudo, inis, f., (necesse.) 
Necessity ; intimacy, relation, 
connection. 

Necne, con}. Or not, whether or 
not. 

Nefas, n. indecl., (ne, fas.) An 
impious or unlawful action; 
horrid crime ; adj., impious, un 
lawful, wicked. 

Negligenter, adv., (negligens.) 
Carelessly, negligently. 


AA 
a 


; 


NEGLIGO 


_ Negligo, ére, xi, ctum, (ne, lego.) 


To neglect, overlook; slight; 
scorn, despise. 
Nego, are, avi, datum. To deny, 
__ refuse, say no, be unwilling. 


_Negotium, i, n., (nec, otium.) 


Employment, business; affair, 
matter, thing ; trouble. 

Nemo, inis, m. and f., (ne, homo.) 
Nobody, no one. 

Nepos, otis, m. A grandson ; prod- 
igal; pl., posterity. 

Neptis, is, f. A grand-daughter. 

Neque, con). , nor. 

Ne quidem, adv. ot even, not 
so much as; not only, (some- 
times.) 


_ Nescio, ire, ivi and ii, itum, (ne, 


scio.) Not to know, be igno- 
rant of. 
Neuter, ra, rum, adj., (ne, uter.) 
Neither of the two. 
Neve, conj. Neither, nor. 
Nex, nécis, f. Violent death, 
slaughter, murder. 
Niger, ra, rum, adj. Black, sa- 
ble, dusky, dark, gloomy. 
Nihil, contr. nil, n. indecl., and 
Nihilum, i, n., (ne, hilum.) 
Nothing, naught. 
_ Nihilominus, adv., (nihilum, mi- 
nus.) By nothing less, never- 
theless, notwithstanding. 
Nimis, adv. Too much, exces- 
sively ; very much. 
Nimius, a, um, adj., (nimis.) 
Too much, excessive, above 
measure, superfluous. 
Nisi, conj., (ne, si.) Unless, if 
- not, except, but, and yet, how- 
ever, only. 
Nisus, a, um, part. See Nitor. 
Nitidus, a, um, adj., (niteo.) 
Shining, neat, sleek, fat, Hum.v. 
Nitor, i, nisus or nizus, dep. To 
_ strive, endeavor ; lean upon, de- 
pend upon, Milt. iii. 
Nizus, a, um, part. See Nitor. 
No, are, avi. Toswim; sail. 
Nobilis, is, e,adj., (nosco.) Well 
known, famous; noble, of high 
descent ; generous. 


321 


xn 
NOTITIA 


Nobilitas, atis, f., (nobilis.) No- 
bility, high rank; fame, re- 
nown, T'hras. i.; excellence. 

Nobilito, are, avi, atum, (nobilis.) 
To ennoble, make famous or re- 
nowned. 

Noceo, ére, wi, itum. To hurt, 
injure, harm, do mischief to. 
Noctu, abl., (nox.) By night, in 

the night-time. 

Nocturnus, a, um, adj., (noz.) 
Of night, nightly, nocturnal. 
Nolo, nolle, nolui, irreg. neut., 
(non, volo.) To be unwilling, 

not to wish, be unfavorable. 

Nomen, inis, n.. (nosco.) <A 
name; renown, reputation, 
Milt. viii. ; nation, Han. vii. 

Nominatim, adv., (nomen.) By 
name, expressly, Milt. i.; par- 
ticularly, especially. 

Nomino, are, avi, atum, (nomen.) 
To name, call; say, tell ; nom- 


a 


inate, appoint; accuse, ar- 
- Taign. 
Non, adv. Not, even not. 


Nonaginta, adj., pl. indecl. Nine- 
t 


y- 

Nondum, adv. Not yet, not as 
yet. 

Nonnihil, n. indecl., (non, nihil.) 
Something, somewhat, a little. 
Nonnullus, a, um, adj., (non, 
nullus.) Some; pl., some per- 

sons. 

Nonnunquam, adv., (non, nun- 
quam.) Sometimes, now and 
then, occasionally. 

Nonus, a, um, adj., (novem.) 
Ninth. Nona sec. hora, ninth 
hour of the day, when the Ro- 
mans took their dinner, cena. 

Nosco, ére, novi, notum. To 
know, understand, learn, get a 
knowledge; examine, consid- 
er: 

Noster, ra, rum, pron., (nos.) 
Our, ours, our own; convenient 
for us, favorable to us. 





Notitia, @, f., (nosco.) Know- 
ledge, acquaintance; notion, 
idea. 


NOTO of 


Noto, are, avi, atum, (nosco.) To 
rnark, observe ; note, censure. 
Notus, a, um, part. and adj., 

(nosco.) Known; acquainted 
with, remarkable, noted. 
Novem, adj., pl. indecl. Nine. 
Novi. See Nosco. 
Novitas, atis, f., (novus.) New- 
ness, novelty ; strangeness. 
Novus, a, um, adj. New, strange, 
unusual, fresh, recent ; extraor- 
dinary, wonderful. 
Nox, ctis, f. Night, night-time, 
the night. 
Noxius, a, um, adj., (noceo.) 
Hurtful, pernicious; guilty, 
criminal. 


Nubilis, is, e, adj., (nubo.) Mar- 
riageable, applied to females. 
Nubo, ére, psi, ptum, neut. To 
veil; marry, be married, ap- 

plied to females. 

Nudo, are, avi, atum, (nudus.) 
To make naked or bare; to 
uncover, strip, strip bare; lay 
open, expose. 

Nullus, a, um, adj. No, none, 
not any, nobody. 

Num, adv. Whether; whether or 
no. 

Numen, inis, n, (nuo.) <A deity; 
divine power or will, divinity. 
Numero, are, dvi, atum, (nume- 
rus.) To number, count, reck- 
on, value; pay, count out; re- 

cite, adduce. . 

Numerus, i, m. A number, quan- 
tity ; value. 

Nummus, i,m. A coin, piece of 
money, of the value of two 
oboli or a drachma. 

Nuné, adv. Now, at this time. 

Nuncio and Nuntio, are, dvi, 

~ atum, (nuncius.) To bring 
news ; announce, report, tell. 

Nuncius and Nuntius, i,m A 
messenger ; news, message. 

Nuncipo, are, avi, atum, (nomen, 
capio.) ‘To name, call; recite ; 
declare publicly. 

Nunquam, adv. Never, at no 
time. 


322 





OBORTUS 


Nuptie, arum, f., (nubo.) Nup- 
tials, marriage, wedding, nup- 
tial feast. 

Nuptus, ts, m., (nubo.) Marriage, 
wedlock. 

Nusquam, adv., (ne, usquam.) 
Nowhere, in no place; never. 
Nutus, ts, m., (nuo.) A nod; 

will, pleasure, consent. 


0. 


O, interj. O! Oh! 
Ob, prep. Tgp gon account of; 
Bota 

Obdico, ére, xi, ctum, (ob, duco.) 
To lead against ; bring or draw 
over, cover, overspread, Han. v. 

Obductus, a, um, part. See Ob- 
duco. 

Obedio, ire, ivi, itum, (0b, audio.) 
To obey, to comply with, give 
obedience to, conform to. 

Obeo, ire, ivi and ii, itum, irreg. 
neut., (0b, eo.) To go to or 
about; be present at; enter 
upon, undergo; discharge, exe- 
cute; diem, (sc. supremum,) 
die, Milt. vii.; Dion. x. g 

Objectus, tis, m., (0b, jacio.) An 
interposition, opposition ; object, 
spectacle, sight, Han. v. 

Objicio, re, éci, ectum, (ob, 
jacio.) ‘To throw to or against; 
expose ; present before ; object ; 
oppose. . 

Obitus, ts, m., (obeo.) A coming 
or meeting ; death; setting of 
the sun. 

Oblivio, énis, f., (obliviscor.) For- 
getfulness, oblivion. 

Obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, dep. To 
forget, let slip from the mem- 
ory, be unmindful. 

Obnitor, i, obnitus and obnixus 
sum, dep., (ob, nitor.) To 
struggle or strive against, con- 
tend with. 

Oborior, iri, ortus sum, dep., (0 
orior.) ‘To arise; spring 
rise on a sudden. 


Obortus. See Oborior. 









; 


OBRUO 


Obruo, ére, ui, atum, (ob, ruo.) 
To fall upon; cover over, con- 
ceal, Dat. xi.; overwhelm, 
Dion. iv.; bury. ; 

Obscirus, a, um, adj. Dark, ob- 
scure, gloomy, darksome, dus- 
ky, dun, shady. 

Obsecro, are, avi, datum, (ob, 
sacer.) 'To beseech by what is 
sacred ; entreat, conjure. 

Obsequium, i, n. Deference to 
another’s wishes, deference, 
yieldingness, submission, com- 
pliance, &c. 

Obsequor, i, quitus and cutus 
sum, dep., (ob, sequor.) To 
comply with, humor ; oblige. 

Obsero, are, avi, atum, (ob, sera.) 
To bolt, to bar ; to lock, fasten, 
shut out. 

Observantia, @, f., (ob, servo.) 
Observance, respect, honor, 
courtesy, Att. vi. 

Obses, idis, m. f., (ob, sedeo.) A 
hostage, pledge, sponsor, sure- 


ty | 

Obsideo, ére, édi, essum, (ob, se- 
deo. 'To besiege, invest ; block- 
ade ; beset. 

Obsidio, dnis, f. A_ besetting ; 
surrounding ; blockade ; siege. 
Obsigno, are, dvi, datum, (0b, sig- 
num.) ‘To seal; seal up, mort- 

gage, impress, stamp. 

Obsisio, ére, titi, seldom titum, 
(ob, sisto.). To oppose, obstruct, 
withstand. 

Obsolétus, a, um, adj., (ob, oleo.) 
Obsolete, out of use. 

Obsénium, and Opsonium, i, n. 
Meat, fish, flesh, any thing 
eaten with bread. 

Obstinatio, dnis, f. Inflexible res- 
olution ; obstinacy. 

Obsto, are, iti, atum and itum, 
(ob, sto.) ‘To stand in the way ; 
obstruct ; oppose, sunder. 

Obstruo, ére, xi, ctum, (0b, struo.) 
To shut or block up; obstruct. 

Obsum, esse, fui, irreg. neut., (ob, 
sum.) ‘To hurt, be prejudie‘al ; 
hinder. 


323 





OCCURRO 


Obtempéro, are, avi, datum. To 
obey, comply with. 

Obtero, ére, rivi, ritum, (ob, tero.) 
To crush, bruise ; trample upon; 
undervalue, Timol. i. 

Obtestatio, onis, f., (obtestor.) 
An earnest or solemn injunc- 
tion ; earnest entreaty. 

Obtineo, ére, inui, entum, (ob, 
teneo.) ‘To hold, retain; gain, 
obtain, procure ; effect ; prove. 

Obtingit, ingére, igit, imp., (ob, 
tango.) It happens; some- 
times used personally, to fall 
by lot; happen, Cat. i. 

Obtrectatio, onis, f., (obtrecto.) 
A disparaging, detracting, slan- 
dering; envious opposition, 
Eum. x.; Att. v., xx. 

Obtrectator, 6ris, m. A detrac- 
ter, disparager, traducer, slan- 
derer, calumniator, spiteful or 
malicious person. 

Obtrecto, are, avi, datum, (ob, 
tracto.) ‘To disparage, detract 
from ; oppose, Arist. i. 

Obviam, adv., (ob, via.) In the 
way ; ire obviam, go to meet. 
Obvius, a, um, adj., (ob, via.) 
Meeting in the way ; opposing, 

hindering. 

Occasio, 6nis, f., (occido.) An 
occasion ; opportunity. 

Occasus, tis, m., (occtdo.) Fall or 
decay ; sunset ;.the west ; death. 

Occido, tre, idi, asum, (ob, cado.) 
To fall down ; set, die. 

Occido, ére, di, sum, (ob, cedo.) 
To kill. 

Occisus, a,um, part. See Occido. 

Occulo, re, ui, tum, (ob, colo.) 
To hide, conceal. 

Occulto, are, avi, datum, (freq. 
occulo.) ‘To hide; keep secret. 

Occitpatio, onis, f. A seizing, 
taking possession, occupation ; 
anticipation. ; 

Occupo, Gre, avi, a&tum, (ob, ca- 
pio.) "To take hold of, seize 
upon, occupy ; anticipate. 

Occurro, ére, curri or cucurri, 
cursum, (ob, curro.) _ Run up, 


ocToO 


meet; oppose, resist; obtrude ; 
prevent, Pelop. i. + 

Octo, pl. adj. ind. Eight. 

Octogesimus, a, um, adj., (octo.) 
Fightieth. 

Octoginta, pl. adj. ind., (octo) 
Eighty. 

Oculus, i,m. The eye. 

Odi, isse, def. To hate, detest, 
have aversion for, abominate, 
loathe. 

Odiosus, a, um, adj., (odium.) 
Hateful, burdensome, disgusting, 
offensive, irksome, tedious, vex- 
atious. 

Odium, i, n., (odi.) Hatred, hate, 
animosity, aversion. 

Offendo, ére, di, sum, (ob, fendo 
obs.) To strike against; hurt ; 
offend, displease. 

Offensio, dnis, f., (offendo.) A 
striking against; hurt, calami- 
ty ; offence, displeasure. 

Offensus, a, um. See Offendo. 

Offéro, re, obtuli, oblatum. To 
offer, bring to or before; se 
periculo, expose; se alicui, 
present, meet. 

Oficina, @, f. A workhouse, 
shop, manufactory, forge. 

Officium, i, n., (0b, facio.) Duty ; 
office ; attendance on a great 
man. 

Oleaginus, a, um, adj., (olea.) Of 
an olive-tree. 

Olim, adv. Formerly, of old; 
once on a time ; hereafter, lon 
hence. 

Omitto, re, isi, issum, (0b, mit- 
to.) To lay aside, let pass; 
neglect, omit. 

Omnino, adv., (omnis.) At all, 
altogether, wholly. 

Omnis, is, e, adj. Every, all, the 
whole. 

Onerarius, a, um, adj., (onus.) 
Serving for burden or carriage ; 
navis oneraria, a ship of bur- 
den. 

Onustus, a, um, adj., (onus.) 
Loaded or laden, burdened, 
heavy. 


324 





OPULENS 


Opera, @, f., (opus.) Work, la- 

bor, endeavor ; help, means. 

Operio, ire, wi, tum, (0b, pario.) 
To cover, shut, hide. 

Opinio, onis, f., (opinor.) An 
opinion, expectation, Milt. ii. ; 
imagination, belief. 

Opinor, ari, atus sum, dep. To 
think, imagine, judge. 

Opis, gen. of ops, obs. Help; 
pl., power, strength, resources. 

Oportet, ére, uit, imp. It be- 
hooves, it is meet or fit. 

Opperior, iri, tus sum, dep. To 
wait or tarry for; expect. 

Oppidanus, a, um, adj., (oppi- 
dum.) Of a town; subs., a 
townsman. 

Oppidum, i, n. A walled town. 

Oppono, ére, dsui ositum. To 
place against or in the way; 
oppose. 

Opportinus, a, um, adj., (ob, por- 
tus.) Commodious, fit ; season- 
able. 

Oppressus, a, um. See Opprimo. 

Opprimo, ére, essi, essum, (ob, 
premo.) To press or crush 
down; oppress, overwhelm, 
ruin ; grieve ; dispirit. 

Opprobrium, i, n., (0b, probrum.) 
A reproach, disgrace, injury. 

Oppugnator, oris, m., (oppugno.) 
Assaulter, enemy ; besieger. 

Oppugno, dre, avi, atum, (ob, 
pugno.) ‘To fight against, as- 
sault, besiege. 

Opsonium. See Obsonium. 

Optimas, atis, m. and f., (opti- 
mus.) One who supports the 
cause of the nobles, an aristo- 
crat; a person of high rank; 
used chiefly in the plural. 

Optime, adv., (optimus.) Very 
well, right well; best, excellent- 
ly ; most opportunely, most sea- 
sonably, in the very nick of 
time. 

Optimus, a, um, adj. Very good 
best ; excellent, right good. 

Opulens, tis, adj. - Wealthy, rich, 
abundant 


Za 


OPULENTIA 


Opulentia, e, f. Wealth, riches ; 
power, greatness. 

Opus, éris, n. Work, labor, diffi- 
culty. 

Opus, adj. ind. Needful, neces- 
sary; expedient ; subs., need, 
necessity. 

Ora, @, 7 A coast, border, re- 
gion, country. 

Oraculum, i, n., (oro.) An ora- 
cle, an answer or response giv- 
en by a priest or priestess, in- 
spired by a god 

Oratio, dnis, F (oro.) A speech, 
oration ; persuasion, Milt. vii. 

Orator, Scigaan .» (oro.) A speak- 
er, deputy, orator. 

Orbis, is, m. A circle, globe ; the 
world. 

Ordino, are, avi, datum, (ordo.) 
To set in order ; arrange, ordain. 


- Ordior, iri, ortus, dep. To spin 


or weave; begin; 
write of, Alc. xi. 

Ordo, inis, m. Order, arrange- 
ment ; rank, condition. 

Origo, ins, f +» (ortor.) An ori- 
gin, beginning ; source, cause ; 
pedigree. 

Orior, iri, tus sum, dep. Torise, 
spring ; be descended. 

Ornamenium, i, n., (orno.) An 
ornament, dignity, honor, title, 
distinction. 

Orndatus, a, um, adj. and part., 
(orno.) Adorned, furnished, 
provided, accomplished. 

Ornatus, tis, m., (arno.) Dress, 
apparel, finery. 

Orno, Gre, avi, datum. To deck, 
adorn; equip, Dion. ix. ; fur- 
nish ; invest with honors. 

Oro, are, avi, atum, (os.) 
plead as an orator ; entreat. 

Os, doris, n. The mouth; face, 
countenance, appearance, vis- 


speak or 


To 


age. 

Os, ossis, n. A bone. 

Oscilor, ari, atus sum, dep., (08.) 
To kiss, buss. 

Ositendo, ére, di, sum. 'To show, 
display ; 3 set on declare. 


325 





. 
PAREO 


Ostentatio, nis, f., (ostento.) An 
ambitious display, parade ; os 
tentation ; ce 

Ostraciomue, i, m., (ostrea.) A 
judgment or sentence by shells ; 
ostracism ; the manner of voting 
at Athens for the banishment 
of a citizen, the name of the 
person to be banished being 
written on shells. 

Otium, i, n. Leisure, freedom 
from business ; repose, peace. 


Yr. 
P., Publius. See H. and G. In- 


dez. 

Pabulum, i, n., (pasco.) Food 
for cattle, pasture ; fodder, for- 
age. 

Pactio, dnis, f., (paciscor.) A 
bargain, contract or agreement, 
a condition, term; way, man- 
ner. 

Pactum, i, n., (paciscor.) A bar- 
gain, contract, agreement. 

Pene, adv. Almost, well-nigh, 
nearly, all but, as it were, in a 
manner ; wholly, entirely. 

Palestra, @, f. A school for 
wrestling ; place for exercise ; 
wrestling, exercise. 

Palam, adv. Openly, plainly 
manifestly, evidently. 

Panis, is, m. Bread ; plur. loaves 

Par, paris, adj. Equal; alike 
the same ; meet, proper ; match 
for. 

Paratus. See Paro. 
Parcimonia, e, f., ( parco.) Spa 
ringness, frugality, parsimony. 
Parco, ére, peperci, seldom parsi, 
parsum, and parsitum. 'To 

spare ; forbear ; pardon. 

Parens, tis, m. ead f. A parent. 

Parento, are, avi, atum. To per- 
form the funeral solemnities of 
parents or near relations; to » 
make oblations in honor of the 
dead ; expiate; revenge one’s 
death. 

Pareo, ére, ii, ttum. 'To appear, 


PARLO 


be seen, be present or at hand ; 
obey, submit to, comply with, 
indulge, gratify, humor, be sub- 
ject to, be ruled or governed by. 

Pario, re, pepéri, partum, -and 
paritum. ‘To bring forth; get, 
procure, Alc. vii.; gain, ac- 
quire. 

Parius, a, um, adj. Parian. 
Parma, e, f. A round shield or 
buckler, larger than the pelta. 
Paro, are, avi, dtum. To pre- 
pare, make ready; procure, 

purchase ; copias, levy forces. 

Pars, tis, f. A part, share ; par- 
ty in the state. 

Particeps, ipis, adj., (pars, ca- 
pio.) A sharer, partaker, part- 
ner. 

Partim, adv., (pars.) 
some. 

Partior, iri, itus sum, dep., or 
partio, tre, (pars.) ‘To distrib- 
ute, divide into parts, share. 

Partus, a, um, part. See Pa- 
rio. 

Parum, adv., (parvus.) A little, 
little, too little, not much. 

Parvulus, a, um, adj., (dim. of 
parvus.) Very little, young; 
tender. 

Parvus, a, wm, adj., comp. minor, 
sup. minimus. Little, small, 
puny, slight ; mznoris estimare, 
to value at a lower rate or less ; 
non minimum, not a little. 

Passus, part. See Patior. 

Passus, tis, m.,(pando.) A pace, 
step. ; 

Patefacio, ére, féci, factum, (pa- 
teo, facio.) ‘To open, lay open, 
discover, detect. 

Paieo, ére, ui, —. To be open, 
lie open, be clear, be manifest. 

Pater, ris, m. <A father. 

Paterfamilias, patris familias,m 
pater familie, patris familie. 
The master of a family. 

Paternus, a, um, adj., (pater.) 
Of a father, fatherly, pater- 
nal. 


d 


Partly ; 


326 





Patiens, tis, adj. and part., (pa- 


PEDITATUS 


tior.) Able to bear or endure, 
patient. 

Patientia, e, f. The power of 
enduring or suffering, patience. 

Patior, pati, passus sum, dep. 
To suffer, endure. 

Patria, @, f., (pater,) sc. terra. 
The land of one’s fathers ; one’s 
native country. 

Patrimonium, i, n., (pater.) A 
paternal estate or fortune ; in- 
heritance, patrimony. 

Patrius, a, um, adj., (pater.) Of 
a father, paternal ; native. 
atrocinium, i, n., (patronus.) 
Protection, patronage. 

Patruus, i, m. An uncle, a fa- 
ther’s brother. o 

Pauci, @, a, pl. adj. Few. 

Paucitas, atis, f., (pauci.) Few- 
ness, scarcity. 

Paucus, a, um, adj. See Pauci. 

Paulo and Paullo, adv. A little, 
little, somewhat. 

Paulilum and Paullum, adbv., 
(paulo.) A little, very little. 


Paulatim, adv., (paulo.) By de- 
grees. 
Pauper, éris, adj. Poor, needy, 


feeble, in want. 

Paupertas, atis, f., (pawper.) 
Need, poverty, indigence. 

Pausa, e, f. Stop, pause, cessa- 
tion, stay, end. 

Paz, cis, f. Peace, quiet, tran- 
quillity. 

Pecco, are, avi, atum. To do 
wrong, offend, sin. 

Pecunia, @, f., (pecu.) Money, 
wealth, property, riches. 

Pecuniosus, a, wm, adj., (pecu- 
nia.) Rich, wealthy. 

Pedes, itis, m., (pes.) A foot- 
man, foot-soldier ; pl., infantry. 

Pedester and tris, tris, tre, ad)., 
(pedes.) On foot, belonging to — 
footmen, foot-soldiers. . 

Pediséquus, Pedisséquus, i, m, — 
(pes, sequor.) A foot-athamiy 
ant, footman. . 

Peditatus, tis, m., ( pedes.) In- 
fantry, foot-soldiers. e. 





PELLICIO 


Pellicio, @re, xi, ctum, (per, 
lacio, obs.) ‘To allure, inveigle, 
wheedle, decoy. 

Pellis, is, f. A skin, hide; 
tent. 

Pello, re, pepili, pulsum. To 
drive away; defeat, banish ; 
strike. 

Pelta, e, f. A short buckler or 
target, in the shape of a half- 
moon. 

Peltasta and tes, @,m. A tar- 
geteer, one armed with a target 
or pelta. 

Pendtes, ium, m., (penu.) Gods 
worshipped at home, household 


S. 

Pendo, ere, pependi, pensum. 
To weigh ; value, esteem ; pay; 
penas, suffer punishment ; pon- 
der, deliberate upon. 

Pene, adv. Almost. 

Penes, prep. In the power of. 

Penetro, are, avi, dtum. To pene- 
trate, pierce ; enter into. 

Penitus, adv. Inwardly, deeply, 
far within, Alc. ix.; wholly, 
altogether, quite. 

Per, prep. By,’ through; for, 
during ; in composition 
greatly heightens the significa- 
tion of the simple word. 

Peractus. See Perago. 

Peradilescentilus, i, m., (per, 
adolescens.) A very young 


man. 

Pereque, adv. Very equally. 

: Perago, ere, égi, actum, ( per, 
ago.) ‘l'o perform; accomplish, 
finish. 


Peragro, are, avi, atum, (per, 
ager.) ‘To wander or travel 
through ; traverse ; survey. 

Percello, re, culi, culsum, ( per, 
cello.) To strike down, over- 
throw, destroy, astonish. 

Perceptus, a, um. See Percipio. 

Percipio, ére, épi, eptum, (per, 
capio.) ‘To take entirely, reap; 
receive ; understand. 

Perculsus. See Percello. 

Percutio, ére, ssi, ssum, (per, 


327 





PERITUS 


quatio.) ‘To strike, beat down, 
kill. 

Perditus, a, um. See Perdo. 

Perdo, ére, tdi, itum, (per, do.) 
To lose ; ruin; destroy; waste, 
consume. 

Perdico, cére, xi, ctum, (per, 
duco.) ‘To lead through or all 
the way; conduct, convey; 
bring over, persuade, Eum. ii. 

Peregrinatio, dnis, f., ( peregri- 
nor.) ‘Travelling or residing in 
foreign countries. 

Pereo, ire, ivi and ii, itum, irreg. 
neut., (per, eo.) To perish; 
be ruined ; die. 

Perexiguus, a, um, adj., ( per, ex- 
iguus.) Very little, very small. 
Perfero, re, tiuli, latum, (per, 
fero.) To carry or bring through, 
or all the way; bear, endure; 

pass a law. 

Perficio, tre, éci, ectum, (per, 
facio.) To perform, accom- 
plish, finish ; effect, bring about. 

Perfidia, a, f., (perfidus.)  Per- 
fidy, treachery, perfidiousness, 
falsehood. 

Perfuga, @, m., (perfugio.) A 
deserter, runaway, ~fugitive, 
renegade. 

Perfugio, tre, agi, ugitum, ( per, 
fugw.) To fly or flee for suc- 
cor. 

Perfunctus, a,um. See Perfun- 
gor. 

Perfungor, i, ctus sum, dep., 
(per, fungor.) To discharge 
an office or duty, undergo; be 
freed from. 

Pergamenus, a, um, adj. Of, 
from, in, or belonging to Per- 
gamus. 3 

Periculum, i, n. Danger, haz- 
ard ; facere, make trial. 

Perillustris, is, e, adj., (per, 
illustris.) Very illustrious. 

Perinde,adv., generally construed 
with, ac. Just as, so as, 80, 
equally. ee 

Peritus, a, um, adj. Skilful, ex 
pert. ' : 


PERJURIUM 


Perjurium, i, n. (per, jus.) 
Perjury, false swearing, false 
oath 

Perlatus. See Perfero. 

Permaneo, ére, si, sum, (per, 
maneo.) To stay to the end; 
remain, continue. 

Permitto, re, isi, issum, (per, 
mitto.) ‘To yield; deliver over, 
give up, Ham. i.; permit, allow. 

Permotus, a,um, part. See Per- 
moved. 

Perméveo, ére, dvi, dtum, (per, 
moveo.) ‘To move greatly ; dis- 
quiet, vex ; persuade. 

Pernicies, éi, f., (per, neco.) 
Utter destruction, ruin ; death. 

Perniciosus, a, um, adj., ( per- 
nicies.) Destructive, pernicious, 
fatal. 

Pernocto, are, avi, atum, (per, 
nox.) ‘Topass the night; tarry 
all night. 

Peroro, are, avi, atum, ( per, oro.) 
To plead a cause; de ceteris, 
answer, Epam. vi.; conclude 
an oration. 

Perpauci, @, a, pl. adj., (per, 
pauci.) Very few. 

Perpetior, éti, essus sum, dep., 
(per, patior.) ‘To suffer, bear, 
allow. 

Perpetuo, adv., ( perpetuus.) Per- 
petually, constantly. 

Perpetuus, a, um, adj., ( perpes.) 
Perpetual, continual, permanent; 
entire, complete. 

Perscribo, ére, psi, ptum, (per, 
scribo.) To write, prepare in 
writing, write down accurately 
and fully, write down in full or 
at length. 

Persequor, i, quiatus and cutus 
sum, dep., (per, sequor.) To 
pursue, prosecute, persecute. 

Persevéro, are, avi, atum, (per, 
severus.) ‘Fo persevere, per- 
sist ; continue constant. 

Persona,e, f. A mask; disguise, 
borrowed character ; person. 

Persuadeo, ére, si, sum, (per, 
suadeo.) ‘To persuade, advise. 


328 





PIETAS 


Persuasus, a, um. See Persuadeo. 

Pertedet, ére, duit, sum est, 
imp., (per, tedet.) It very 
much wearieth or disgusteth. 

Pertesus, a, um, part. See Per- 
tedet. 

Perterreo, ére, ui, itum, (per, 
terreo.) ‘To frighten, terrify. 
Pertimesco, ere, ui, —, ( perti- 
meo.) ‘To fear greatly; be 

greatly afraid. 

Pertinacia, @, f., (pertinaz.) 
Obstinacy, stubbornness; per- 
severance. 

Pertinep, ére, inui, entum, ( per, 
senile To reach or extend to : 
to belong or pertain to. 

Perturbo, are, avi, datum, (per, 
turba.) To disturb greatly, 
trouble; confound, embroil; 
alarm greatly. 

Perveho, @re, xi, ctum, (per, 
veho.) ‘To earty along, con- 
vey. 

Pervenio, ire, éni, entum, (per, 
venio.) ‘To come to, arrive at, 
regain. * 

Perverto, ére, ti, sum, ( per, ver- 
to.) To turn upside down, to 
overthrow, to ruin; to corrupt; 
to bring over to a party, Lys. ii. 

Pervulgatus. See Pervulgo. 

Pervulgo, are, avi, atum, ( per, 
vulgus.) 'To publish, spread 
abroad, make known. 

Pes, edis,m. A foot. 

Peto, ére, wi, itum. To seek, 
aim at; go to, Them. ii. 

Petulans, tis, adj., ( peto.) Petu- 
lant, saucy ; wanton, insolent. 

Phalanz, gis, f. A large body 
of men drawn up in close order, 
a phalanx. The Macedonian 
phalanx generally consisted of 
16,000 men. 

Philosiphia, @, f. Philosophy, 
the love or study of wisdom. 
Philosophus, i,m. A philosopher ; 
a lover of learning and wisdom. 
Pietas, atis, f. Piety; duty to 
parents or relations; natural 

affection. 


PILA 


| Pila, e, f. A pillar, Ale. iv.; 
pile 5 prop. 7 
ius, a, um, adj. Pious, re- 
ligious; dutiful or affectionate 

. to one’s parents, relations, or 
country. 

Placeo, ére, wi, itum. To please ; 
imp. placet, it pleases; placet 
senatui, the senate decrees; 
wig ane philosophers think. 

co, are, avi, atum, ( placeo.) 
To please by sacrifice or gifts; 
appease, pacify. 

Plaga, e, f. A wound, a stripe, 
a blow; plaga, @, f., a climate, 
zone or portion of the heavens ; 
region, country ; vet. 

Plane, adv. Plainly, evidently ; 
certainly. 

Plebiscitum, i, n., ( plebs, scisco.) 
A decree of the people. 

Plebs, ebis, f. The common peo- 
ple ; all the people exclusive of 
the nobles ; the vulgar, rabble. 

Plecto, re, xi and xui, xum. 
To twist; plait, knit; punish, 
Milt. viii. 

Plenus,a,um,adj. Full; plenti- 
ful, bountiful, abundant. 

Plerumque, adv. For the most 
part, commonly. 

Plerique, eque, dque, pl. adj. 
The most or greatest number ; 
many ; 2¢ ts sometimes used in 


the singular, od collectives. 
Plumbum, i, n ad. 
Plurimum, adv. Most of all. 


Plurimus, a, um, adj. 
very much or many; 
great. 

Plus, pluris, comp. See Multus. 

Plusquam, adv., (plus, quam.) 
More than. 

Poéma, atis,n. A poem. 

Pena, @, f. Punishment, pen- 
alty ; pain. 

Peniteo, ére, ui, —. To repent; 
generally impers. penitet, it 
repenteth. 

Poétu, e,m. A poe 

Poética, @, and Mrecteg es, f. 
The art of poetry. 

28* 


Most, 


very 


329 





POSSIDEO 


Poéticus, a, um, adj. Poetical, 
of or pertaining to poetry. 

Polliceor, éri, ttus sum, dep., 
(liceor.) To promise, make 
liberal offers. 

Pollicitatio, onis, f., ( polliceor.) 
A promise, a free or voluntary 
promise. 

Pompa, e, f. A solemn proces- 
sion; parade, pomp, ostenta- 
tion. 

Pondero, are, avi, datum, (pon- 

dus.) To weigh ; consider, 
ponder, examine ; judge. 

Pondus, eris, n. Weight, heavi- 
ness ; a load, burden. 

Pono, ére, dsui, ositum. To put 
or place; lay down, lay aside ; 
lay a foundation. 

Pons, tis, m. <A bridge. 

Popularis, is, e, adj., ( populus.) 

opular; of the same country 
or nation. 

Populiscitum, i, n., (populus, 
scisco.) A decree of the people. 

Populor, ari, dtus sum, dep. To 
lay waste; ravage a country, 
plunder. 

Populus, i, m. The people, a 
nation. 

Porrigo, @re, exi, eclum, (per, 
rego.) ‘To stretch or reach out, 
extend, spread out, lengthen, 
protract, prolong. 

Porta, @, f. A gate, entrance, 


passage. 

Porticus, ts, f., (porta.) A cov- 
ered walk, surrounded with pil- 
lars ; portico, gallery, porch. 

Porto, are, avi, dium. To bear, 
carry, convey, conduct, bring. 

Portus, tis, m., (porto.) A har- 
bor, haven or port. 
Posco, ere, poposci, —. To ask, 
demand, importune, entreat. 
Positus, a, um, part. See Pono. 
Possessio, onis, f., (possideo.) A 
possession, estate, any thing 
possessed, property. 

Possideo, ére, édi, essum, ( pos 
for potis, sedeo.) ‘To possess, 
have, hold, enjoy, occupy. 


POSSUM 


Possum, posse, potui, irreg. neut., 
(polts, sum.) ‘To be able, have 
power, weight or influence. 

Post, prep. After, behind; since. 

Postea; adv., (post, ea.) After- 
wards, hereafter. 

Posteaquam, adv., (post, 
quam.) After that, after. 

Posterius, adv., comp. After- 
wards, in time to come. 

Posterus, a, um, adj. That comes 
after, following ; future. 

Postquam, adv. After that, after ; 
since. 

Postremo, adv. 
at last. 

Postremus, a, um, adj., (pos- 

. terus.) The last, final, ulti- 
mate, extreme. 

Postridie, adv., (postero, die.) 
The day after, the day follow- 
ing. 

Postulatum, i, n., (postulo.) A 
demand, request, petition. 
Postulatus, tis, m.,(postulo.) A 
demand, request, petition, suit. 
Postulo, are, avi, datum. To de- 
sire; demand asa right; sue at 

law } accuse. 

Potens, tis, adj., (potis.) Pow- 
erful, strong, mighty, able, ca- 
pable, efficacious. 

Potentia, @, f.,(potens.) Power, 
might, force, influence. 

Potestas, atis, f. Power, authori- 
ty ; a civil office or magistracy. 

Potio, onis, f. The act of drink- 
ing, drink, draught, potion ; 
poisonous drug. 

Potior, iri, itus sum, dep., ( potis.) 
To be master of, possess ; ob-, 
tain. 

Potior, or, us, adj. Better, pref- 

_ erable; more excellent, more 
powerful. 

Potius, adv. Rather. 

Potissimum, adv. Chiefly, espe- 
cially ; most of all; in prefer- 
ence to all, Milt i. 

Pre, prep. Before; in compari- 
son of; for, on account of. 

Prebeo, ére, wi, itum, (pre, 


ea, 


Lastly, finally, 


330 





PRAFATIO 


habeo.) 'To afford, give ; show; 
prebuit se, he behaved hisawel, 
Dat. ii. 

Preceptor, oris, m., ( precipio.) 
An instructor, teacher, precep- 
tor, master. 

Preceptum, i, n., (precipio.) A 
precept, maxim; direction, ad- 
monition ; command. 

Praceptus, a, um, part. See 
Precipio. 

Precipio, ére, épi, eptum, (pre, 
capio.) To teach, instruct; 
command ; foresee, anticipate. 

Precipito, are, avi, atum, (freq. 
precipio.) To throw headlong, 


precipitate; hasten, hurry; 
urge or press on. 
Precipue, adv., (precipuus.) 


Chiefly, especially: 

Precipuus, a, um, adj. Chief, 
principal; singular, peculiar, 
special. 

Preclare, adv. Very clearly; 
very well, eminently, nobly. 

Preclarus, a, um, adj. Very 
clear or bright ; illustrious ; ex- 
cellent. 

Precurro, currére, curri or cu- 
curri, cursum, (pre, curro.) 
To run before; outstrip ; 3 sur- 
pass, excel. , 

Preda, @, f. Prey, booty, plun- 
der, prize. 

Predico, are, avi, datum, (pre, 
dico.) ‘To deciare, proclaim ; 
tell, relate ; boast, extol. 

Predico, iene: zi, ctum, (pre, 
dico.) ‘To foretell, prophesy, 
predict, announce beforehand. 

| Predium, i, n., ( pres.) <A farm; 
estate or property in houses or 
land, whether in town or coun- 
try. 

Predor, ari, adtus sum, dep., 
(preda.) To plunder, rob. 


Predo, 6nis, m, (preda) <A 
robber ; maritimus, pirate. 
Prefatio, onis, f.. That which is 


said before one does any thing, 
introduction, opening, proém, 
preface. 


; 
: 


j 


5 


py =. 


; 


_ Prefero, ferre, tuli, latum, irreg. 


; 
| 
4 
} 
a 
] 


a 
F 
. 
7 
7 
| 
; 


_ Prepositus. 


- PRAFECTURA 


Prefectura, e@, f., ( preficio.) 


The office of prefect or gov- 
ernor; province governed by a 
prefect. 

Prefectus, i, m., (preficio.) A 
commander ; governor ; superin- 
tendent. 


act., (pre, fero.) To carry bee 
fore ; prefer. 

Preficio, re, éci, ectum, ( pre, 
facio.) To set over; invest 
with the command of. 


Prefinio, ire, ivi and ii, itum,. 


(pre, finio. To determine be- 
forehand, Epam. vii.; limit, 
prescribe. 


Prelium,i,n. A battle, engage- 
ment; war. 

Premium, i,n. A reward, prize. 

Prenuncio and Prenuntio, are, 
avi, atum, (pre, nuncio.) 'To 
foretell ; intimate beforehand. 

Prenuntio. See Prenuncio. 

Preoccupatio, dnis, f., (pre- 
occupo.) A seizing or taking 
possession of beforehand. 

Preoccupo, are, avi, datum. To 
seize on beforehand, preoccupy, 
anticipate, take by surprise, 
Dion. iv.; prevent, do before 
another. 


Preopto, are, avi, atum, (pre,| 


opto.) 
fer. 
Prepéno, ere, dsui, ositum, (pre, 
pono.) ‘To put or place before ; 
set over or appoint to the com- 
mand of, Thras. i.; prefer. 
See Prepono. 


To wish rather, pre- 


_ Pres, dis, m. and f. A surety 


for money ; one who engages 
for another. 


_ Preseribo, ére, psi, ptum, (pre, 


scribo.) ‘To write before; pre- 
scribe or set bounds; direct, 
appoint, Att. xxii. 


_ Presens, adj. and part., (pre, 


sum.) Present ; propitious, fa- 

vorable. : 
Presentia, @, f., (presens.) Pres- 

ence ; presence of mind, reso- 


331 


PRECOR 


lution, courage, power, efficacy, 
effect. 

Presertim, adv. Especially, chief- 
ly, principally, particularly. 

Presidium, i,n., (pre, sedeo.) A 
guard ; garrison ; protection, se- 
curity, defence. 

Prestans, tis, adj. and part. Ex- 
traordinary, superior, excelling, 
excellent, distinguished, remark- 
able, notable. 

Presto, are, titi, titum, and ta- 
tum, (pre, sto.) To stand be- 
fore; perform, make good ; 
show; excel; imp., it is bet- 
ter. 

Prestituo, ére, ii, atum, (pre, 
statuo.) ‘To determine or ap- 
point beforehand ; prescribe. 

Presum, esse, fui, irreg. neut., 
(pre, sum.) ‘To be over or be- 
fore others, command. 

Preter, prep. Besides, except ; 
beyond, contrary to. 

Preterea, adv. Besides; more- 
over. 

Pretereo, ire, ivi and ii, itum, 
(preter, eo.) ‘To go or pass by, 

ges. iii. ; omit, | iv.; sur- 
pass, excel. 

Pretermitto, ére, isi, issum, (pre- 
ter, mitto.) ‘To pass over, omit ; 
neglect, Cim. iv. 

Preterquam, adv. 
sides that. 

Pretor, oris, m., (preeo.) A chief 
commander or magistrate; a 
Roman magistrate, next in pow- 
er to the consuls; lieutenant- 
general ; lieutenant-governor. 

»Pretorius, a, um, adj., (pretor.) 
Of or pertaining to a pretor, 
pretorian. 

Pretura, @, f., (pretor.) The 
office of praetor ; preetorship. 

Prevideo, ére, idi, isum, (pre, 
video.) ‘Yo foresee ; provide be- 
forehand ; use precaution, Han. 


Besides, be- 


IX. 
Precis, f. gen. of prex,obs. A 
prayer, an entreaty. 





Precor, ari, dtus sum, dep., (pre- 


PREMO 


cis.) To pray, beseech, sup- 
plicate. 

Premo, ére, ssi, ssum. To press; 
oppress, enslave ; pursue close- 
ly, to harass, vex, to urge. 

Pretiosus, a, um, adj., (pretium.) 
Costly, valuable, excellent. 

Pretium,i,n. <A price, value, re- 
ward. 

Pridie, adv., (prior, dies.) The 
day before. 

Primo, or um, adv., (primus.) 
First, the first time, in the first 
place. 

Primum, adv. In the beginning, 
first, in the first place. 

Primus, a, um, adj. First, chief, 
best. 

Princeps, ipis, m. and f., (primus, 
capio.) First, foremost, the 
chief; prince or princess ; gran- 
dee ; author, adviser, instigator ; 
ringleader. 

Principatus, tis, m., (princeps.) 
The first place ; pre-eminence ; 
sovereignty, dominion. 

Principium, i, ., (princeps.) A 
beginning ; origin or race ; pl., 
the first line of an army in or- 
der of battle ; an open space in 
the middle of the camp. 

Prior, or, us, adj. Former, better, 
preferable ; superior. 

Pristinus, a, um, adj. 
former. 

Prius, adv. Sooner, before. 

Priusquam, adv. Before that. 

Privatus, a, um, adj., (privo.) 
Private, invested with no public 
office; peculiar; one’s own; 
part., deprived of. 

Privignus, i,m. A step-son. 

Privo, are, avi, atum. 'To de- 
prive of, bereave. 

Pro, prep. For; as; before, in 
presence of; according to; in 
comparison.of, in proportion to, 
on account of. 

Probabilis, is, e, adj., (probo.) 
Probable, likely ; plausible, not 
contemptible, Cato iii. 

Probo, are, avi, atum, (probus.) 


Ancient, 


332 





PROFERO 


To prove, approve of, to recom- 
mend to; to try, examine. 

Procacitas, atis, f., (procax.) Pet- 
ulance, impertinence, wanton- 
ness <. 

Procédo, ére, ssi, ssum, (pro, ce- 
do.) ‘To, ge forth, advance, pro- 
ceed ; prosper. 

Procella, @, f. A tempest, storm ; 
civil commotion, tumult, Aidt. x 

Proclivis, is, e, adj., (pro, clivus.) 
Sloping downwards, inclining, 
prone ; subject, liable, easy. 

Procreo, are, avi, datum, (pro, 
creo.) To beget, procreate, pro- 
duce, cause. 

Procul, adv. 
far off. 

Procuratio, Onis, f., (procuro.) 
The administration or doing of a 
thing ; charge, office. 

Prociro, are, avi, atum, (pro, cu- 
ro.) To manage for another; 
take care of, refresh. 

Prodeo, ire, tvi and ii, ttum, ir- 
reg. neut., (pro, eo.) To go 
forth, proceed, advance ; go be- 
fore one. 4 

Proditio, dnis, f., (prodo.) Adis- 
covery ; treachery, treason. 4 

Proditor, éris,m. A discoverer, — 
betrayer, traitor. 4 

Prodo, ére, idi, itum, (pro, do.) — 
To betray, give up; disclose, — 
violate a promise. a 

Prodico, ére, xi, ctum, (pro, du- — 
co.) ‘To lead or bring forth, 
produce, draw out. . 

Prelium. See Prelium. 7 

Profanus, a, um, adj., (pro, fa- — 
num.) Profane, not sacred ; not — 
initiated ; impious, irreli ous. . 

Profectio, nis, f., (pro ) 
A setting out or departure; — 
journey, march, voyage. by 

Profecto, adv. Certainly; surely, — 
truly, in truth, indeed, doubtless, — 
assuredly, really. , 3 

Proféro, ferre, tuli, latum, (pro, ? 
fero.) To hold out, bring out 4 
set forward, advance; show ¥ 
publish. } 


At a distance, afar, 





PROFICIO 


Proficio, re, éci, ectum, (pro, 
facio.) To do good, profit, avail ; 
make p 

Proficiscor, i, ectus, dep. Toset 
out, go on a journey, advance ; 


go. 
Profiteor, éri, essus sum, dep., 
(pro, fateor.) ‘To declare open- 
ly, profess ; discover. 
Profligo, are, avi, datum, (pro, 
igo.) ‘To rout, put to flight; 
overwhelm. 


Profigio, ére, agi, ugitum, (pro, 
fugio.) To flee, run away; 
esca 


: Progénies, éi, f., (progigno4 Pro- 


4 *. *<+5" 
7 


| Proinde, adv. 


—— ae, = 


geny, offspring ; race. 

Progenitor, dris, m., (progigno.) 
An ancestor, forefather, pro- 
genitor. 

Progrédior, édi, essus sum, dep., 
(pro, gradior.) ‘To go forward, 
advance, proceed. 

Prohibeo, ére, wi, itum, (pro, ha- 
beo.) ‘To forbid ; prohibit, hin- 
der, debar ; defend. 

Projectus. See Projicio. 

Projicio, ére, éci, ectum, (pro, 
jacio.) To throw away, cast 
off, banish ; to stretch out or ex- 
tend, Chab. i. 

Therefore ; quasi, 
just as if. 

Prolabor, bi, psus sum, dep., (pro, 
labor.) ‘Toslip, glide forward, 
fall down ; let_ grow in length, 
Dat. iii. ; promise. 


_ Promitto, re, isi, issum, (pro, 


mitto.) ‘To throw forward. 

Promptus, and Promtus, a, um, 
part., omo.) Drawn or 
brought out ; adj., ready, prompt, 
inclined to. 

Pronuncio, and Pronuntio, are, 
avi, atum, (pro, nuncio.) To 
pronounce, recite, Ait. i.; de- 
clare or tell plainly, Ages. iii. ; 
nominate, appoint. 

Propago, inis, f., (pro, pango.) 
A race, stock, offspring, line- 


_ _ age. a 
_ Propago, are, avi, atum, (propa- 


b 


333 





PROSCRIPTUS 


go.) ‘To multiply, increase ; 
spread or propagate ; enlarge or 
extend ; prolong. 

Propatilus, a, um, adj., (pro, pa- 
teo.) Open, spreading wide ; 
in propatulo, openly, in open 
view. 

Prope, adv. 
almost. 

Propello, ére, uli, ulsum, (pro, 
pello.) ‘To push or drive for- 
ward ; drive away, repulse. 

Propére, adv. Hastily, speedily. 

Propinquitas, atis, f., (propin- 
quus.) Nearness, neighborhood ; 
relation by blood or alliance. 

Bi eet ise a, um, adj., (prope.) 

eighboring, near; nearly re- 
lated, near of kin, allied; suds., 
kinsman, relation. 

Propior, or, us, adj. Nearer. 

Propitius, a, um, adj., (prope.) 
Kind, favorable. 

Propono, ere, dsui, ositum, (pro, 
pono.) ‘To set up to view; 
promise, Ages. iii; propose, 
Ait. xx. ; apply, Att. xxi. 


Near at hand, near, 


Propisitum, i, n., (propono.) A 
purpose, a resolution. 
Proprius, a, um, adj. Peculiar, 


proper, one’s own ; permanent, 
as property, Thras. iv.; fit or 
becoming. 

Propler, pre Kor, on account 
of ; feed, . pbs 
Pripwapndialeich; i, n., (propugno.) 

A bulwark, rampart. 

Propugnator, 6ris, m., (propug- 
no.) A defender, champion. 

Prorumpo, ére, api, uptum. To 
break forth, burst out. 

Proscribo, ére, psi, ptum, (pro, 
scribo.) ‘To post up in writing, 
publish for sale ; proscribe, ban- 
ish. 

Proscriptio, 6nis, f. Proscription, 
confiscation of one’s effects, ban 
ishment. 

Proscriptor, dris, m. 
proscribes or outlaws. 

Proscriptus, i,m. See Proscrip- 
tor. 


One who 


PROSEQUOR 


Proséquor, i, quutus and citus 
sum, dep., (pro, sequor.) ‘T'o 
follow after; attend, accompa- 
ny ; prosecute, pursue. Prose- 
quor often takes the meaning of 
the word with which it is con- 
nected; thus, Prosequi laude, 
to praise ; honore, honor; pre- 
mio, reward. 


Proskunein, xpockvvetyv. ‘To ven- 
erate, worship. 
Prosper, ra, érum, adj. Prosper- 


ous, fortunate, successful. 

Prospére, adv., (prosper.) Pros- 
perously, successfully. 

Prospéritas, atis, f., (prosper.) 
Good success, prosperity. 

Prospicio, re, exi, ectum, (pro, 
specio.) ‘To view or behold from 
a distance ; foresee, provide for, 
take care of. 

Prosterno, re, travi, tratum, (pro, 
sterno.) ‘To overthrow, lay 
prostrate ; discomfit, rout. 

Prosum, desse, fui, irreg. neut., 
(pro, sum.) ‘To do good, bene- 
fit, avail. 

Protinus, and Proténus, adv., 
(porro, tenus.) Right forward, 
straightway, immediately. 

Provectus. See Proveho. 

Prového, ére, exi, ectum, (pro, 
veho.) To carry forward, to 
convey ; provectus etate, ad- 
vanced in years. 

Provideo, ere, idi, isum, (pro, 
video.) To foresee, provide, 
furnish ; provide for, take care 
of, provide against, beware, 
Phoce. ii. 

Provincia, @, f., (pro, vinco.) A 
province, conquered country ; 
province or office assigned to 
any one. 

Prout, adv. 
as. 

Proximus, Proxumus, a, um, adj. 
Nearest, next; last. 

Prudens, tis, adj., (providens.) 
Foreseeing ; prudent, wise ; skil- 
ful, exper 

Prsidensa, @, f., (prudens.) Fore- 


Even as, according 


834 ~ 





PUNICUS 


sight, prudence, discretion, Milt. 
ii. 5 skill. 

Pubes, is, f. The first down on 
the chin ; puberty, youth. 

Pubes, ond. er, ris, adj. At the 
age of puberty ; of ripe years; 
full-grown. 

Publice, adv., (publicus.) 
licly, in name or behalf of the 
public ; openly. 

Publico, are, avi, datum, li- 


Pub- . 


cus.) 'To confiscate, sell pub- — 


licly ; publish. 

Publicus, a, um, adj., (populus.) 
Public, belonging to the people. 

Pudet, ére, uit, imp. It makes 
ashamed ; — me, Il am ashamed. 

Puer, éri, m. A boy, a child; 
young slave. 

Puerilis, is, e, adj., (puer.) Of 
a boy or child; puerile, weak, 
childish. 

Pueritia, @, f., (puer.) Child- 


hood, boyhood, youth—to the age — 


of 16 or 18. 
Puerilus, i, 
little boy or child. 
Pugna, e 
battle, skirmish. 
Pugno, are, avi, datum, 
To fight, struggle wi 
tend ; resist, oppose, dispute. 
Pulcher, ra, rum, adj. 
beautiful, honorable, glorious. 
Pulchre, adv. .» (pulcher.) Beau- 
tifully, nobly, finely, very 
well. 


Pultalo, are, avi, atum, (pullus.) 


To spring or sprout up; grow, | 


increase. 
Pulvinar, aris, n., (pulvinus.) A 
pillow, cushion ; couch in tem- 


ples, on which the images of 


the gods used to be pigond on 
solemn occasions. 

Pulvinus, i i,m. <A pillow, ake 
ion. 

Punicus, a, um, adj. 
thage or Africa; faithless, 
treacherous. The Carthagin- 
ians had the reputation of being 


false and faithless ; hence, pur 


m., (dim. puer.) A 
@, f., (pugnus.) A fight, 
gna.) 7 


















con- | 


Fair, 


Of Car. 





PUPPIS 


nica fides, bad, treacherous 


Puppis, is, f. The stern or poop 
of a ship ; ship. 

Pus, puris, n. White and vis- 
cous matter, pus. Fig. it is used 
of malicious language. 

Puto, are, avi, atum. To lop off, 
prune ; think. 

Puter and Putris, is, e, adj. 
Rotten, putrid, corrupt; wan- 
ton, lascivious. 


Q. 


Q., ot rage See H. and G. In- 

Fong ado. Which way, where, 
in which direction; by what 
method. 

Quacunque, adv.,sc. parte. Where- 
soever, wherever; whenceso- 
ever; whithersoever. 

Quadraginta, pl. adj., indec., 
. (quatuor.) Forty 

Quadringéni, and Quadringenti, 
@, a, pl. adj., (quatuor, cen- 
tum.) Four hundred. 

Quero, dre, sivi, situm. To ask, 

inquire ; seek, search for; ex- 
amine. - 

Que@stio, onis, f., (quero.) A 
seeking, inquiring, searching ; 
question, investigation ; inquisi- 
tion, examination by torture. 

Questor, doris, m., (quero.) A 
questor, a Roman magistrate 
who took care of the public 
treasury; the paymaster of a 
legion or army. 

Quesius, us,m., (quero.) Gain, 
profit ; trade. 

Qualis, is, e, adj. Of what kind 
or manner ; talis, qualzs, such, 


as. . 

Quam, adv. or con. after tam. As; 
after comparatives, than ; how, 
how much ; with superlatives, 
it expresses the highest possible 
degree, as, quam plurimas co- 


= as many forces as possi- 


335 





QUIETUS 


Quamdiu, adv. How long. 

Quamprimum, adv. As soon as 
possible, very soon. 

Quamquam. See Quanquam. 

Quamvis, adv. Although, very 
much, ever so much. 

Quando, adv. When. 

Quanquam and Quamquam, con). 
Though, although. 


Quantum, adv., (quantus.) As 
much as; as far as. 
Quantus, a, um, adj. How great, 


how much ; 
great as. 

Quare, adv., (qua, re.) Where- 
fore, why, for what reason. 

Quartus, a, um, adj., (qugtner,) 
Fourth. 

Quaterni, @, a, pl. adj., (quatu- 
or.) Four by four. 

Quatuor, adj.ind. Four. 

Que, in the end of words, conj. 
for,et. And, both. 

Quemadmbdum, adv., (quis, ad, 
modus.) How, in what man- 
ner. 

Queo, ire, ivi, itum, irreg. neut. 
To be able. 

Querimoénia, @, f., (queror.) A 
complaint ; moaning. 

Queror, i, estus sum, dep. To 
complain, bemoan, lament. 

Qui, que, quod, rel. pron. Who, 
which, or that ; qui, abl., where- 
with, how, by which. 

Quia, conj. Because. 

Quicunque, quecunque, quodcun- 
que, pron. Whosoever, what- 
soever. 

Quid. See Quis. 

Quidam, quedam, quoddam, or 
quiddam, pron. Some; a cer- 
tain person or thing. 

Quidem, ddv. Indeed, truly ; ne 
quidem, not even. 

Quies, étis, f. Rest, ease, quiet, 
repose, peace ; Attici quies, the 
neutrality of Atticus. 

Quiesco, ére, évi, étum, (quies.) 
To be quiet, to rest, be at rest 
Quietus, a, um, gadjus (quies.) 

Quiet, peaceable, calm. 


tantus quantus, as 


QUILIBET 


Quilibet, quelibet, quodlibet, and 
quidlibet, pron. Any one, any, 
whosoever, whatsoever. 

Quin, con. and adv. for qui, ne. 
Why not? but generally used 
after a negative, as, non pos- 
sum quin lacrymem, I cannot 
but weep ; I cannot refrain from 
Weeping ; negare non potuit 
quin eum arcesseret, he could 
not refuse to send for him, Dion. 
ii. 

Quingenti, @, a, pl. adj., (quin- 
que, centum.) Five hundred. 
Quini, @, a, pl. adj., (quinque.) 

Five by five, by fives, five each. 

Quinquagéni, @, a, pl. adj., (quin- 
quaginta.) Fifty each; fifty 
by fifty. 

Quinquaginta, adj. ind. Fifty. 

Quinque, adj. ind. Five. 

Quinquies, adv., (quinque.) Five 
times. 

Quippe, adv. For, because, since ; 
as being, quippe erudito homini, 


as being a learned man. Quippe | 


is often construed with the rel- 
ative, as, quippe quem venun- 
dari jussisset, since he had or- 
dered him to be sold. 

Quis, que, quod or quid, inter. 
pron. Who? which, what. 
Quisnam, quenam, quodnam or 
quidnam, pron., (quis.) Who, 

which, what. 

Quisquam, quequam, quodquam 
or quidquam, pron., (quis.) Any 
one, any thing. 

Quisque, queque, quodque or 
quidque, pron., (quis.) Each, 
every one, every thing; any 
one or thing. 

Quisquis, —, quidquid or quic- 
quid, pron., (quis, quis.) Who- 
soever, whatsoever. 

Quivis, quevis, quodvis or quid- 
vis, pron., (qui, volo.) Whoso- 
ever, whatsoever, who or what 
you please. 

adv. Whither, to what 
place, to what end ; conj., that, 
to the end that. 


336 





RATIO | 


Quoad, adv., (quod, ad.) Aslon 
as, Eum. xii.; as far as, Chab. 
iii. ; until, Epam. ix. 

Quod, conj. Because, that, in 
that ; though, although. 

Quodammédo, adv., (quidam, mo- 
dus.) In a certain manner, 
after a sort. 

Quodsi, conj. If then, if now, if 
accordingly. 

Quominus, adv., (quo, minus.) 
That—not, but—that. 

Quomido, adv. (quis, modus.) 
How, after what manner, after 
what fashion, in what way. 

Quondam, adv., (quidam.) In 
time past, formerly, once on a 
time ; at some future time. 

Quoniam, conj., (quum, jam.) Be- 
cause ; since, seeing that. 

Quoquam, adv. To some place; 
any whither. 

Quoque, conj. Also; truly. 

Quorsum, adv., (quo, versum.) 
Whitherwards, towards what 
place. 

Quotannis, adv., (quot, annus.) 
Yearly, annually. 

Quotidianus, a, um, adj., (quoti- 
die.) Daily; trdinary, com- 
mon, familiar. 

Quotidie, adv., (quot, dies.) Daily, 
every day. 

Quotiescunque, adv., (quoties.) As 
often as. 

Quum, or cum, adv. and conj. 
When, seeing, since. 


R. 


Radiz, icis, f. A root; the bot- 
tom of a hill. 

Rapio, ére, wi, tum. Tosnatch 
or seize by force; carry or 
sweep away by force; plunder, 
ravish. 

Rarus, a, um, adj. Thin, not 
close or thick ; uncommon, rare ; 
pl., few. ; 

Ratio, onis, f. Reason, cause, — 
manner, fashion; account, cal- 
culation ; consideration, regard. 

















RATUS 


Ratus, a, um, adj. Ratified, con- 
firmed. 

Recédo, tre, ssi, ssum, neut., (re- 
tro, cedo.) To retire or with- 
draw; retract, go back; de- 
part. 

Recens, tis, adj. 
late, recent. 

Recenter, adv., (recens.) Nowly, 
lately. 

Receptus. See Recipio. 

Recido, ére, idi, asum, (retro, 
cada.) To fall back or recoil ; 
fall or light upon ; relapse. 

Recido, ére, di, isum, (re, cedo.) 
To cut off, cut down, cut away, 
pare away, cut up; lop off, re- 
trench, reduce. 

Recipio, tre, epi, eptum, (re, ca- 
pio.) To take or get again, re- 
cover; receive ; se, return, be- 
take one’s self. 

Reconcilio, are, avi, atum, (re, 
concilio.) 'To regain, recover ; 
reinstate, re-establish, restore ; 
reconcile, make friends. 

Recreo, are, avi, dtum, (re, creo.) 
To recover, refresh, recruit, re- 


New, fresh ; 


pair. 

Rectus, a, um, part. and adj. 
Right, straight, direct, not 
crooked. 


Recubo, are, ui, itum, (re,. cubo.) 
To. lie “down, lie down- again, 
recline,: 

Recumbo, erey cubii, cubstum. 
To lay one’s self down, lie 
down again; lean against, fall 
down, recline, settle down, sub- 
side. 

Recipéro, are, avi, atum, (re- 
cipio.) ‘To regain, recover, get 
back, get again. 

Recaso, Gre, avi,. dtum, (re, 
causa.) ‘To refuse, deny, re- 
ject ; to plead in defence. 

Reddo, ere, idi, itum, (re, do.) To 
give back, restore; make or 
render ; deliver. 

Redeo, ire, ivi and ti, ttum, irreg. 
neut., (re, eo.) ‘To go or come 
back, return; be restored. 


337 





RELATUS 


Redigo, ére, égi, actum, (re, ago, 
To bring or drive back ; reduce, 
collect, restore. 

Redimo, ére, émi, emptum, (re, 
emo.) ‘To purchase back, ran- 
som, redeem; recover, get 
back. 

Reditus, tis, m., (redeo.) A re- 
turn ; income, revenue ; interest 
of money. 

Reduco, ere, xi, ctum. To bring 
or lead back, conduct back ; 
reinstate, restore. 

Refectus. See Reficio. 

Reféro, ferre, tuli, latum, (re, 
fero.) 'To bring back, restore ; 
bring back word, report; refers 
reply ; se, return; referre alie« 
nos mores ad suos, to compare 
foreign customs with their own. 

Refert, imp., (res, fero.) It con- 
cerns, it is the interest of. 

Reficio, ére, éci, ectum, (re, facio.) 
To repair, refit; rebuild; re- 

. fresh, recruit, recover or cure. 

Refréno, are, dvi, atum, (re, 
freno.) To bridle, curb, check, 
restrain. 

Refringo, ere, égi, actum, (re, 
frango.) To break open ; weak- 
en or impair; subdue. 

Refugio, ére, ‘agi, ugitum, (re, 
fugio.) To flee away; fly 
back ; shun, dread. 

Regia, @e, f., (sc. domus.) A 
public building at Rome where 
the Pontifices assembled. 

Regio, onis, f. A region, dis- 
trict, country. 

Regius,a, um, adj.,-(rex.) Ofa 
king, royal; princely; fama 
cum ad regios (sc. prefectos) 
perlata esset, when the report 
had been brought to the king’s 

:_ prefects. 

Regno, are, avi, dtum, (rex.) To 
reign, rule as a king. 

Regnum, i, n., (rex.) A kingdom, 
realm. 

Rego, ére, rexi, rectum. - To rule 
or govern, manage, direct. 

Relatus. See Refero. 


RELEGO 


Relégo, are, avi, atum, (re, lego.) 
To send away or remove, banish. 

Religio, onis, f. Religion, devo- 
tion, veneration ; religious obli- 
gation, oath, Dion. viii.; re- 
ligious seruple. 

Religidse, adv., (religiosus.) Re- 
ligiously, scrupulously, cautious- 
ly, Att. xv. 

Relinquo, ére, iqui, ictum, (re, 
linquo.) 'To leave, forsake, re- 
linquish, quit, abandon. 

Reliquie, arum, f., (relinquo.) 
Leavings, remains, relics. 

Reliquus, a, um, adj., (relinguo.) 

- Remaining, left ; tempus, future. 

Remaneo, ére, si, sum, (re,maneo.) 
To remain behind; continue, 
abide. 

Remedium, i, n., (re, medeor.) 
Remedy, cure. 

Remezx, igis, m., (remus.) Row- 
er, boatman. 

Remigro, are, avi, atum, (re, mi- 
gro.) ‘To go back, return. 

Reminiscor, i, —, (re, memini.) 
To call to mind, remember. 

Remissus, a, um, part. and adj. 
Relaxed, languid; faint, slug- 
gish, remiss, negligent; gentle, 
mild, moderate. . 

Remitto, ére, isi, issum, (re, 
mitto.) 'T'o send or throw back ; 
slacken, abate, remit, forgive. . 

Remotus, a, um, part. and adj. 
Remote ; fig., having nothing to 
do with, not connected with, 
not feeling, not enjoying. 


Removeo, ére, dvi, otum, (re, 
moveo.) ‘To remove, drive or 
send away. 


Renovo, Gre, avi, atum, (re, novo.) 
To renew, make or build anew ; 
refresh. 

Renuncio, and Renuntio, are, avi, 
atum, (re, nuncio.) ‘To bring 
back word, report; renounce, 
disclaim ; proclaim by the voice 
of a herald. 

Reor, réri, ratus sum, dep. To 
think, judge, suppose. 

Repello, ére, uli, ulsum, (re, 


338 





RES 


pello.) 'To drive or thrust back, 
repel ; reject, refuse, Lys. iii. 

Repente, adv., (repens.) Sudden- 
ly, unexpectedly. 

Repentinus, a, um, adj., (repens.) 
Sudden, hasty, unexpected. 

Reperio, ire, i, tum, (re, pario.) 
To find, discover; invent, con- 
trive. 

Repertus, a, um, part. See Re- 
perio. 

Repeto, re, ivi, ttum, (re, peto.) 
To seek back, return to; repeat, 
recollect. 

Repo, ére, psi, ptum. 'To creep, 
crawl, go with difficulty and 
caution, Han. iii. 

Repono, ére, posi, posiium, (re, 
pono.) ‘To lay, set, put or 
place back, backwards or be- 
hind one’s self; bring forward, 
repeat, renew. mi 

Reprehendo, ére, di, sum, (re, 
prehendo.) ‘To catch again, 
lay hold of, seize; blame, re- 
prove, reprehend. 

Reprimo, ére, essi, essum, (re, 
premo.) ‘To repress, check, re- 
strain, keep within bounds, con- 
fine. 

Repudio, are, avi, atum, (repu- 
dium.) 'To divorce, reject, for- 
sake. 

Repugno, are, avi, datum, (re, 
pugno.) To fight against, re- 
sist, oppose, be at variance. 

Repulsa, @, f., (repello.) A re- 
pulse, refusal, denial. 

Repiito, are, avi, atum, (re, puto.) 
To think, over and over again; 
consider, reflect, revolve. 

Requiro, ére, sivi, situm, (re, 
quero.), To ask or inquire; 
seek again, to require. 

Res, ei, f. A thing, affair, busi- 
ness, fortune; action, deed, ex- 
ploit, undertaking, performance; 
res Persice, Persian history ; 
potirt rerum, to obtain the 
power in the state, to have the 
superiority, sovereignty or su- 
preme power ; res, the state.’ 


eo 


RESACRO 


Resacro. See Resecro. 

Rescio, tre, ivi, itum, (re, scio.) 
To come to the knowledge of, 
know, understand. 

Rescisco, tre, ivi, itum, (rescio.) 
To learn again, learn, hear, as- 
certain, find out, gain informa- 
tion. 

Rescindo, @re, idi, issum, (re, 
scindo.) To cut off; cut or 
break down, Milt. iii.; pierce ; 
annul, repeal. 

Resecro, and Resacro, are, avi, 
datum, (re, sacro.) 'To take off 
a curse or execration, Alc. vi. ; 
pray again, consecrate anew. 


_Reservo, are, avi, atum, (re, ser- 


vo.) ‘To keep, retain, reserve. 

Resideo, ére, édi, essum, (re, 
sedeo.) ‘To sit down, rest, sub- 
side, remain. 

Resido, ére, édi, essum, (re, sido.) 
To sit down, settle or take up 
one’s abode in order to rest; 
sink, settle down, subside; fig., 
cease, become calm or still; 
grow weary, faint; withdraw, 
retire ; terminate. 

Resisto, re, titi, titum, (re, sisto.) 
To stand up, rise again; stand 
still, stop; resist, oppose, pre- 
vent. 

Respicid, ére, exi, ectum, (re, 
specio.) ‘l'o look back ; review; 
consider, regard. 

Respondeo, ére, di, sum, (re, 
spondeo.) ‘To answer, reply; 
agree, correspond to. 

Responsum, i, n. An answer; 
response of an oracle. 

Respublica, reipublice, f., (res, 
publica.) A republic, common- 
wealth ; state. 

Restituo, re, wi, atum, (re, sta- 
tuo.) ‘To restore, Alc. v.; re- 
build, Them. vi.; reinstate, 
Timol. i.; renew. 

Restiti. See Resisio. 

Restruo, ére, xi, ctum, (re, struo.) 
To rebuild, erect again, restore. 


339 





RUSTICUS 


Retardo, Gre, avi, datum, (re, 
tardo.) ‘'Tostop, delay, retard. 

Rete, is,n. A net. 

Retineo, ére, wi, entum, (re, te- 
neo.) ‘To hold or keep back, 
restrain, retain ; preserve. 

Retraho, ére, azi, actum, (re, 
traho.)~ To draw or pull back ; 
withdraw ; save, rescue, The- 
bas ab interitu retrazxit, saved 
Thebes from destruction, Epam. 
Viii. 

Reus, a, um, adj. Accused, im- 
peached ; sued at law; subst., 

- a defendant. 

Revéra, adv. Indeed, really, truly. 

Revertor, i, sus sum, dep., and 
Reverto, &re, ti, sum, (re, verto.) 
To turn or come back, return. 

Revoco, are, avi, dtum, (re, voco.) 
To recall, call back ; restore. 

Rex, égis,m. A king. 

Rhapsodia, e, f. A rhapsody, 
book of Homer’s poems. 

Rhétor, bris, m. A rhetorician ; 
teacher of oratory, orator. 

Risus, tss:m.,(rideo.) Laughing, 
laughter. 

Robur, dris,n. The hardest oak ; 
Jig., strength, vigor. 

Robusius, a, um, adj., (robur.) 
Made of oak; fig., strong, ro- 
bust. 

Rogatus, ts, m., (rogo.) A de- 
sire, request ; question. 

Rogo, are, avi, adtum. To ask, 
interrogate ; request, entreat. 
Rostrum, i, n., (rodo.) The beak 
or bill of a bird; snout; beak 

of a ship. 

Ruber, ra, rum, adj. Red, rud- 
y: 

Rudis, is, e, adj. Rude, ignorant, 
untaught, inexperienced. , 

Rumor, oris, m. A common re- 
port, rumor. 

Rursus and um, adv. Again. 

Rusticus, a, um, adj., (rus.) Of 
the country; rude, clownish, 
rustic. 


8. 


S., Sextius. See H. and G. In- 
dex. S.C., Senatus Consul- 
tum, Senatusconsultum; S. P. 
Q. R., Senatus populusque Ro- 
manus. 

Sacellum, i, n. A little temple ; 
chapel, oratory. 

Sacer, ra, rum, adj. 
holy, consecrated. 

Sacerdos, otis, m. and f., (sacer, 
do.) A priest or priestess. 

Sacrarium, i, n., (sacer.) A sanc- 
tuary, chapel, small temple. 

Sacrifico, are, avi, aium, (sacer, 
facio.) To sacrifice, offer or 
perform sacrifice. 

Sacrilegium, i, n., (sacer, lego.) 
Sacrilege, stealing of things sa- 
cred; violation or profanation 
of sacred things. 
acrilegus, a, um, adj., (sacer, 
lego.) Guilty of sacrilege; im- 
pious, profane. 

Sacrum, i,n. Any thing sacred 
or consecrated to the gods; any 
sacred rite or sacrifice; any 
thing secret. 

Sepe, adv. Often, oftentimes, 
many times, frequently. 

Sevitia, @ and es, éi, f., (sevus.) 
Cruelty, barbarity. 

Sevus, a, um, adj. Cruel, sav- 
age, barbarous, fierce. - 

Sagacitas, dtis, f., (sagaz.) 
Penetration, sagacity, shrewd- 
ness. 

Sagaz, dcis, adj. 
ed; 
cious. 

Sal, dlis, m., sometimes n. Salt, 
the sea ; wit, humor, the season- 
ing of conversation; taste, ele- 
gance, Att. xiii; pl., witty 

_ Sayings. 

Salto, are, avi, dium, (freq. salio.) 
To dance, leap. 

Saliudsus, a, um, adj., (saltus.) 
Full of wood or forests. 

Salius, ds and i, m., (salio.) A 
leap; lawn; forest, thicket. 


Sacred, 


Quick-scent- 
foreseeing, shrewd, saga- 


340 





SATIS 


Salum, i, n., (sal.)’) The sea. 

Salus, atis, f. Safety, preserva~ 
tion; health; wants the plural. 

Salutaris, is, e, adj., (salus.) 
Healthful, salutary ; profitable, 
advantageous. 

Salito, are, avi, datum, (salus.) 
To salute, wish health to. 

Salvus, a, um, adj., (salus.) Safe, 
sound ; in good health. 

Sancio, ire, xi, ctum, and civi, 
citum. 'To make sacred; rati- 
fy, establish, confirm ; enact. 

Sancte, adv., (sanctus.) Re- 
ligiously, inviolably, solemnly, 
piously, conscientiously, blame- 
lessly, sacredly, chastely, de- 
cently. 

Sanctitas, atis, f., (sanctus.) 
Piety, devotion, sanctity; in- 
tegrity, Lys. iv. ; honor. 

Sanctus, a, um, adj., (sancio.) 
Holy, sacred; venerable; invio- 
lable, Pel. v.; upright, inno- 
cent. 

Sanguis, inis, m. Blood; kin- 
dred; strength; pl. wanting. 
Sano, dre, avi, atum, (sanus.) 
To heal, to cure, restore to 

health ; correct, repair. 

Sanus, vs um, adj. Sound, whole, 
in health, healthful. 

Sapiens, tis, adj. Wise, judicious, 
knowing. 

Sapienter,adv., (sapiens.) Wisely. 

Sapientia, @, f., (sapiens.) Wis- 
dom. 

Sapio, ére, ui, — 
taste of; be wise. 

Sarmentum, i,n. A twig or lop- 
ping of a vine or tree.” 

Satelles, itis, m. A life-guard, 
protector, defender. 

Satietas, atis, f., (satis.) Exces- 
sive fulness, glut; disgust, wea- 
riness, satiety, Pel. i. 

Satior or us, adj., (satis.) Better. 

Satis, adv. Enough, sufficient, 
sufficiently ; satis, enough, so 
that one needs no more; @ 

_de, more than enough ; affatio, 
“enough even to weariness. 


To savor or 


—~ 


SATISFACIO 


Satisfacio, tre, éci, actum, (satis, 
facio.) To satisfy, make satis- 
faction ; do all that can be ex- 


pected. . 

Satius. See Satior. 

Satripa, @ and es, is, m. The 
governor of a Persian province; 
viceroy ; satrap. 

Saucius, a, um, adj. Wounded, 
hurt, injured ; wounded in mind, 
sad, troubled, vexed; ill, sick, 
unwell. 

Scapha, @e, f. A little boat, a 
skiff, bark, small vessel. 

Sceleratus, a, um, adj., (scelus.) 
Wicked ; polluted, guilty. 

Scelus, éris,n. Wickedness, vil- 
lainy, crime. 

Scena, a, f. A scene, stage. 

Sceptrum,i,n. A sceptre ; staff 
or rod carried by rulers as an 
emblem of authority. 

Scienter, adv., (sciens.) Know- 
ingly, skilfully. 

Scilicet, adv., (scire, licet.) For- 
sooth, to wit, truly. 

Scio, ire, scivi, scitum. To know, 
understand, have knowledge of. 

Scopulosus, a, um, adj., (scopu- 
lus.) Full of rocks, rocky ; 
dangerous. 

Scortum, i, n. The skin or hide 
of an animal; courtezan, har- 
lot. 

Scriba, @, m., (scribo.) 
tary, amanuensis. 
Scribo, ére, psi, ptum. 'To write; 

compose. 

Scriptor, 6ris, m., (scribo.) A 
writer ; author. 

Scriptura, @e, f., (scribo. <A 
writing, composition. 

Scrutor, ari, dtus sum, dep. To 
seek or search diligently, pry 
into, explore. ' 

Scutum,i,n. A _ buckler, shield, 
target; jfig., shield, defence, 
protection. 


A secre- 


Scytala, @ and e, es, f. A kind 


of serpent; a litile staff with 

paper rolled round it, used by 

the Lacedemonians in sending 
29* 


341 





SENSIM 


private orders to their generals, 
Paus. iii. 

Secius, adv. Less; otherwise; 
worse, Milt. ii. 

Secundus, a, um, adj., (sequor.) 
Second ; favorable, prosperous ; 
res secunde, prosperity. 

Secirus, a, um, adj., (se, cura.) 
Free from anxiety or fear. 

Secus, adv. Otherwise; wrong, 
amiss ; unfavorably, unsuccess- 
fully. 

Sed, conj. But, however. 

Sedeo, ére, édi, essum. To sit; 
be encamped ; stay, abide 

Seditio, onis, f., (se, eo.) An 
insurrection, mutiny, sedition. 


Sedo, are, avi, dtum. To allay, 
mitigate, assuage. 
Segnis, is, e, adj. Dull, slow, 


slothful. J 
Segniter, adv. Slothfully, negli- 
gently. 


Segrego, are, avi, datum, (se, 


grez.) ‘To separate; take out 
of the flock. 

Sejungo, ére, xi, ctum, (se, jun- 
go.) To disjoin, separate. 

Sella, e, f. A seat, chair; throne. 

Semel, adv. Once, once for all. 

Semianimis, is, e, adj., (semi, 
anima.) Half dead. 

Semivivus, a, um, adj., (semi, 
vivo.) Half alive. 

Semper, adv. Always, ever. 

Senatus, tis, m., (senex.) A 
council, properly of old men; 
senate. 

Senatis-consulium, i, n., (con- 
sulium, senatus.) A decree of 
the senate, against which no 
protest has been made. 

Senectus, utis, f., (senex.) Old 
age. 

Senesco, @re, tii, —, (senex.) To 
grow old; decay. 

Senex, is, adj. Old; comp., se- 
nior; wants the superlative, 
which is expressed by mazi- 
mus natu. 

Sensim, adv., (sentio.) Leisurely, 
by little and little, by degrees. 


SENSUS 


Sensus, tis, m., (sentio.) Sense 
or feeling ; judgment, thought ; 
meaning. 

Sententia, a, f., (sentio.) Opin- 
ion, judgment ; purpose, resolu- 
tion ; sentence ; decree. 

Sentio, ire, si, sum. ‘To perceive, 
feel; think, be of opinion. 

Separatim, adv. Separately, sev- 
erally. 

Separatus, a, um, part. and adj. 
Separate, distinct, particular, 
different. 

Separo, are, avi, dtum, (se, paro.) 
qo separate, set asunder; di- 
vide, part. 

Sepelio, tre, ivi, ultum. To bury, 
inter. 

Sepio, ire, si, tum, (sepes.) To 
hedge in, enclose; guard, shelter. 

Sepiem, pl. adj. indecl. Seven. 

Septentrio, dnis, m., (septem, trio.) 

he seven stars near the north 
pole, which form the constella- 
tion of the Great Bear, or 
Charles’s Wain; the north 
pole or wind; the north, Milt. i. 

Septimus, a, um, adj., (septem.) 
Seventh. 

Septingenti, e, a, pl. adj., (sep- 
tem, centum.) Seven hundred. 

Sepiuagesimus, a, um, ad)., (sep- 
tuaginta.) Seveutieth. 

Septuaginta, pl. adj. indecl. Sev- 
enty. 

Sepulchrum or crum, 7, n., (sepe- 
lio.) A grave, sepulchre, tomb. 

Sepultus. See Sepelio. 

Sequor, i, quitus and cutus sum, 

ep. ‘To follow, pursue. 

Sermo, Onis, m. Common dis- 
course, talk; rumor, speech. 

Sero, adv. Late, too late. 

Sero, ére, ui, tum. To knit, 
wreathe. 

Serpens, tis, m. and f., (serpo.) 
A serpent. 

Servio, ire, ivi and iti, itum, 
(servus.) ‘To serve, obey ; pro- 
vide for, take care of, attend 
to, Them. i.; try to procure, 
Ham. i. 


342 





SILVA 


Servitus, itis, f., (servus.)  Sla- 
very,.bondage. 

Servo, dre, avi, dtum. To keep; 
observe or keep sacred, Ages. 
ii.; preserve, save, Alt. x.; 
watch, observe. 

Servus, i, m A slave, bonds- 
man; servant. 

Sessor, oris, m., (sedeo.) A sit- 
ter; an inhabitant. - 

Sestertium, i, n. The sum of a 
thousand sestertii. 

Sestertius, i, m. A sesterce, a 
Roman silver coin, equivalent 
to two pounds and a half of 
brass, supposed to have been 
worth of our money, 3.57 of a 
cent. 

Sevére, adv., (severus.) Strictly, 
rigorously, severely. 

Sevériias, atis, f., (severus.) Rig- 
or, severity. 

Sevérus, a, um, adj. Grave; 
strict, rigorous, severe ; harsh. 

Sez, pl. adj. indecl. Six. 

Sexagéni, @, a, pl. adj., (sexa- 
ginta.) Sixty each, sixty. 


Sexaginta, pl. adj. indecl., (sex.) . 


Sixty. 

Sexdécim, pl. ad}, indecl., (sex, 
decem.) Sixteen 

Sextus, a, um, adj., (sex.) Sixth. 

Sexus, tis and us, %, m. A sex; 
a kind. . 

Si,conj. If, though, since, seeing 
that. 

Sic, adv. So, thus. 

Sicut, and Sicuti, adv., (sic, ut 
As; as well as; such as. 

Sido, ére, i, —. To light as a 
bird; sink, Chab. iv. . 
Significo, are, avi, datum, (sig- 
num, facto.) 'To give notice or 
warning ; give a sign or signal ; 

signify, intimate. 

Signo, are, avi, datum, (signum.) 
To mark out; seal, oni im- 
print ; engrave. 

Signum, i, n. A mark or sign; 
seal; image; standard; signal ; 


prodigy. 
Silva, e, f. A wood, forest. 


SIMILIS 


Similis, is, e, adj. Like. 

Similitado, inis, f., (similis.) 
Likeness, resemblance. 

Simplex, icis, adj., (sine, plico.) 
Simple, unmixed, Tv. i.; open, 
candid, sincere ; homely. 

Simul, adv. Together, in com- 
pany; at the same time. 

Simuidcrum, i, n., (simulo.) A 
likeness or representation ; im- 
age, phantom. 

Simulatio, nis, f., (simulo.) Pre- 
tence; dissembling, hypocri- 


Simulo, Gre, avi, atum, (similis.) 
To make like, imitate ; pretend, 
feign, counterfeit. 

Simultas, atis, f. Disguised mal- 
ice or enmity ; grudge, animosi- 
ty. 

Sin, conj. But, if; or for si, ne, 
if not, otherwise. 

Sine, prep. Without. 

Singularis, is, e, adj., (singulus.) 
Single, only one; belonging to 
one; singularis potentia, mon- 


archy, Dion. ix.; singular, 
matchless, peculiar, extraordi- 
nary 


Singulus, a, um, adj., oftener, 
plur. Single ; one by one, every. 

Sinister, ra, rum, adj. Left, on 
the left hand ; unlucky. 

Sino, re, sivi, and sii, situm. 
To suffer, allow, permit. 

Sisto, re, stiti, statum. To stop, 
check ; support ; stand still. 
Situs, a, um, part. Permitted, 

situate, planted, buried. 
Sive, conj. Whether, or, either. 


Sobfius, a, um, adj. Sober, tem- 


perate. 

Socer, ri, m. A father-in-law. 

Socialis, is, e, adj., (socius.) Of 
allies or friends. 

Societas, atis, f., (socius.) Part- 
nership, Milt. i.; alliance ; so- 
ciety. 

Socius,.vi, m. A partner, com- 
panion, ally. 

Soleo, ére, tius sum. To be 
wont, be accustomed. 


343 





SPERO 


Solers, ts, adj. Ingenious, saga- 
cious ; skilful ; expert. 

Solicito, are, avi, atum, (solum, 
cito.) ‘To stir or plough up; 
trouble, disquiet; importune ; 
tempt, allure, Paus. iii.; tam- 

r with. 

Solitudo, inis, f., (solus.) Soli- 
tude, retirement; wilderness, 
desert. 

Sollers. See Solers. 

Solum, adv. Only, merely. 

Solus, a, um, adj. Alone, only, 
solitary. 

Solvo, re, vi, atum. To loose, 
set free; pay. 

Somnus, i,m. Sleep. 

Sonitus, ts, m., (sono.) A sound, 
noise. 

Sonus, i, m. A sound ; accent ; 
tune. 

Sopio, ire, ivi, and ti, itum. To 
lull asleep, to set at rest. 

Sopor, doris, m. <A deep sleep; 
sleepy dose, Dion. ii. 

Soror, oris, f. A sister. 

Sors, tis, f. Lot, chance ; charge 
or office conferred by lot, Cat. i. 

Sortior, iri, itus sum, dep. ~'To 
cast or draw lots, to allot; to 
get, receive or obtain by lot. 

Sparum, i, n., and us,i,m. A 
kind of small dart on lance. 

Spatium, i, n. Space, properly 
the ground for running a race ; 
time. 

Species, éi, f. An appearance ; 
pretext ; beauty; a kind or sort. 

Specimen, inis,n. An example, 
model ; proof, specimen. 

Spectaculum, i, n., (specto.) A 
spectacle, show. 

Specto, are, avi, atum, (freq. spe- 
cio.) ‘To behold; consider, re- 
gard; tend or point towards, 
Them. vi. 

Speculator, 6ris, m., (speculor.) 
A careful observer; scout, a 
spy- 

Specilor, ari, atus sum, dep. To 
view, watch, espy ; examine. 

Spero, are, avi, datum, (spes.) To 


SPES 


hope, trust; expect, fear, ap- 
prehend. 

Spes, ei, f. Hope, wants the gen. 
dat. and abl. plur. 

Spiritus, is, m., (spiro.) Breath, 
air; spirit, pride, courage. 

Splendide, adv., (splendidus.) 
Splendidly, nobly. 

Splendidus, a, um, adj., (splen- 
deo.) Bright; splendid, noble ; 
illustrious. 

Splendor, oris, m., (splendeo.) 
Brightness, splendor ; beauty. 
Spolio, are, avi, atum, (spolium.) 
To strip, deprive’ of, bereave ; 

plunder, rob. 

Sponsalia, 6rum, n., (spondeo.) 
Espousals, marriage. 

Sponsor, oris, m., (spondeo.) A 
surety. 

Sponte. See Spontis. 

Spontis, gen. rarely, and abl. 
sponte. Of one’s own accord 
or free will. ~ 

Statim, adv. Immediately. 

Stator, ris, m., (sisto.) A sup- 
porter, preserver; an epithet of 
Jupiter. 

Statua, @, f., (statuo.) <A statue, 
image made of stone, ivory or 
metal. 

Statuo, ére, ui, ttum, (sto.) To 
set or place, erect; appoint ; 
resolve, determine, establish. 

Statura, @, f., (sto.) Stature, 
height or size of body. 

Status, is, m., (sto.) A standing ; 
state, condition. 

Stipendium, i, n., (stips, pendo.) 
The pay of soldiers; merere 
stipendium, to serve a cam- 
paign ; stipend, tribute. 

Stipulatio, onis, f., (stipulor.) A 
stipulation, bargain, contract. 

Siirps, is,m. and f. The root or 
trunk of a tree ; stock or fami- 
ly ; offspring, lineage. 

Sto, are, stéti, statum. Tostand; 
continue, remain. Stare ab ali- 
quo, fight on any one’s side. 
Stat mihi, 1 am resolved. 

Stramentum, i, n.,(sterno.) Straw, 


344 





SUBITUS 


litter ; any thing spread on the 
ground for lying on. 

Stratum, i, n., (sterno.) A bed, 
couch. 

Strenuus, a, um, adj. Stout, man- 
ly; active, vigorous; brave, 
valiant. 

Strepitus, tis, m., (strepo.) A con- 
fused noise, bustle. 

Struo, ére, xi, ctum. To join to- 
gether; raise, build, erect, rear, 
fabricate, construct; arrange, 
put in order, set in array; plot, 
prepare, contrive, devise, scheme, 
intend ; aciem, to draw up an 
army in battle array. 

Studeo, ére, wi, —. To study, 
apply to ; desire ; endeavor ; fa- 
vor. 

Studiose, adv., (studiosus.) Care- 
fully, diligently, studiously. 

Studiosus, a, um, adj., (studeo.) 
Careful ; eager, fond, diligent, 
studious. 

Studium, i, n., (studeo.) Earnest 
application of mind, study; ea- 
ger pursuit, zeal. 

Stulte, adv., (stultus.) Foolishly. 

Stultitia, e, f., (stultus.) Folly, 
stupidity, silliness. 

Suadeo, ére, si, sum. To advise, 
persuade. 

Suavitas, atis, f., (swavis.) Sweet- 
ness, pleasantness. 

Sub, prep. Under; at; near the 
time of. 

Subalaris, is, e, adj., (sub, ala.) 
Under the wing ; under the arm. 

Subduco, ére, xi, ctum, (sub, du- 
co.) To withdraw, remove; 
free from. v 


Subductus. See Subduco. 


Subeo, tre, ivi, and ti, itum, (sub, — 


eo.) To go under; come up 
to; undergo, suffer. 

Subigo, tre, égi, actum, (sud, 
ago.) 'To bring under, subdue 5 
force, constrain ; till the ground 

Subito, adv. Suddenly, on a sud: 
den. 

Subitus, a, um, adj. Sudden, 
hasty ; unexpected. 





SUBJICIO 


Subjicio, re, éci, ectum, (sub, 
jacio.) To put under or below; 
subject, make subject to. 

Sublaturus. See Tollo. 

Sublatus. See Tollo. 

Sublevo, are, avi, datum, (sub, le- 
vo.) ‘To raise or lift up; sup- 

- port, relieve, help. 

Submotus. See Submoveo. — 

Submoveo, ére, dvi, dtum, (sub, 
moveo.) ‘To remove, displace. 

Suborno, are, avi, tum, (sub, or- 
no.) ‘To adorn, dress; supply, 
furnish, aid; testem, bribe a 
witness to give false information, 
suborn. 

Subscribo, &re, psi, ptum, (sub, 
scribo.) ‘To write under or be- 
low; write down or register ; 
approve or subscribe to. 

Subsidium, i, n., (sub, sideo.) 
Aid, succor ; refuge ; a body of 
reserve. 

Substituo, re, ui, atum, (sub, 
statuo.) 'To put below, substi- 
tute, put in place of. 

Substringo, ére, nzi, ctum, (sub, 
stringo.) ‘To bind or gird be- 
low ; tie up. 

Subsum, esse, fui, irreg. neut., 
(sub, sum.) To be under, be at 
hand or near. 

Subtexo, ere, ii, tum, (sub, texo.) 
To annex, mane, connect, Att. 
XViii. 

Suburbanus, a, um, adj., (sub, 
urbs.) Near or about the city, 
in the suburbs. 

Succedo, #re, ssi, ssum, neut., 
(sub, cedo.) To come up, ap- 
proach ; advance ; succeed, fol- 
low after ; succeed, prosper. 

Succendo, ére, di, sum, (sub, can- 
deo.) ‘To set on fire, inflame. 

Succumbo, ére, ubui, wubitum, 
(sub, cubo.) To fall or sink 
under ; yield. 

Succurro, ére, ri, sum, (sub, cur- 
ro.) ‘To aid, recover, relieve, 
Att. xi. ; occur to oné’s mind. 

Sudor, doris, m., (sudo.) Sweat; 
labor, exertion. 


345 





SUPPEDITO 


Suffectus. See Sufficio. 
Sufficio, re, éci, ectum, (sub, fa- 
cw.) To substitute, appoint as 


successor, Han. iii.; furnish, 
afford ; suffice. 
pe dose reg i, n. A vote, suf- 


frage. 

Suffragor, ari, dtus sum, dep. 
To vote; vote for one, favor, 
support. 

Sui, pron. gen. Of himedd, her- 
self, itself or themselves. 

Sum, esse, fui, irreg. neut. To 


Summa, e, f., (summus.) Asum 
of money ; chief power, com- 
mand; whole or chief part of 
any thing. 

Summus, a, um, adj. 
last, greatest. 

Sumo, ére, psi, ptum, and sumsi, 
sumtum. ‘To take, assume. 

Sumptudsus, a, um, adj., (sump- 
tus.) Expensive, costly ; mag- 
nificent, sumptuous, splendid. 

Sumptus, a,um. See Sumo. 

Sumptus,and Sumtus, ts, m., (su- 
mo.) _ Expense, cost. 

Supellex, ectilis, f. Household 
stuff, furniture. 

Super, prep. Above ; upon ; about 
or concerning ; beyond. 

Superbe, adv. Proudly, haughti- 


Highest ; 


ly. 

Superbia, e, f., (superbus.) Pride, 
haughtiness. 

Superbus, a, um, adj. Proud, 
haughty, disdainful. 

Superwr, us. See Superus. 

Supero, are, avi, atum. To goor 
climb over, pass, surmount ; 
overcome ; surpass, excel. 

Superstes, itis, adj., (super, sto.) 
Present ; remaining, surviving. 

Supersum, esse, fui, irreg. neut. 
To be over and above ; be su- 
perfluous ; abound, survive, ex- 
col. 

Superus, a, um, adj. Above, 
high ; comp. superior ; sup. su- 
premus, and summus. 

Suppedito, are, avi, atum, (sup 


SUPPETO 


peto.) .'To furnish, afford, sup- 
ply. . 

Suppeto, ére, ivi, itum, (sub, pe- 
to.) ‘To be in readiness, be at 
hand, be in abundance, be sup- 
plied. 

Supplex, icis, adj., (sub, plico.) 
Suppliant, humbly entreating. 
Supplicium, ii, n., (supplex.) A 
supplication ; sacrifice or offer- 
ing presented to the gods; pun- 

ishment. 

Suppono, ére, dsui, ositum, (sub, 
pono.) ‘To lay under ; substi- 
tute, put one in place of an- 
other. 

Supporto, are, avi, adtum, (sub, 
porto.) ‘To carry, convey privi- 
ly. 

We oariao; &re, essi, essum, (sub, 
premo.) 'To press or sink down ; 
check, restrain; stop, delay ; 


suppress. 
Supra, prep. Above, beyond, 
more than. 
Supremus, and Summus. See 
Superus. 


Surgo, &re, rexi, rectum, (sub, 
rego.) ‘To rise. 

Susceptus. See Suscipio. 

Suscipio, ére, épi, eptum, (sub, 
capio.) To take up, lift up; 
support ; undertake, undergo. 
Suspicar, acis, adj., (suspicio.) 

_ Suspicious, jealous. 

Suspicio, ére, exi, ectum, (sub, 
specio.) ‘To look up; admire, 
respect ; suspect. 

Suspicio, onis, f., (suspicio.) Sus- 
picion, mistrust, jealousy. 

Suspicor, ari, atus sum, dep., 
(suspicio.) 

* imagine ; conjecture, guess. 

Sustineo, ére, wi, entum, (sub, te- 
neo.) ‘To hold up, sustain, sup- 
port ; withstand, resist ; restrain. 

Sustuli. See Tollo. 

Suus, a; um, poss. pron., (sui.) 
His own, her own, its own, their 
own; suo loco, on ground fa- 
vorable to himself or them- 
selves. 


346 


To suspect; think, | 





TECTUS 


Symposium, i,n. A drinking to- 
gether ; feast, banquet; the ti- 
tle of one of Plato’s books, Alc. 


ll. . 
Bi 


T., Titus. See H. and G. Index. 

Tabellarius, i, m., (tabella.) A 
letter-carrier, courier. 

Tabernaculum, i, n., (tabella.) A 
tent, pavilion. 

Taceo, ére, iti, itum. To be si- 
lent ; keep secret, not to men- 
tion. ; 

Taciturnus, a, um, adj., (taceo.) 
Silent, quiet, reserved ; peace- 
ful. 

Talentum, i,n. <A talent, weight 
or sum of money. The Aitic 
talent, which is generally meant 
by classical writers, when not 
otherwise expressed, was equiv- 
alent to 60 mine, or 8,000 
drachme, supposed to be worth 
about $900. 

Talis, is, e, adj. Such, like. 

Tam, adv. So, so much, as. 

Tamdiu, adv., (tam, diu.). So 
long. 

Tamen, conj. However, yet, nev-. 
ertheless. 

Tanquam, adv., (tam, quam.) As, 
as well as; as it were, as if. 

Tanto, adv., (tantus.) So much, 
by so much. 

Tantopere, adv., (tantus, opus.) 
So greatly, so much. 

Tantum, adv., (tantus.) So much, 
only. 

Tantummodo, (tantus, modus.) 
Only. 

Tantus, a, um, adj. So great, so 
much. 

Tardus, a, um, adj. Slow; hos- 
tes fore tardiores, that the ene- 
my would become less alert; 
dull, heavy, stupid. 

Taurus, i,m. <A bull. 

Tectum, i, n., (tego.) The roof 
of a house, a house. 


Tectus, a, um, part. See Tego. 


N 


TEGO 


Tego, ére, texi, tectum. 'To cov- 
er, conceal, disguise, Dion. i. ; 
protect, defend, Milt. v. 

Telum, i, n. Any missile weapon, 
dart, arrow, javelin. © 

Temerarius, a, um, adj., (temere.) 
Rash, heedless, violent. 

Temere, adv. Without reason; 
without cause; rashly, unad- 

_ visedly, lightly, indiscreetly. 

Tempestas, atis, f., (tempus.) 
Time; season or time of the 

. year ; weather ; storm, tempest ; 
metaphorically, danger, Alc. iv. 

Templum, i, n. A temple, church. 

Temporarius, a, um, adj., (tem- 
pus.) Temporary, continuing 
but for a time. 

Tempus, oris,n. Time ; oppor- 
tunity, occasion, Ale. viii.; an 
exigency, emergency. 

Tendo, ére, tetendi, tensum, or 
tentum. ‘To stretch out, strain, 
exert ; direct one’s course, (iler 
or cursum, being supplied,) 
Milt. i. 

Tenebrae, arum, f., pl. Darkness, 
obscurity ; blindness, ignorance. 

Teneo, ére, wi, tum. ‘To hold, 
keep, possess, detain ; tenet ad- 
versum proficiscentibus, ¢c., 
blows right against, &c. 

Tenesmus, Tenesmos, i, m. 
kind of disease. 

Tento, Tempto, dre, avi, atum, 
(freq. teneo.) ‘To try or exam- 
ine by feeling; try, attempt ; 
sound, explore. 

Tenuis, is, e, adj. Slender, thin, 
fine ; small, little ; weak, feeble ; 
trifling, insignificant, mean. 

Tenus, prep. Up or down to; as 
far as. : 

Ter, adv. Three times. 

Terni, @, a, pl. adj. 
three ; three. 

Terra, @, f. 
country. 

Terrestris, Terrester, is, e, adj., 
{terra.) Of the earth, earthly ° 
terrestres exercitus, land ar- 
mies. 


A 


Three by 


The earth, land; 


347 





TIMIDUS 


Terribilis, is, e, adj. (terreo) 
Dresdful, terrible. 

Terror, oris, m., (terreo.) Ter- 
ror, great fear or dread. 

Tertio, adv., (tertius.) Thirdly. 

Tertius, a, um, adj., (tres.) Third. 

Testa, @, f. Anearthen pot or 
jar; a brick or tile; a shell 
used in ostracism, Them. viii. 

Testamentum, i, n. A last will, 
testament, 
estatus, a, um, adj., (testor.) 
Generally known, notorious. 

Testimonium, i, n., (testis.) An 
evidence, declaration, testimony 

Testis, is, m. and f. A witness. 

Testor, ari, atus sum, dep., (tes- 
tis.) ‘To bear witness, give evi- 
dence, attest ; declare, assert ; 
Them. iv. ; call to witness ; con- 
jure, beseech. 

Testiudo, inis, f. A tortoise ; tortoise- 
shell; aclose body of men, with 
their shields over their heads lock- 
ed into each other in the form of 
a tortoise ; in this manner a be- 
sieging army used to approach 
the walls of a town, to secure 
themselves from the darts of 
the enemy above; a warlike 
machine, made of boards cover- 
ed with raw hides, wnder covert 
of which the besiegers of a town 
used to get close up to the walls, 
either to undermine them, or to 
apply the battering-ram, Milt. 
vii. 

Testula, @, f., (dim. testa.) <A’ 
small tile; shell used by the 
Athenians in the ostracism ; 
each citizen marked his vote on 
a Shell, Arist. i. 

Theatrum, i, n. » A theatre. 

Tibia, @, f..'The shin-bone ; pipe, - 
flute. 

Timeo, ére, .ui, —. To fear, 
dread ; timeo te, I am afraid of 
you, lest yaw do me harm ; tibi, 
I am afraid for you, lest you be 
hurt. 

Timidus, a, um, adj., (timeo.) 
Fearful, timorous, timid. 


TIMOR 


Timor, dris, m.; (timeo.) Fear; 
dread. 

Titubo, are, avi, datum. To stag- 
ger, totter, reel ; stammer, fal- 
ter ; hesitate, be at a loss, Zum. 


ix. 

Toga, @e, f. A loose flowing 
woollen robe, which covered the 
whole body, the peculiar dress 
of the Romans. 

Lollo, tollére, sustuli, sublatum. 
To raise, lift up, extol; take 
away, remove; decemviralem 
potestatem sustulerunt, they 
abrogated the decemviral power, 
Lys. iii. ; kill, cut off, Han. v. 

Iorquis, and es, is, m. and f. A 
chain worn round the neck; 
necklace, collar. 

Tot, adj. pl. ind. So many, as 
many. 

Totidem, adj. pl. ind., (tot.) Just 
so Many, as many. 

Totus, a, um, adj., (tot.) All, 
whole. 

Tracto, dre, avi, dtum, (freq. tra- 
do.) To handle; treat, behave 
towards, Lys. iv. ; treat, speak, 
write of, Eum. v. 

Tratus, us, m., (traho.) A draw- 
ing, tract. 

Traditus. See Trado. —. © 

Trado, &re, idi, itum, (trans, do.) 
To deliver, give up, betray, sur- 
render ; hand down, transmit. 

Tradico, ére, xi, ctum, (trans, 
duco.) ‘To bring over, convey 
from one place to another, trans- 
port ; spend or pass, as, tradu- 
cere vitam; expose, disgrace, 
traduce. 

Traho, ére, xi, ctum. To draw, 
drag, prolong ; attract. 

Trajicio, ére, éci, ectum, (trans, 
jacio.) To throw over; carry 
over, transport, transfer. 

Tranquillitas, atis, f. Stillness 
or calmness of the sea, calm 
weather, a_calm; calmness, 
quietness, stillness, rest, ease, 
quiet, tranquillity, repose. 

Tranquillo, are, avi, atum, (tran- 


348 





TRIENNIUM 


. 


quillus.) To make calm or 
still ; allay, quiet, compose, tran- 
quillize. 

Transactus. See Transigo. 

Transeo, ire, wi, and i, itum, 
irreg. act. To go or pass 
over. 

Transfero, ferre, tuli,latum, tr- 
reg. act., (trans, fero.) To carry 
or bring over from one place to 
another; transfer, transport ; 
translate. 

Transfigo, ére, xi, zum, (trans, 
jigo.) To pierce through ; trans 
fix 


Transfugio, tre, agi, wgitum, 
(trans, fugio.) ‘To flee over te 
the other side ; desert, revolt. 

Transigo, ére, égi, actum, (trans, 
ago.) 'To drive or thrust through, 
pierce, stab ; pass or spend time ; 
finish or perform, transact ; con- 
clude, settle. 

Transitus, tis, m., (transeo.) A 
passage, going over. 

Translatus. See Transfero. 

Transporto, are, avi, atum, (trans, 
porto.) ‘To carry over, trans- 

~ port ; banish. 

Trecenti, @, a, pl. adj. (tres, 
centum.) ‘Three hundred. 

Tredecim, pl. adj. ind., (tres, de- 
cem.) hirteen. 

Tres, tres, tria, pl. adj. ‘Three. 

Tribunus, i, m., (tribus.) A tri- 
bune, the commander of a tribe ; 
tribuni militum, military _ tri- 
bunes, the chief officers of a le- 
gion, six in number; tribuni 
plebis, tribunes of the people, 
latterly ten: in number, magis- 
trates created for the purpose 

of protecting the rights of the 
people against the encroach- 
ments of the patricians. 

Tribuo, ére, ui, itum. To give, 
grant, bestow; allot, assign; 
ascribe, impute, Dat. v. 

Triduum, i, n., (tres, dies.) The 
space of three days. 

Triennium, i, n., (tres, annus.) 
The space of three years. 


- 


TRIERIS 


Triéris, is, f. A trireme, ship or 
galley of three banks of oars. 
Triginta, pl. adj. indecl , (tres.) 

Thirty. ; 

Trimestris, is, e, adj., (tres, 
mensis.) Of three months. 

Triplex, icis, adj., (tres, plico.) 
Threefold, triple. 

Tripus, ddis, m., (tres, pes.) A 
three-footed stool ; a tripod. 

Triremis, is, e, adj., (tres, remus.) 
Having three rows or benches 
of oars. 

Tristis, is, e, adj. Sad, sorrow- 
ful, dejected ; dismal, afflicting ; 
morose, sullen; cruel, austere ; 
grave, solemn. 

Triticum, i, n., (tero.) Wheat. 

Triumphus, i,m. A triumph. 

Triumvir, tri, m., (tres, vir.) 
One of three men united in 
office ; atriumvir. There were 
two remarkable triumvirates, 
fatal to Roman liberty. The 
first was composed of Julius 
Cesar, Pompey, and Crassus ; 
the second, of Augustus, Mark 
Antony, and Lepidus. 

Tropeum, i,n. A trophy, sign or 
token of victory ; victcry. 

Tu, pron., gen. tui. Thou. 

Tuba, e, f. A trumpet. 


Tueor, tuéri, tuitus or tutus, dep.|- 


To see, observe; behold; de- 
fend, protect. 

Tum, adv. Then, at that time. 
mien cum and tum follow one 

ther im. successive clauses, 
cum signifies both, tum and. 

Tumultus, is, m. Tumult, dis- 
turbance,. mutiny, uproar; sud- 
den and dangerous war, Milt. iv. 

Tunc, adv. Then, at that time. 

Tunica, @, f. A tunic, white 
woollen: vest worn under the 

; tunic or waistcoat. 

Turba, @, f. A crowd, multi- 
tude; disturbance, 
tumult. 

Turbidus, a, um, adj., (turba.) 
Muddy, turbid; tumultuous, 
turbulent, troublesome, Pelop. iv. 

30 


349 


confusion, 





UNDIQUE 


Turpis, is, e, adj. Ugly, de- 
formed, hideous; base, shame- 
ful, foul. 

Turpiter, adv. Basely, shame- 
fully, disgracefully. 

Tur pitido, inis, f. Ugliness, de- 
formity ;baseness, disgrace, in- 
famy. 

Tutéla, @, f., (tueor.) Defence, 
protection, patronage; guard- 
ianship, wardship, tutelage. 

Tuto, adv., (tutus.) Safely, se- 
curely. 

Tutus, a, um, adj., (tueor.) Safe, 
secure, out of danger. 

Tuus, a, um, adj. pron. Thy or 
thine. 

Tyrannis, idis, f., (tyrannus.) 
Tyranny, usurped sovereigny, 
Milt. viii. 

Tyrannus,i,m. A king; tyrant, 
usurper. . 


U, 
Ubi, adv. Where; when. 
Ubinam, adv. Where. 


Ulciscor, i, tus sum, dep, To 
revenge, avenge; take revenge 
on, punish. 

Ullus, a, um, adj. 

Ulterior or us, adj. 
the farther side. 

Ultimus, a, um, sup. ulter. First, 
most remote, oldest, earliest, 
farthest, most distant. 

Umquam. See Unquam. 

Una, adv. Together, in company 
with ; at the same time; in the 
same place. 

Unde, adv. Whence, from what 
place, by what means. 

Undecim, pl. adj. indecl., (unus, 
decem.) Eleven. — 

Undecimviri, drum, m., (unde- 
cim, vir.) Eleven men; Athe- 
nian magistrates, who had the 
charge of the prisons, and su- 
perintended the execution of 
malefactors. 

Undique, adv. From all parts of 
places, on every side. 


Any, any one. 
Farther, on 


UNGUENTUM 


Unguentum, i, n., (unguo.) Odor- 
iferous ointment, a perfume. 

Universus, a, um, adj., (unus, 
verto.) The whole, all together, 
universal. 

Unquam, adv. Ever, at any time. 

Unus, a, um, adj., gen. unius, 
dat. uni. One, alone. 

Unusquisque, unaqueque, unum- 
quodque, adj. pron. Every, 
every one. 

Urbanus, a, um, adj., (urbs.) Of 
or/pertaining to the city ; polite, 
refined, courteous. 

Urbs, is, *f A city, walled town. 

Usquam, adv. In any place, 
anywhere; to any place, any 
whither. . 

Usque, adv. Constantly, always; 
as far as; as long as; even 
unto; even until. 

Usira, @, f., (utor.) Use, usage ; 
usury, interest given for the use 
of money. 

Usus, a, um. See Utor. 

Usus, tis, m., (utor.) Use, prac- 
tice; experience; utility, ad- 
vantage; need, occasion; in- 
timacy, familiarity.’ 

Ut, con). and adv. That, as, how, 
when. 

Uter, ra, rum, adj. 
the two, which. 
Uter, ris,m. A bag or skin of 
leather blown up; leathern bot- 

tle. 

Uterque, utraque, utrumque, adj., 
gen. utriusque. Both the one 
and the other; both, each. 

Utilis, is, e, adj. . (utor.) Useful, 
fit; profitable, advantageous. 

Utilitas, atis, f., (utilis.) Utili- 
ty ; profit, advantage. 

Uiinam, conj., (uii.) 
I wish that! 

Utique, adv., (uti.) Certainly, 
surely ; then, therefore. 

Vior, i, usus sum, dep. To use, 
employ ; occupy, enjoy. 

Utpote, adv., (ut, potis.) As, 
seeing or considering, hecniies. 
inasmuch, as. 


Whether of 


O that! 


3850 


‘Valde, adv. 





VE 


Utrobique, adv., (uter.) On both 
sides, in both parts; every- 
where. 

Utrum, adv., (uter.) Whether. 

Uzor, Oris, f. A wife. 


We 
Vacatio, dnis, f., (vaco.) Exemp- 


tion or immunity from busi- 
ness ; leisure, vacation. 

Vacuefacio, ére, éci, actum, (va- 
cuus, fucio.) 'To make void or 
empty ; depopulate, Cim. ii. 

Vacuefactus. See Vacuefacio. 

Vadimonium, i, n., (vas, vadis.) 
A promise or bond to appear in 
a court of justice at a time ap- 
pointed ; bail, security. 

Vagina, e, f. A scabbard, sheath. 

Very much ; great- 
ly, exceedingly. 

Valens, tis, adj., (valeo.) In 
good health; strong, mighty, 
powerful. 

Valeo, ére, ii, itum. To be in 
health, be strong, be able ; pre- 
vail, be powerful. 

Valetudo, inis, f. The constitu- 
tion or bodily health; good 
health; bad health, sickness, 
Timol. iv. 

Vallum, i, n., (vallus.) A ram- 
part, bulwark ; @ military forti- 
fication round a camp or city 
besieged, composed of the eartk 
_ dug from the ditch, with sharp 
stakes driven into it. 

Valve, arum, f. Folding doors 07 
gates. 

Varietas, atis, f., (varius.) Va 
riety, diversity; fickleness, in- 
constancy. 

Varius, a, um, adj. Various, dif- 
ferent, unlike; changeable; 
fickle, inconstant. 

Vas, vasis, n. pl., vasa, 6rum.: 
A vessel; furniture; ba 

Vates, is, m. and Ee "A prophet, 
soothsayer ; poet. 

Ve, conj., used only in the end of 
words for vel. Or, either. 


VECTIGAL 


Vectigal, alis,n.,(veho.) Money 
paid for freight or carriage; 
toll, tax ; revenue, income. 

Vehiculum, i, n., (veho.) A car- 
riage of any kind, vehicle. 

Vel, conj. Or, either; even. 

Velocitas, atis, f., (velox.) Swift- 
ness, speed, nimbleness. 

Velum, i, n. A veil, curtain; 

_ sail. 

Velut,adv. As, like as; as if. 

Vendticus, a, um, adj.,. (venor.) 
Of hunting ; canis venaticus, a 
hound. 

Venatorius, a, um, adj., (venor.) 
Of or pertaining to hunters. 

Vendito, are, avi, atum, (freq. 
vendo.) 'To set up to sale; set 
off, recommend ; boast. 

Vendo, ere, idi, itum, (veneo, do.) 
To sell, expose to sale. 

Venenatus, a, um, adj. Infected 
with poison, envenomed; ven- 
omous, poisonous. 

Venénum, i, n. A drug; poison ; 
witchcraft. | 

Venereus, a, um, adj., (Venus.) 
Belonging to Venus; venereal, 
fair. 


Veneror, ari, atus sum, dep. To 
adore, reverence, worship, vene- 
rate, revere, show reverence to ; 
pray reverently, beseech, beg, 
entreat, crave humbly. . 

Venia, e, f. Leave, permission, 
Them. x.; favor, Dion. ii.; par- 
don. 

Venio, ire, éni, entum. To come; 
usu, happen. 

Venor, ari, atus, dep. 
pursue. 

Venter, ris, m. The belly, stom- 
ach. 

Ventito, are, avi, atum, (freq. 
venio.) ‘To come often, to fre- 
quent ; to haunt. 

Ventus, i, m. The wind. 
Venundo, dre, edi, dtum, (venum, 
do.) ‘To expose to sale, sell. 
Venustus, a, um, adj., (Venus.) 
Comely, graceful ; pleasant. 

Ver, veris, n. ‘The spring. 


To hunt, 


351 





VESTITUS 


Verber, ris, n., used in the sing 
only in the gen. and abl., but 
entire in the plur. A scourge; 
lash, blow. 

Verbosus, a, um, adj., (verbum.) 
Full of words, tedious, verbose. 
Verbum, i, n. A word, saying; 
speech; dare verba, impose 

upon. 

Vere, adv., (verus.) Indeed, veri- 
ly, truly 

Vereor, éri, itus sum, dep. To 
revere, reverence, Ait. xv. 3 
fear, dread, Pelop. i. 

Vergo, tre, —. © incline or lie 
towards, Cim. ii.; tend towards. 

Veritas, atis, f. Truth. . 

Vero, conj. But; truly, indeed. 

Versor, ari, dtus sum, dep., (ver- 
to.) ‘To be employed, be con- 
versant, Milt. viii.; to be, Them. 
viii. ; live, dwell, Caz. i. 

Verstra, @, f., (verto.) A turn- 
ing ; changing of creditors, bor- 
rowing from one to pay an- 
other, Ait. ii; money thus 
borrowed. 

Versus, tis, m. <A verse in poet- 
ry, poem; sentence or line in 
prose, Epam. iv. 

Verto, re, ti, sum. To turn; 
overturn. 

Verus, a, um, adj. True, real, 
sincere, just. 

Vesperascens, tis, part., (vesper.) 
Drawing towards evening. 

Vesperasco, ére, avi. To become 
evening; Jmp., evening draws 
near. 

Vester, ra, rum, adj. pron. Your 
or yours. 

Vestigium, i, n. The print of a 
foot, footstep; trace, track, ves- 
tige. 

Vestimentum, i, n., (vestis.) A 
garment, any kind of clothing, 
raiment, apparel. 

Vestio, ire, ivi, itum. To clothe, 
dress ; cover. 

Vestis, is, f. A garment, robe, 
vest. 

Vestitus, is, m. Clothing, clothes 


\ 


VETERANUS 


dress, apparel, raiment; /fig., 
clothing, dress, vesture. 

Veteranus, a, um, adj. Old, vet- 
eran; subs., a veteran, old 
soldier. 

Veto, are, ai, itum. To forbid; 
hinder, prevent. 

Vetus, ris, adj., comp. erior, sup. 
errimus. Old, ancient. 

Vetustas, atis, f. Antiquity; old 
age ; length of time. 

Vetustus, a, um, ad). 
cient. 

Vexo, are, avi, datum. To dis- 
turb greatly, agitate ; harass. 


Old, an- 


Via, ae, f. A way, journey. 

Vicesimus, a, um, adj., (viginti.) | 
Twentieth. 

Vicies, adv., coigetnts) Twenty 
times. 

Vicinitas, dtis, f.,  (vicinus.) 


Neighborhood, nearness, viciui- 
ty; the people in the neighbor- 
hood, Ale. x. 

Victor, dris, m., (vinco.) A con- 
queror, victorious, Ages. iv. 

Victoria, @, f., (victor.) Victory. 

Victus, a,um. See Vinco. 

Victus, ds, m., (vivo.) Food, sus- 
tenance, victuals; manner of 
living, Dion. iv. 

Vicus, i,m. A village; street. 

Video, ére, idi, tsum. To see; 
perceive or understand; pass., 
seem. 

Viduus, a, um, adj., (iduo, obs.) 
Deprived, bereft of ; subst., vi- 
dua, a widow. 

Vigeo, ére, ui, —. To be fresh, 
strong, vigorous ; flourish, pros- 

er. 

Vigesiinas. See Vicesimus. 

Vigilantia, @, f., (vigilo.) Watch- 
fulness ; vigilance, diligence, at- 
tention. 

Vigilia, @, f. Watching, want 
of sleep; military watch or 
guard by night ; sentinel, guard; 
vigilance. Military watches 
were changed at the end of 
every three hours, the first 
commencing at six o'clock in 


352 





VIRITIM 


the evening, and the last ter- 
minating at six o'clock in 
the morning; hence, secunda 
vigiliad, at nine o’clock ; tertia 
vigilid, at midnight, &c. 

Viginti, pl. adj. indecl. ‘Twenty. 

Vigilo, are, avi, dtum. To wake; 
want sleep; watch, be vigilant 
or attentive. 

Villa, e, f. A farmhouse; manor, 
villa, country-house of an opu- 
lent citizen. 

Vincio, ire, nxi, netum. To bind, 
tie. 

Vinclum. See Vineulum. 

Vinco, re, ici, ictum. To con- 
quer, vanquish, subdue. 

Vinctus, a, um. See Vincio. 

Vinctlum, i,n. A band, chain ; 
pl., chains, imprisonment. 

Vindico; are, avi, atum. To 
avenge or revenge; defend, pre- 
serve ; claim; libertatem, or se 
in libertatem, assert one’s lib- 
erty. ~ 

Vinea, e, f. A vineyard; a shed 
or mantlet ; a warlike machine 
made of wood and hurdles, 
covered with earth, raw hides, 
or any materials that could not 
easily be set on fire. These 
vinee@ were in assaults pushed 
forward on wheels; and the 
besiegers under them either 
worked the battering-ram, or 
undermined the walls. 

Vinolentus, a, um, adj., (vinum.) 
Addicted to the drinking of 
wine, drunken. 

Vinum, i, n. Wine. 

Violatus. See Violo. 

Violo, are, avi, atum, (vis.) To 
hurt, i injure, violate. 

Vir, iri, m. A man, husband: > 

Vires. See Vis. 

Virgo, inis, f. A virgm, maid, 
unmarried woman. 

Virgula, @, f., (dim. virga.) A 
little rod, twig, sprig, T’hras. iv. 

Virilis, is, e, adj., (vir.) Ofa 
man; manly, active, brave. 

Viritim, adv., (vir) Man by man 


VIRTUS 


Virtus, atis, f., (vir.) Valor, 
courage ; virtue, merit. 

Vis, vim, vi, f. Force, violence ; 
a quantity; pl., vires, ium, 
strength, power. 

Viso, ére, i, —. To go or come 
to see ; visit ; see, behold. 

Visus, a, um. See Video. 

Vita, @, f., (vivo.) Life; manner 
of living. ‘ 

Vitium, i, n. Vice, crime, fault ; 
defect, blemish ; disease. 

Vito, are, avi, atum. To shun, 
avoid. 

Vitulinus, a, um, adj., (vitulus.) 


Of a calf; vitulina caro, veal. © 


Vitulinum, i,n. Veal. 

Vivo, re, xi, ctum. To live. 

Vivus, a, um, adj.,(vivo.) Alive, 
living ; natural ; lively. 


Viz, adv. Searcely, hardly, with 
difficulty. 
Vocito, are, avi, datum, (freq. 


voco.) ‘To call often. 
Voco, are, avi, atum. To call, 
name ;- call, summon. 
Volo, velle, volui, irreg. neut. To 
be willing, will, wish. 
Volumen, inis, n., (volvo.) 
30* 


353 


AL 


VULTUS 


rolling, fold, wreath; volume, 
book, part of a book. The 
ancients wrote on one side only 
of the paper or parchment, al- 
ways joining one sheet to the 
end of another, till they had 
finished “what they had to 
write; then they rolled it on a 
cylinder, or round piece of 
wood; and hence the name 
volumen, @ scroll or volume. 
Volunias, atis, f., (volo.) Will, 
pleasure ; good-will, affection. 
Votum, i, n., (voveo.) A vow, 
promise made to the Deity; 
thing vowed ; prayer, wish. 
Vox, vocis, f., (voco.) A voice, 
word, speech, vote. 
Vulgo, adv. Commonly, generally. 
Vulgus, i, m. and n., more fre- 
quently neuter. The common 
people. 
Vulnéro, are, avi, datum, (vulnus.) 
| To wound, hurt; offend. 
Vulnus,éris, n. A wound; ca- 
lamity, misfortune, Dion. vi. 
Vulpes, is, f. A fox. 
-Vultus, tis,m. The countenance, 
look, aspect ; face. 





354 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 





A. 


Acarnanes, um, m., the Acarnanians, or inhabitants of Acarnania. 

Acarnania, @, f., a district of Epirus, in Grecia Propria, extending 
from the river Achelous, now called Aspro Potamo, to the Sinus 
Ambracius, the modern Gulf of Arta. 

Ace, es, Aco, or Acco, called likewise Ptolemais, a town of Pheenicia, 
in Syria, on the eastern shore of the Levant; its modern name is 
Acre. 

Achéron, tis, m., a river in Thesprotia, a district of Epirus, which 
flows through the lake Acherusia, into a bay called Portus, or 
Sinus Glykys, the sweet bay, from the sweetness of its waters. 
Near this river was the Jake Aornus, or Avernus, said to exhale 
a vapor so pestilential as to kill birds that attempted to fly over it. 
Hence Acheron and Avernus have been feigned by the poets as 
a river and lake of hell, and are used likewise to signify hell or 
death, Dion. x. 

Acta@i, drum, m., inhabitants of Attica, called anciently Acta. 

Adimantus, i, m., an Athenian general, chosen along with Thrasybu- 
lus as a colleague of Alcibiades in the Spartan war. He was de- 
feated by the inhabitants of Cyme, whose lands he had ravaged, 
and compelled to return precipitately to his ships. | . 

Admétus, i, m.,a king of the Molossians, at whose court Themistocles 
took refuge, when, after being banished by his countrymen, he 
was accused of an intention to betray them to the Persians. 

Adrumetum, or Hadrumetum, i, n., a town in Africa Propria, several 
miles to the east of Carthage. 

Zige, arum, or Edessa, @, f., a city of Macedonia, where Philip was 
slain. 

Aigites, um, f., gades, or Auguse, three small islands opposite to 
Lilybeum Marsalla, a town and promontory in the west corner 
of Sicily. 

. Aigos pisces in Greek Aigos Potamos, the goat’s river, in the Thra- 

cian Chersonesus, at the mouth of which the Lacedemonians, 

under Lysander, obtained a decisive victory over the Athenians, 
commanded by Philocles. This battle was fatal to Athenian 
liberty. 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 355 


Aigyptus, i, f.,a celebrated kingdom in the northeast corner of Africa. 

Aigyptius, a, um, adj., Egyptian, of Egypt. 

Aimilius, Lucius Paulus, a Roman consul, who, in opposition to his 
own judgment, was forced by the rashness of his colleague, 
Terentius Varro, into an engagement with Hannibal, at Canne. 
The defeat of the Romans was decisive, and A’milius was slain 
Another of the same name is said by Polybius to have been con- 
sul the year that Hannibal died. 

Miblia, e, or ALblis, idos, f., a country in Asia Minor, between My- 
sia and Ionia, bounded by the river Caicus (now Grimaldi) on 
the north, and by the Hermus (now Sarabat) on the south. 

Afer, ri, m., an African. 

Africa, @, f., Africa, one of the four divisions of the world, to the 

* ,south of Europe, from which it is separated by the Mediterranean 
sea. ‘The greater part of this continent lies within the tropics, 
and the immense deserts of sand in its interior, exposed to the 
rays of a vertical sun, are so hot as to be altogether intolerable. 
Comparatively little of this continent was known to the ancieiits ; 
and though its coasts have been explored by the moderns, it 
seems to defy al] the attempts of Europeans to penetrate its interior. 
Africa was divided by the ancients into nine districts —Egypt ; 
Cyrenaica, including Marmarica, now Barca; Regio Syrtica, or 
the countries between the Syrtes, afterwards called Tripolis, or 
Tripolitana, now Tripoli; Africa Propria, or the territory of 
Carthage, now Tunis; Numidia, now Algiers; Mauritania, now 
Morocco and Fez; Getulia, to the south of Mauritania; Libya, 
including the interior parts; and Ethiopia, the southern: of the 
last three divisions the boundaries were undetermined. 

Africanus, a, um, adj., belonging to Africa, African. 

Africanus, i,m., a title by which Publius Cornelius Scipio was distin- 
guished as the conqueror of Hannibal; and Publius 4 milianus 
Scipio as the destroyer of Carthage. 

Agamemnon, dnis, m., king of Argos and Mycene, brother of Mene- 
laus, and commander-in-chief of the Greeks in the Trojan war. 
On his return from the conquest of Troy he was murdered by his 
wife, Clyternnestra, and her paramour, A®gisthus. 

Agesilaus, i, m., a Spartan king, who was recalled from pursuing his 
victories in Persia to oppose the Grecian states, whom the Persian 
gold had united against the Lacedemonians. He at length suc- 
ceeded in subduing them. He died on his return from Egypt, at 
the age of eighty. 

Agis, is, m.,a king of Sparta, who distinguished himself in the war 
against Athens. 

Agnonides, is, m., a rhetorician of Athens, put to death for falsely 
accusing Phocion. 

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, a celebrated Roman general, attached 
to the cause of Augustus in the civil wars. He embellished Rome 
with some magnificent buildings, particularly the Pantheon. 

Albinus, i, m., Aulus Posthumus, a Roman consul, (colleague of Lu- 
cullus,) who wrote the history of Rome in Greek. 

Alcibiides, is, m., an Athenian, distinguished*alike by his splendid 
talents, caprice, and want of principle: alternately the protector 


856 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


and betrayer of his country, he showed himself qualified to be its 
greatest benefactor, or its most formidable enemy. Yet the in- 
gratitude of his countrymen may serve as a faint apology for the 
aid which he sometimes gave to their adversaries. Of his talents © 
a more striking proof could not be given than his excelling the 
natives of every country which he visited, even in those qualities 
for which they were most distinguished. 

Alcemeon, bnis, m., son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle ; he die his 
mother in revenge for her betraying the concealment of Amphia- 
raus to Polynices, when entering upon the Theban war. 

Alexander, ri, m., Alexander the Great, son of Philip, king of Mace- 
don, conqueror of Greece and Asia; he died at Babylon, in the 
32d year of his age, 326 years before the Christian era. 

Alexander, ri, m., a tyrant of Phere, in Thessaly, who, contrary to 
the law of nations, threw Pelopidas into prison while ambassador 
at his court. He was murdered by his wife and her brothers. 

Alexandria, @, f., a city in Egypt, built by Alexander the Great. 

Alpes, ium, f., the highest mountains in Europe, forming the northern 
wall of Italy, and stretching through Switzerland, the Tyrol, 
Piedmont, Savoy, and part of France. These mountains sepa- 
rated Italy from ancient Gaul and Germany. 

Alpinus, a, um, adj., belonging to the Alps ; Alpine. 

Amphipilis, is, f., a city of Macedonia, situate on the river Strymon, on 
the confines of Thrace. 

Amyntas, @, m., a king of Macedonia, father of Philip, and grand- 
father of Alexander the Great. 

Andocides, is, m., an Athenian orator, contemporary with Socrates. 

Anicia, e, f., the niece of Atticus, and wife of Servius Sulpicius. 

Antigénes, is, m., one of Alexander’s generals, and commander of the 
Macedonian phalanx. 

Antigonus, i, m., one of Alexander’s generals, who, after that con- 
queror’s death; obtained the sovereignty of Pamphylia, Lycia, and 
Phrygia. He opposed Eumenes and Perdiccas, the former of 
whom he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved to death. At 
the age of eighty he took the field against Lysimachus and Se- 
leucus, and fell in battle. 

Antidchus, i, m., a king of Syria, i in whose court "Hainatbal took refuge 
when afraid of being given up by his countrymen to the Romans. 
At the instigation of that restless warrior, Antiochus undertook to 
invade Italy, but was speedily defeated by the Roman armies. 

Antipiter, ris, or ri, m., one of Alexander’s generals, whom he in- 
trusted with the government of Macedonia during his absence: 
after the death of Alexander Macedonia fell to the lot of Antipater. 

Antonius, i, m., Marcus, the devoted friend of Julius Cesar, ‘and the 
avenger of his death. Cicero, who had inveighed against his 
vices with great severity and eloquence, fell a victim to his re- 
sentment, when Antonius was associated in the triumvirate with 
Octavius and Lepidus. In the distribution which the triumviri 
made of the empire Antony obtained the government of the east, 

_ His insolent and dissolute behavior in Egypt provoked the enmity 
of Octavius, wh6 defeated him in a great naval battle at Actium ; 
and Antony, returning to Egypt, killed himself. | 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 357 


Apenninus, i, m., a ridge of mountains stretching from Liguria, Genoa, 
through the whole length of Italy, an extent of about four hun- 
dred miles. 

Apollo, inis, m., the son of Jupiter and Latona, born at the same 
time with his sister Diana, on the island of Deles. One of his 
first exploits was to slay the huge serpent Python, by which his 
mother had been persecuted ; in honor of this achievement he in- 
stituted the Pythian games. He was the god of poetry, music, 
medicine, divination, and archery. As the god of day he was 
likewise called Phebus or Sol. He is generally represented as a 

- beardless youth, with long uncut hair, crowned with laurel, hold- 
ing in his right hand a bow and arrows, and in his left hand a 
harp or lyre. 

Apollocrates, is, m., a son of Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse. 

_ Appia, @, sc. via, a magnificent road from Rome to Brundusium, a 
distance of three hundred and sixty miles. It was begun and 
about half finished by aie Claudius, the censor, in the year of 
Rome 441. 

Apulia, e, f., a district of Italy, on the Adriatic sea, now called Pug- 
lia, extending from the river Frento to Brundusium and Tarentum. 

Arcidia, e, f., a celebrated pastoral country in the centre of the Pe- 
loponnesus. 

Arcas, didis, or ddos, m., the son of Jupiter and Calisto, and king of 

~ the country which derived from him the name of Arcadia :—an 
Arcadian. 

Archias, @, m., the chief magistrate of Thebes when Pelopidas re- 
stored the liberty of his country. 

Ardea, @, f., a town of Latium, eighteen miles from Rome. 

Ardeatinus, a, um, adj., of Ardea. 

Aréte, es, f., a daughter of Dionysius. 

Argilius, i, m., a young man who discovered to the Ephori of Sparta 
the treasonable correspondence of Pausanias with Artabazus. 

Argivi, 6rum, m., citizens of Argos. 

Argos, C08, Ns plur. Argi, drum, m., the capital of the district of Ar- 

is, in the Peloponnesus. 

Ariobarzanes, is, m., a prefect of Lydia and Ionia, under Artaxerxes. 

Aristides, is, m., a celebrated Athenian, the contemporary and rival 
of Themistocles, and distinguished for his probity by the honorable 
appellation of the just. ‘Though intrusted with the charge of the 
treasury, he died in such poverty that he was buried at the public 
expense. 

Aristomiche, es, f., the sister of Dion, and wife of Dionysius, tyrant 
of Syracuse. 

Arménia, e, f., Major, a mountainous country in Asia, now called 
Turcomania. Its most remarkable mountains are Taurus, Anti- 
taurus, Niphates, and Ararat, on which Noah’s ark first rested 
after the flood. 

Arménia, @, f., Minor, a country of Asia, bounding Armenia Major 
on the southwest. 

Arménii, orum, m., inhabitants of Armenia. 

,i, m.,ason of Datames. He fell, in the flower of youth, 
in a battle ‘with the Piside. 


358 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


Artabanus, i, m., a Persian, uncle to Xerxes, whom he assassinated in 
the hope of mounting the throne. He was put to death, however, 
by Artaxerxes, the son of Xerxes. 

Artabazus, i, m.,a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. 
He fled from Greece on the defeat of Mardonius. 

Artaphernes, is, m., a Persian general, sent by Darius to invade 
Greece with a powerful army, and defeated at Marathon by Mil- 
tiades. 

Artaxerxes, is, m., a king of Persia, who succeeded his father, Xerxes. 

Artémisium, i, n., a promontory on the northeast of the island of Eu- 
bora. ; 

Asia, @, f., one of the four great continents of the world, inferior in 
extent to America, but exceeding both Europe and Africa taken 
together. Its length, from 26° E. Long. to 170° west of London, | 
is 164 degrees, which may be computed at about 7,583 British 
miles. Its breadth, from 2° to 77° N. Lat., is about 5,250 miles. 
Asia is the most celebrated of the continents. It was here that 
the first man was placed by the hands of his Creator; it was — 
here that God first promulgated his laws to mankind ; and it was 
here that the Saviour of men passed the whole of his mortal life. — 
Of this continent very vague ideas were entertained by the an- — 
cients, to whom not above one quarter of it appears to have been 
known. Its principal divisions were, Asia Minor; Colchis, Ibe- — 
ria, and Albania; Armenia; Syria; Arabia; Babylonia and 
Chaldea; Mesopotamia; Assyria; Media ; Persia and Susiana ; — 
Parthia, Hyrcania, Margiana, Bactriana, and Sogdiana ; India ; 
and Scythia. 

Asia Minor, a region of Asia, to the east of the Archipelago, now — 
called Anatolia. It was not distinguished by the name of 
Minor till about the middle ages. 

Aspendus, i, f., a town of Pamphylia, in Asia Minor. 

Aspendii, orum, m., inhabitants of Aspendus,—Aspendians. | 

Aspis, is, or idis, m., a satrap of Cataonia, who, having revolted fv 
Artaxerxes, was reduced by Datames. 

Astu, n. ind., the city ; a namé given by way of eminence to the oity4 
of Athens. 

Athamanes, um, m., a people of Epirus, near Acarnania and A®tolia. 

Athéne, arum, f., the capital of Attica, and the most celebrated city 
of ancient Greece for external elegance, and for the ingenuity of — 
its inhabitants, and their proficiency in polite learning, science, — 
and arts. 

Atheénienses, ium, m., Athenians ; inhabitants of Athens. 

Athéniensis, is, e, adj. ., Athenian; of Athens. | 

Attica, e, f., a country of Gredes; situated on the western shore of the’ 
Archipelago, and from its maritime situation called likewise ‘Acte, , 
or the coast. It was about fifty miles in length from Eleusis to 
Sunium. . 

Atticus, a, um, adj., Attic ; of Attica. 

Atticus, i, m., a name given to Titus Pomponius, a Roman knight i 
from his long residence in Athens. 

Aulus, i, m., a prenomen common among the Romans, as Aulus Tore 
quatus, ‘Asie Gellius, &c. 










F 
bs, 
: 





4 


-_——  « — 


—_—— = * 


= Ll 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 359 
Aurelius, i, m., L. Cotta, a Roman consul in the time of Hannibal. 
Automatia, @, f., Avropatia, the goddess of Fortune, or the temple of 
that goddess. 


_ Autophriédates, is, m., a general of the Persian monarch Artaxerxes. 


B. 


Babylon, dnis, f., the capital of Chaldea, and long the most celebrated 
city in the world. ‘The river Euphrates flowed through the mid- 
dle of it from north to south. Scarce a vestige of it now remains. 

Bebius, i, m., M. Tamphilus, a Roman consul. 

Bageus, i, m., the name of one of the assassins sent by Pharnabazus 
to dispatch Alcibiades. 

Balbus, i, m., Lucius Cornelius, a friend of Atticus. 


_ Barcas, @, m., the surname of Hamilcar, son of Hannibal. 
_ Bithyni, drum, m., Bithynians; inhabitants of Bithynia. 





_ Bithynia, e, f.,a country of Asia Minor, extending along the south 


of the Euxine Sea, from the Thracian Bosphorus (Straits of Con- 
stantinople) to the river Parthenius, now called Bartin. 
Beotia, e, f., a country of Greece, having Attica and Megaris on the 
east, and extending from the Euripus to the Corinthian Gulf. It 
‘was covered with a thick atmosphere, which was supposed to ren- 
der the inhabitants dull and stupid. The energy displayed by the 
Beotians, under Epaminondas and Pelopidas, was a sufficient 
refutation of that opinion. 


_ Beoticus, a, um, adj., of Beotia, Beotian. 
 Bedtii, drum, m., inhabitants of Beotia, Beotians. 


. 


Borni, drum, m., a castle in Chersonesus. 

Brutus, i, m., the name of an illustrious Roman family, the first of 
whom, Lucius Junius, having obtained-the name of Brutus from 
his affecting idiocy to escape the tyranny of Tarquin the Proud, 
became afterwards the avenger of Lucretia and the parent of 
Roman liberty. Marcus Brutus, many centuries after, inheriting 
his great progenitor’s passion for liberty, was the chief conspirator 
against Julius Cesar, who aspired to sovereign power. After the 
murder of Cesar he was defeated by Antony, in the battle of 
Philippi, and, in despair of his country’s freedom, killed himself. 


_ Byzantium, i, n., a city in Thrace, now called Constantinople, from 


Constantine the Great, who transferred thither from Rome the 
seat of empire, a. p. 330. It is now the capital of the Turkish 
empire. 

Byzantii, orum, m., the inhabitants of Byzantium. 


 Byzia, e, f., a small fort in Thrace. 


C. 


_ Cadméa, e, f., the citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. 
| Cadisii, 6rum, m., a people of Asia, situated petween Pontus and the 


Caspian Sea. 


| Cacilius, i, m., a Roman knight, uncle to Atticus. 
_ Cesar, aris, m., the surname of the Julian family at Rome. After 


being dignified by Julius Cesar, who was the founder of the im- 


360 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


perial government, it became the surname of the succeeding em 
perors and their heirs apparent. 

Cesarianus, a, um, adj., of Ceesar. 

Caius, i, m., a common prenomen among the ancient Romans. 
Calidius, i, m., Lucius Julius,a contemporary and friend of Atticus, 
eminent for his wealth, virtues, learning, and poetical genius, 

Callias, @, m., a rich Athenian, who married the sister of Cimon. 

Callicrates, is, m., a crafty and unprincipled Athenian, who, under 
pretence of hospitality, ordered Dion, of Syracuse, to be mur- 
dered. 

Calliphron, énis, m., a man by whom Epaminondas was taught to 
dance. 

Callisirdtus, i, m., an eloquent Athenian, who was sent as ambassa- 
dor to Arcadia, at the same time with Epaminondas, while each 
of them sought for his own state the alliance of the Arcadians. 

Camillus, i, m., Lucius Furius, a celebrated Roman general, who, 
after several splendid victories, had been banished by his ungrate- 
ful countrymen. During his exile, while Rome was besieged by 
Brennus, the Gaul, and the Romans were submitting to iguomin- 
ious terms of accommodation, Camillus, arriving with an army, 
defeated the barbarians and delivered the city. 

Camissares, is, m., father of Datames, the Carian. 

Canne, arum, f., a city of Apulia, famous for the fourth and greatest 
of the victories which Hannibal gained over the Romans, who 
were commanded by Terentius Varro and Paulus A‘milius. 

Cannensis, is, e, adj., of Canne. 

Capitolium, i,*n., the capitol of Rome, a celebrated temple of Jupiter, 
built on the Tarpeian hill. In digging the foundation, the head 
of a maf named Toltfs is said to have been found, bleeding afresh ; 
hence it was called Capitolium, as if caput Toli. : 

Cappadicia, a2, f. An extensive country of Asia, having Phrygia’ on 
the west, and Armenia on the east. This country was bequeathed 
by Alexander to Eumenes. On the extinction of the royal fam- 
ily, the Romans offered the Cappadocians a republican govern- 
ment, which they refused to accept. ‘The inhabitants were called © 
Syri by the Greeks; and, as the Romans procured most of their 
slaves from Cappadocia, Syrus is often put for the name of a 
slave. ‘ . 

Cappidox,.dcis, m. or f., a Cappadocian, or inhabitant of Cappadocia. 
A river in Cappadocia. 

Captiani, drum, a people of Asia, (probably of Asia Minor,) whose 
situation is unknown to geographers. 

Capua, e, f., an ancient town of Campania, near Naples, situated in 
the middle of a beautiful plain, about two miles and a half from 
the Volturno. It was a place of great magnificence and luxury. 
The troops of Hannibal having spent the winter here, after the 
battle of Canne, became so enervated, that they never after en- 
gaged the Romans without being defeated. 

Car, aris, m., a Carian, an inhabitant of Caria. 

Carddces, ium, m., a kind of soldiers among the Persians. 

Cardia, @, f., a city of Thrace. 

Cardianus, a, um, adj., of Cardia. 







HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 861 


Cares, is, m. or f., an inhabitant of Caria, a Carian. 

Caria, e; f., a country of Asia Minor, between the Meander (now the 
Meinder) and the Xanthus or Scamander in the Troas. 

Carthago, inis, f., the most celebrated city of ancient Africa, long the _ 
formidable rival of Rome. It was built by a colony of Tyrians, 
under Dido, about sixty-five years before the foundation of Rome ; 
and destroyed by Scipio Africanus, the younger, in the third 
Punic war, about one hundred and forty-seven years before 
Christ. It was twenty-three miles in circumference, and on being 

~ set fire to by the Romans, is said to have burned seventeen whole 
days. It was partly rebuilt by Julius Cesar, Augustus, and 
Adrian, and was finally demolished by the Saracens, in the seventh 
century. Its ruins are still to be seen about fifteen miles north- 
east of Tunis. 

Carthaginiensis, is, m. or f., a Carthaginian. 

Carthaginiensis, is, e, adj., of Carthage. 

Cassander, ri, m., the son of Antipater, whom he succeeded on the 
throne of Macedonia. 

Cassius, i, m., Caius, one of the principal conspirators against 
Julius Cesar. Being defeated by Antony, in the decisive battle 
of Philippi, he ordered his freedman to pierce him through, with 
that very sword which he had stained in the blood of Cesar. 
Brutus lamented him as the last of the Romans. 

Cataonia, @, a country in Asia, near Cappadocia. 

Cato, onis, m., a surname of the Porcian family in Rome. This 
family was first rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, generally 
known by the name of Cato the Censor. He was distinguished 
by his ardent love of his country, the austerity of his manners, 
and his inflexible integrity. His great political maxim was the 
necessity of destroying Carthage; and the invariable conclusion 
of all his speeches in the senate was, DELENDA Est CarTHaGo. 
fie died in extreme old age, about 150 years before Christ.—Of 
equal celebrity was Marcus Caro, generally surnamed Uticensis, 
great-grandson of the censor. He was rigid in reforming abuses ; 
his virtue was inflexible, and his veracity proverbial. In the civil 
war between Cesar and Pompey, he espoused the cause of the 
latter; and when, after the battle of Pharsalia, he was about to 
be besieged by Cesar in Utica, he killed himself, to prevent his 
falling alive into the victor’s hands, having previously fortified 
himself against the fear of death by reading Plato’s treatise on 
the immortality of the soul. 

Catullus, i, m., Caius or Quintus Valerius, a native of Verona, who, 
in the age of Cesar and Cicero, acquired great fame by his poeti- 
cal talents. In his epigrams, he has imitated the Greek writers 
with success, and was the first who introduced their numbers 
into Latin poetry. He lampooned Cesar, whose only revenge 
was, to invite the poet, and entertain him hospitably at his table. 

Catilus, i, m., Quintus Lutatias, a Roman general; defeated Hamil- 
car, and destroyed six hundred of the Carthaginian nae This 
terminated the first Punic war. 

Centenius, i,m, C., a Roman pretor, slain in an engagement with 
Hannibal. * 

| 


362 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


Ceraunus, i, m., a surname of Ptolemy IL., signifying thunder, and 
expressive of his boldness. 

Cethégus, i, m., Publius Cornelius, a Roman consul. 

Chabrias, @, m., a celebrated Athenian general, who signalized him- 
self by supporting the Beotians against Agesilaus, and by the 
conquest of Cyprus. 

Chalcioecus, i, m., a brazen temple of Minerva, in Lacedemon, in 
which Pausanias sought refuge from the just indignation of his 
countrymen. See Pausanias. ; 

Chalcis, idis, f., now called Egripo, the chief town of the island 
Eubeea. 

Chaonia, @, f., a division of Epirus. 

Chaones, um, m., the inhabitants of Chaonia. 

Chares, étis, an Athenian general, contemporary with Chabrias. 

Charon, 6nis, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas, and 
his patriotic friends, when they returned from exile to emancipate 
their country from tyranny. | 

Chersonésus, i, f., a peninsula of Thrace, formed by the bay of M 
and the Propontis, (sea of Marmora.) ‘This peninsula extended 
about fifty miles in length. Other peninsule are likewise distin- 
guished by the name of Chersonesus, as the Chersonesus Aurea, 
Matacca; Ohersonesus Cimbrica, Jurtann; Chersonesus Tau- 

rica, Crim TarTary. 

Chios, or us, i, f., Scio, an island in the AX.gean Sea, betwe6n Lesbos 
and Samos, about 125 miles in circumference, famous for its wine 
and beautiful marble. : 

Cicéro, Onis, m., (1,) the most eloquent and accomplished of the Ro- 
mans, was born at Arpinum, a town of the Volsci, in Latium. 
By suppressing, while consul, the dangerous conspiracy of Cati- 
line, he merited the appellation of father of his country. After 
the ruin of Roman liberty, he was proscribed by the ‘Triumviri, 
at the desire of Mark Antony, against whose vices he had in- 
veighed with great severity in those celebrated orations called his 
Philippics. He was killed by the soldiers of Antony, who, in 
brutal triumph, ordered his head and right hand to be fixed up in 
the Forti, where his eloquence had so often been the protection 
of the innocent and the terror of the guilty. His splendid orations, 
and his voluminous writings on rhetoric.and philosophy, compre- 
hending, and finely illustrating all the science of the times, entitle 
him to the first rank among Roman authors, and will remain im- 

.perishable monuments of his unrivalled genius and erudition. 
(2,) Quintus, brother of M. Cicero. 
Cilices, um, m., inhabitants of Cilicia. 
Cilicia, @, f.,a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Mediter- 


ranean, north from Cyprus, south from Mount Taurus, and west — 


from the Euphrates. It was divided into three districts, Cilicia 
Aspera, or Tracheotis; Cilicia Campestris, or Pedias; and Cilicia 
Propria. It was enclosed by mountains, which had only a few 
narrow passes, called Pyle, or gates. 

Cimon, dnis, m., an Athenian general, son of Miltiades, renowned for 
his valor and his liberality to his fellow-citizens. On one day he 
defeated the Persian fleet, taking two hundred ships, and totally 


a 





HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 363 


routed their army by land. He died in the fifty-first year of his 
age, while besieging Citium a town of Cyprus. 

Cinna, @, m., Lucius Cornelius, a Roman gen:>ral, the contemporary 
and rival of Sylla. Having been banished by Octavius for at- 
tempting to free the fugitive slaves, he joined Marius, and re- 
entering Rome with thirty legions, deluged the city with blood. 
He was assassinated by one of his own officers at Ancona, while 
preparing for hostilities against Sylla 

Cinnanus, a, um, adj., belonging to Cinna. 

Citium, i, n., now Cite, a town of Cyprus. 

Clastidium, i, n., Scu1aTezzo, a town of Liguria, or Genoa. 

Claudius, i, m., Marcus, a Roman consul in the time of Hannibal. 

Cleon, tis, m., an orator of Halicarnassus, who, in an oration which 
he composed for Lysander, hinted the propriety of making the 
kingdom of Sparta elective. 

Clineas, @, m., an Athenian, father of Alcibiades. 

Cnidus, i, f., a town of Caria, in Asia Minor. 

Coléne, drum, f., a town of Troas in Asia Minof. 

Conon, onis, m., an Athenian generalyson of Timotheus. Having 
been defeated in a naval battle by Lysander, at AZgos Potamos, 
he retired in voluntary exile to the court of Artaxerxes, king of 
Persia, by whose assistance he was enabled to free his country 
from slavery. Being betrayed by a Persian, he was thrown into 
prison, where he died. 

Corcyra, e, f., Corfu, an island in the Ionian Sea, separated from 

pirus by a narrow strait. It is ninety-seven miles in length. 

Corcyrei, drum, m., inhabitants of Corcyra. 

Corcyreus, a, um, adj., of Corcyra. 

Corinthus, i, f., anciently called Ephyra, the capital of Achaia Pro- 
pria, was situated between the Sinus “orinthiacus (Gulf of Le- 
panto) and the Sinus Saronicus, (Gulf 3° Egina.) Corinth was 
taken and burnt by Mummius, the Roman consul, sz. c. 147, and 
rebuilt by Julius Cesar, who sent thither a colony of freedmen. 

Corinthius, a, um, adj., of Corinth. 

Corénéa, @, f.,a town of Beotia, celebrated for the defeat of the 
Athenians and their allies by Agesilaus. 

Cotys, i, m., a king of Thrace, whose daughter was married to Iphi- 
crates. 

Cratérus, i, m., a favorite general of Alexander the Great, whose life 
he wrote. On the partition of Alexander’s dominions, after his 
death, Greece and Epirus were allotted to Craterus. He fell in a 
battle against Eumeues, in Asia, B. c. 328. 

Creta, @, f., Canpia, an island in the Mediterranean, to the southwest 
of the Archipelago. It is two hundred and seventy miles in 
length, and fifty in breadth, abounding in mountains covered with 
wood, having fertile valleys interspersed. This island is said to 
have*contained, in ancient times, a hundred cities. 

Cretenses, ium, m., the inhabitants of Crete. 

Crimessus, i, m., a river of Sicily, called likewise Crimisus, or Crini- 
sus, now Caltabellota. 

Crithéte, es, f., called likewise Erchtho, a town of the Thracian 
Chersonesus, situated on the Hellespont. | 


864 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


Critias, @, m., the chief of the thirty tyrants of Athens. He fell in a 
battle with Thrasybulus, the asserter of his country’s freedom, 
B. c. 403. 

Cyclades, um, f., islands in the Augean Sea, so called from a Greek 
word, signifying a circle, because they lay in a circular form 
round Delos. 

Cyme, es, f., a city of A®olia, in Asia Minor, situated on the Gulf of 
Smyrna. Its modern name is Foia, or i ochia. 

Cyprii, orum, m., inhabitants of Cyprus. 

Cyprus, i, f., an island in the eastern extremity of the Mediterranean, 
one hundred and fifty miles long and seventy broad. ‘This island 
was sacred to Venus. 

Cyréne, arum, f., a celebrated city in the province of Cyrenaica, in 
Africa. It was founded by a colony of Greeks from the island 
Thera, and was situated about eleven miles from the sea. 

Cyrenei, rum, m., inhabitants of Cyrene. 

nd ie i, m., Major, king of the Persians, and son of Cambyses and 
Mandane. He defeated his grandfather Astyages, whose king- 
dom (Media) he rendered tributary to Persia. He conquered 
Cresus, king of Lydia, invaded Assyria, and took its capital 
(Babylon) by turning the course of the Euphrates. He was at 
last defeated by ‘Tomyris, queen of the Massagete, who cut off 
his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, ex- 
claiming, ‘‘ Now satiate thyself with human blood, for which thou 
hast ever thirsted.”—s. c. 532. 

Cyrus, i, m., Minor, the brother of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, whom, 
with the assistance of the Greeks, he attempted to dethrone. The 
brothers met at the head of their respective armies, and rushing 
furiously against each other, Cyrus was slain, B. c. 403. 

Cyzicus, i, f., a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on the Propontis, or 
sea of Marmora. 

Cyzicénus, a, um, adj., of Cyzicus. 


D. 


Damon, dnis, m., a poet and musician of Athens, the intimate friend 
of Pericles. | 

Darius, i, m., son of Hystaspes, was raised to the throne of Persia, 
after the murder of Smerdis. He provoked the enmity of the 
Greeks by attacking the Ionians, and particularly of the Athe- 
nians, by sheltering their exiled tyrant Hippias. Stimulated to 
revenge by their opposition, he resolved to carry the war into the 
heart of their country. His first invading army, commanded by 
Mardonius, was destroyed by the Thracians. He then sent a 
more formidable army, under the ‘command of Datis and Arta- 
phernes, who were defeated by Miltiades, in the celebrated battle 
of Marathon. He was preparing to revenge in person this severe 
blow, when he died, 8. c. 487, bequeathing to his son Xerxes his 

_ revenge against the Greeks. 

Datimes, is, m., an able general of Artaxerxes, king of Persis, being 
rendered obnoxious to his sovereign by the intrigues of his enemies 
at court, took up arms in his own defence. He was murdered by 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 365 


Mithridates, king of Pontus, who had invited him to his court 
with the warmest professions of friendship. 

Datis, is, m., one of the generals of Darius, defeated by Miltiades, in 
the battle of Marathon. 

Decelia, @, f.,now Biala Castro, a village of Attica, which the Lace- 
demonians fortified by the advice of Alcibiades. 

Delos, i, f., the central island of the Cyclades,—the birthplace of 
Apollo and Diana. " 

Delphi, drum, m., now Saloni, or Castri, the chief town of Phocis, a 
country in Greece, was situated at the foot of Mount Parnassus, 
near the Castalian spring. It was famous for the temple and 
oracle of Apollo. 

Delphicus, a, um, adj., of Delphi. 

Demédes, is, m., an Athenian orator, who advised his countrymen to 
deliver up Athens to Antipater. 

Demenétus, i, m., a factious Syracusan and enemy of Timoleon. 
Demetrius, i, m., Phalereus, an Athenian, who, when his fellow- 
citizens, after the death of Alexander, were divided into two fac- 
tions, favored the faction of the nobles——When Cassander made 
himself master of Athens, he intrusted the government of it to 
Demetrius Phalereus, in whose hands it continued for ten years. 
By his wise and moderate administration, he excited such grati- 
tude in the Athenians, that they erected three hundred brazen 
statues to his honor. While Athens was enjoying this interval 
of tranquillity and happiness, it was suddenly besieged and taken 
by Demetrius Poliorcetes; the popular form of government was 
restored, and Phalereus retired first to Cassander, and afterwards 
to the court of Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt. Here he spent his 
time in his favorite pursuits of learning and philosophy, and in 
composing several works on the subject of the government. 

Demetrius, i, m., surnamed Poliorcetes, or taker of cities, was the 
son of Antigonus, the most powerful of Alexander’s generals, 
among whom the dominions of that'conqueror were divided after 
his death. Having delivered Athens from the tyranny of Cas- 
sander, he was revered by the Athenians as a god. Yet, after 
the fatal battle of Ipsus, in which Antigonus was slain, and De- 
metrius obliged to retire with great loss, that fickle and ungrate- 
ful people shut their gates against him. He soon reduced them, 
however, to subjection, and again treated them with lenity. 
After establishing himself on the throne of Macedonia, the loss 
of some of his eastern possessions recalled him to Asia. There, 
after various reverses, he retired to the court of his son-in-law 
Seleucus, who detained him a captive for three years, when he 

- died. 

emosthénes, is, m., an Athenian, the most eloquent orator of an- 
tiquity. He distinguished himself by his patriotic zeal in opposing 
the aggressions of Philip, against whom he endeavored, with all 
the powers of oratory, to rouse his countrymen. Yet this zealous 
patriot afterwards suffered himself to be bribed by Harpalus, the 
creature of Alexander. His patriotic ardor, however, again re- 
vived; and when Antipater and Craterus were about to enter 


Athens as conquerors, they demanded all the orators who had 
31* 


866 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


roused their fellow-citizens to oppose them. Demosthenes, that 
he might not fall into their hands, swallowed poison, in the sixtieth 
year of his age, B. c. 324. 

Dercyllus, i, m., a governor of Attica under Antipater. 

Diana; @, f., the daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and twin-sister of 
Apollo. She was the goddess of woods and of hunting. As 
Apollo presided over the day, and in that capacity was distin- 
guished under the name of Phebus, or Sol, so Diana ruled in the 
heavens by night, and was then distinguished by the name of 
Luna. Her empire extended even to the infernal abodes, where 
she was known by the name of Hecate. Hence she is called by 
the poets, tergemina, diva triformis. Her statues were generally 
erected where three ways met; from which circumstance she 
sometimes received the appellation of Trivia. She is represented 
as a tall beautiful virgin, with a bow or javelin in her right hand, 
and a quiver on her shoulder, chasing deer or other wild animals.” 

Dinon, onis, m., a historian who wrote a history of Persia, in the reign 
of Alexander the Great. 

Diomédon, ontis, m., a native of Cyzicus, who attempted to bribe 
Epaminondas. 

Dion, 6nis, m., a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, nearly related to the 
two tyrants of Syracuse, Dionysius the elder, and the younger. 
He was a scholar, and ardent admirer of Plato, whom, at his 
desire, Dionysius invited to his court. Having become obnoxious 
to the tyrant, he was banished to Corinth, where he collected a 
powerful army, and was soon able to dethrone Dionysius. He 
was soon afterwards betrayed and assassinated by one of his in- 
timate acquaintances, named Callicrates, or Callipus, in the fifty- 
fifth year of his age. His death was universally lamented by the 
Syracusans, who raised a monument to his memory. 

Dionysius, i, m., (1,) or the elder, a Syracusan, son of Hermocrates. 
Having signalized himself in the wars which the Syracusans 
carried on against the Carthaginians, he became very popular 
with the army, and availed himself of the power which he had 
thus acquired, to establish himself in the sovereignty. His cruelty 
rendered him odious to his subjects, of whom he became so sus- 
picious as to be in perpetual alarm. Among other precautions 
which he used to secure himself against their machinations, he 
caused a subterraneous cave to be formed in a rock, in the shape 
of a human ear, which measured eighty feet in height, and two 
hundred and fifty in length—Sounds uttered in this cave were 
all conveyed to one common tympanum, which communicated 
with an adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the most of his 
time to hear what was said by the unhappy victims of his sus- 
picion, whom he had confined in the apartments above. This 
cave was called the ear of Dionysius. The artists who were 
employed in building it are said to have been put to death by 
order of the tyrant, lest they should reveal to what purposes a 
work of such uncommon construction was to be appropriated. 
He died in the sixty-third year of his age, B. c. 368, after a reign 
of thirty-eight years. 

Dionysius, 2, m., (2,) the son of the elder Dionysius, succeeded his 


‘ HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 367 


father as tyrant of Syracuse. With even greater cruelty than 
that of his father, he possessed very inferior abilities. By the ad- 
vice of Dion, he became the pupil of Plato, whom he invited to 
his court; but when the philosopher advised him to restore the 

_ liberty of his subjects, he was so offended, that he caused him to 

be seized and sold asaslave. The popularity of Dion exciting 
his suspicion, he caused him to be banished; but that nobleman 
collecting an army in Greece, soon returned and dethroned the 
tyrant. After the assassination of Dion, the tyrant was restored ; 
but had not long enjoyed his triumph, when he was again ex- 
pelled from Syracuse by Timoleon, the Corinthian. He after- 
wards supported himself at Corinth by keeping a school. He is 
said to have died of joy, on hearing that a tragedy of his compo- 
sition had been rewarded with a prize. 

Dionysius, i, m., (3,) a musician of Thebes, by whom Epaminondas 
was instructed. 

Dodéna, @, f., the principal town of Molossis, a district of Epirus ; it 
was situated at the foot of Mount Tomarus, and was famous for 
the temple and oracle of Jupiter, the most ancient in Greece. 
From a large grove of oaks in the neighborhood, oracles were 
uttered, sometimes by the trees, and sometimes by pigeons. 

Doldpes, um, m., a people of Thessaly. 

Domitius, i, m., Cneius ASnobarbus, a Roman consul, who was in 
office when Atticus died. 

Drusilla, @, f., Livia Drusilla, the daughter of Lucius Drusus Calidianus. 
She was given in marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom 
she had two sons, Tiberius and Drusus. In the civil war between 
Autony and Augustus, her husband espoused the cause of Antony ; 
and while Drusilla was fleeing from the danger which threatened 
Tiberius, she was seen by Augustus, who was so struck with her 
beauty that he resolved to marry her. He accordingly divorced 
his wife Scribonia ; and as he had no male progeny of his own, 
he adopted the two sons of Livia, by Tiberius. In her elevation 
she conducted herself with cruelty and ingratitude towards the 
family of Augustus ; and is even charged with having murdered 
the emperor himself, to hasten the elevation of Tiberius, her son. 
The undutiful conduct of Tiberius was a just punishment for her 
crime. She died in the eighty-sixth year of her age, a. p. 29. 


E. 


Elis, is, or idis, f., a district of Peloponnesus; and likewise the name 
of its princival city. 

Elpenice, es, f., the daughter of Miltiades, married first to her brother 
Cimon, and afterwards to Callias. 

Emphylétus, i, m., an Athenian, the friend of Phocion. 

Ennius, i, m., a native of Rudiw, near Tarentum, in Calabria. He 
fixed his residence in Rome, where his genius and learning pro- 
cured him the privileges of a citizen. He was the first eminent 
poet at Rome. His verses, though rude and unpolished, have 
often great vigor; and Virgil has not disdained to adopt many of 
them into his own poems. Ennius was the intimate friend of Cate 


368 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


and of Scipio Africanus. He died of the gout, in the seventieth 
year of his age, about 169 years before the Christian era. 

Epaminondas, @, m., a native of Thebes, in Beeotia ; one of the most 
accomplished and able generals of antiquity. He co-operated 
with Pelopidas, in rescuing his country from the domination of the — 
Lacedemonians ; and being united with that patriotic leader in 
the command of the Theban army, he defeated the Lacedemo- 
nians, under their’ king Cleombrotus, in the memorable battle of 
Leuctra. After this victory he conducted his army to the Pelo- 
ponnesus, and made the Spartans tremble for the safety of their 
city. In a subsequent campaign he defeated the united forces of 
the Lacedemonians, Athenians, and their allies, in the battle of 
Mantinea. This was the termination of his illustrious career. 
Being mortally wounded with a javelin, the head of which re- 
mained in his.breast, and which, he knew, could not be extracted 
without occasioning his immediate death, he survived only till he 
was assured that his men had gained the victory, and till he saw 
his shield brought back safe, then exclaiming,—‘I have lived 
long enough, for I die unconquered,” he drew the javelin from his 
breast, and immediately expired, B. c. 365. With Epaminondas 
the glory of Thebes rose and fell. 

Ephésus, i, f., a city of Ionia, in Asia Minor, celebrated for the tem- 
ple of Diana, one of the seven wonders of the world. This tem- 
ple was 425 feet long, and 200 feet wide. The roof was support- 
ed by 127 superb pillars, each 60 feet high, said to have been 
placed there by as many kings. ‘This celebrated edifice was not 
completed till 220 years after its foundation. It was burnt by 
Eratostratus, on the same night that Alexander the Great was 
born, but rose from its ashes in renewed splendor. The town 
Aiosaluc now occupies the site of Ephesus, of which scarce a 
vestige remains. 

Epirota, @, or es, @, m., a native of Epirus. 

Epiréticus, a, um, adj., belonging to Epirus. 

Epirus, i, f., a country in the west of Greece, on the coast of the 
Ionian sea. ‘This country was famous for horses. 

Eretria, @, f., a city of Eubcea, on the Euripus. 

Eretriensis, is, e, adj., of Eretria. 

Ericthonis, is, f., more properly called Crithote, a town of the Thra- 
cian Chersonese, on the coast of the Hellespont. 

Eryx, ycis, m., a mountain of Sicily, on the top of which was a tem- 
ple sacred to Venus, who is thence called Erycina. On the side 
of the mountain there was a strong town of the same name. 

Etruria, @, f., Tuscany, a district of Italy, of which the Tiber was 
the southern boundary. : 

Evagéras, @, m., a native of Cyprus, who, having been deprived of 
his paternal dominions by the Persian monarch Artaxerxes, ap- 
plied for succor to the Athenians. They sent Chabrias to his as- 
sistance ; and Evagoras was not only reinstated in his possessions, 
but, by his talents and activity, made himself master of Salamis, 
and of the greater part of the island of Cyprus. Artaxerxes, 
however, sent against him an overwhelming army ; and after sev- 
eral defeats, he was obliged to resign all his other possessions, re. 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 369 


taining only Salamis, on condition of his paying a small tribute te 
the Persian monarch. 

Eubea, e, f., now called Negropont, a large island of Greece, along 
the northeast coast of Attica, and the coast of Beotia. It was 
150 miles long, and 40 at its greatest breadth ; and was separated 
from the continent by a narrow strait called the Euripus. 

Euménes, is, m., a native of Cardia, in Thrace, the ablest and most 
deserving of the generals of Alexander.~ After the death of that 
hero Eumenes remained steadily attached to the royal family ; 
and co-operated with Perdiccas in endeavoring to subdue the 
other commanders, who had partitioned the empire amongst them. 
He defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus, the latter of whom he 
slew in single combat; and for some time successfully opposed 
Antigonus. Being at last betrayed by his own party to his an- 
tagonist, he was doomed to perish by hunger, but after fasting for 
three days he was killed by one of Antigonus’s soldiers, z. c. 318. 

Eumolpide, arum, m., the descendants of Eumolpus, son of Neptune. 
Eumolpus, originally from Thrace, was chief priest of Ceres, at 
Eleusis, an office which his descendants continued for many ages 
to enjoy. 

Europa, e, f., Europe, one of the four great continents into which the 
world has been divided. It issituate between 36° and 72° of north 
latitude, and between 10° west and 65° east longitude. It extends 
in length about 3,300 miles, from the rock of Lisbon in the west, 
to the Uralian mountains in the east; and in breadth about 
2,350 miles from the North Cape in Lapland to Cape Matapan, 
the southern extremity of Greece. Though the smallest of the 
four great divisions of the globe, it far surpasses them all in politi- 
cal importance. Almost wholly situate within the temperate zone, 
its climate.is peculiarly favorable to the physical and mental en- 
ergies of man; while its numerous and extensive inland seas, fa- 
cilitating the intercourse between its various nations, have pro- 
moted their mutual progress in knowledge and civilization. It is 
here, accordingly, that the human mind has approached nearest 
to perfection. It is here that learning, science, and the arts, have 

n most successfully cultivated; that the native freedom and 
privileges of men have been most resolutely vindicated, and most 
generally recognised, and that governments have been estab- 
lished on the firm basis of mutual advantage to the rulers and 
the ruled. In consequence of those advantages Europe now gives 
laws to the greater part of the globe; and seems destined to dif- 
fuse over all the other continents the light of knowledge, refine- 
ment, and true religion. Its ancient divisions were Scandinavia, 
including Denmark, Norway, Lapland, Finland, and Sweden ; 
Germania, Germany ; Sarmatia, or Scythia, Poland, Prussia, 
Russia, and Little Tartary ; Dacia, Wallachia, Moldavia, and 
Transylvania ; Masia, Servia and Bulgaria ; T’hracia, Romania ; 
Macedonia; Thessalia, Janna; Grecia Propria, Livadia; Pe- 
loponnesus, Morea; Epirus, Albania and Janina; IJllyricum, 
Dalmatia, Bosnia, Sclavonia, and Croatia ; Pannonia, Hungary ; 
Noricum, Austria; Rhetia and Vindelicia, Tyrol, and the 
country of the Grisons; Gallia, France, Switzerland, Flanders, 


.870 DISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


and Holland ; Britannia, Britain; Hibernia, Ireland; Hispania, 
Spain and Portugal; Italia, Italy ; Corsica; Sardinia; Sicilia; 
and the Baleares, Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica. 

Europeus, a, um, adj., European, belonging to Europe. 

Eurybiddes, is, m., a king of Sparta, who commanded the Lacede- 
monian army when Themistocles commanded the Athenians, 
during the invasion of Xerxes. 

Eurydice, es, f., the wife of Amyutas, king of Macedonia, and mo- 
ther of Perdiccas and Philip. 

Eurysthénes, is, m., a Lacedemonian, a descendant of Hercules 


F. 


Fabianus, a, um, adj., of Fabius. 

Fabius, i, m., the name of a patrician family in Rome, illustrious for 
their heroic virtues, and for the important services which they 
rendered to their country. Quintus Fabius Maximus was ap- 
pointed dictator to oppose Hannibal; and by his caution and skil- 
fully watching the motions of his enemy, often thwarted his 
measures and checked his progress. He died in the 100th year 
of his age, after having been five times consul, and twice honored 
with a triumph. 

Falernus, a, um, adj., Falernian ;—ager, a district at the foot of 
Mount Massicus, in Campania, celebrated for its wine. 

Feretrius, i, m., a surname of Jupiter, (a feriendo,) given to him by 
Romulus, who had been enabled, through the aid of that god, to 
conquer his enemies. Romulus built a temple to Jupiter Fere- 
trius, to which the spolia opima were always carried. 

Flaccus, i, m., Lucius Valerius, a Roman patrician, who was Cato’s 
colleague in the censorship. 

Flaminius, i, m., Caius, a Roman consul, of a rash and impetuous 
disposition, who was defeated by Hannibal, near the lake of Thra- 
symenus, and perished in the engagement. 

Flamininus, i, m., a Roman consul, sent as ambassador to the court of 
Prusias, king of Bithynia, to demand that Hannibal, who had 
fled for refuge to Prusias, might be delivered up to the Romans. 

Flavius, ii, m., Caius, a Roman, who was a friend of Brutus. 

Fregelle, arum, f., a city of the Volsci, in Latium, on the Liris. 

Fulvia, e, f.,a Roman lady, who was first the wife of the tribune 

» Clodius, next of Curio, and afterwards of Mark Antony. She 
was divorced by Antony that he might marry Cleopatra. When 
she repaired to him in the East, his coldness and indifference 
broke her heart. 

Furius, i, m., L. Purpureo, a Roman consul in the time of Hannibal. 


G. 


Galba, @,m., Servius, a Roman orator. During his pretorship he 
plundered Lusitania, and, being accused by M. Cato, escaped 
only by producing his sons to the Roman people, and imploring 
their protection in the most abject manner. 

Gallia, e, f., Gaul; a large division of ancient Europe, comprehend- 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 371 


ing the modern countries of France, the Netherlands, Holland, 
Switzerland, Tyrol, and Italy, north of the Po. Gaul was divided 
by the Romans into Gallia Transalpina, or Ulterior, Farther 
Gaul, or Gaul beyond the Alps; and Gallia Cisalpina, or Cite- 
rior, Hither Gaul, or Gaul on this side of the Alps, in regard to 
Rome. Hither Gaul was also called Gallia Togata, because the 
inhabitants were admitted to the privilege of Roman citizens, and’ 
wore the toga, the peculiar dress of the Romans. Farther Gaul 
was called Comata, from the natives wearing their hair long ; 
and the southern part of it Braccata, from the use of bracce, 
breeches or trousers, which did not form a part of the Roman 
dress. Gaul was called by the Greeks Galatia, and the inhabi- 
tants Galate. 

Gallus, i, m., a Gaul, an inhabitant of Gaul. 

Gardites, um, m., the same as the Cardaces. See Cardaces. 

Gellius, i, m., Quintus Canius, the contemporary and intimat® of At- 
ticus. In favor to Atticus, Gellius was exempted by Antony from 
the proscriptions of the triumvirate. 

Geminus, i, m., Cneius Servilius, a Roman, who fell in a battle against 
Hannibal, the year after he had been consul. 

Germania, e, f. +» Germany, a large country in Europe. Ancient Ger- 
many extended from the Rhine to the Vistula, and from the Dan- 
ube to the Baltic ; so that its boundaries were very different from 
those of modern’ Germany, which has the German ocean, Den- 
mark, and the Baltic, on the north; Prussia, part of Poland, and 
Hungary, on the east ; Switzerland and the Alps on the south ; 
and France and the Netherlands on the west. 

Golone, or Coléne, arum, f., a town of Mysia, on the Asiatic shore 
of the Hellespont, opposite to the island of Tenedos. 

Gongylus, i, m., an Eretrian, sent by Pausanias with a letter to the 
king of Persia. 

Gortyniti, orum, m., the inhabitants of Gortynia, a city of Crete. 

Gracchus, i, m., the name of several noble Romans. ‘Tiberius and 
Caius, the sons of Sempronius, having espoused the cause of the 
people against the Patricians, and endeavored to limit, by an 
agrarian law, the property of individuals to five hundred acres, 
were both cut off by the Patricians. ‘Tiberius was killed in a tu- 
mult by Scipio Nasica; und Caius, about eleven years afterwards, 
by Opimus, the consul. 

Gracchus, T. Sempronius, a Roman consul, slain by Hannibal in an 
aeries 

Grecia, e, f., Greece, a celebrated country in the east of Europe, now 
forming part of Turkey. The principal divisions of Greece were, 
Grecia Propria, Peloponnesus, Macedonia, ‘Thessaly, and Epirus. 
Grecia Propria contained the districts of Attica, Megaris, Phocis, 
Beotia, Locris, Doris, and A%tolia. 

Grecus, a, um, adj., belonging to Greece, Greek. 

Graius, a, um, adj., Grecian, of or pertaining to Greece. 

Gruxium, i, n., a fort in Phrygia. 


372 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


‘ H. 


Haliartus, i, f., a considerable city of Beeotia, situated at the foot of a 
mountain, near the small river Parmessus. It was destroyed by 
the Romans in the war with Perseus. 

Halicarnasseus, a, um, adj., of Halicarnassus. 

Halicarnassus, i, f., the principal city of Caria, the birthplace of the 
historians Herodotus and Dionysius ; celebrated for the monument 
of Mausolus, erected by his queen Artemisia, and reckoned one 
of the wonders of the world. 

Hamilcar, aris, m., a Carthaginian general, father of Hannibal, op- 
posed to the Romans in the first Punic war. 

Hammon, onis, m., the name by which Jupiter was distinguished in 
Lybia. The oracle of Jupiter Hammon, in the Lybian desert, 
was one of the most celebrated in the world. Jupiter was there 
represented under the form of a ram. 

Hannibal, alis, m., a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Hamil- 
car, and the most inveterate and determined enemy that ever op- 
posed the Romans. After defeating in succession their ablest 
generals, and carrying terror to the gates of Rome, he led his army 
into winter-quarters, at Capua, where they were enervated by the 
Juxuries of the place. The Romans, thus relieved from their 
fears for the safety of the capital, sent an army into Africa, un- - 
der Scipio; and Hannibal, recalled to defend. his countrymen, 
was now doomed to defeat and disaster in his turn. After the 
conclusion of the war, he was obliged to flee from his country to 
escape being delivered up into the hands of the Romans: he was 
persecuted from place to place ; and at length, while at the court 
of Prusias, he terminated his life by poison, when his enemies 
were in the act of surrounding his house, B. o. 184. 

Hasdrubal, or Asdribal, alis, m., a Carthaginian general, son-in-iaw 
of Hamilcar, distinguished himself in the Numidian war, and laid 

the foundation of New Carthage, in Spain—A Carthaginian gen- 
eral, the son of Hamilcar. He was defeated and slain by the con- 
suls, M. Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero, while he was hasten- 
ing from Spain with a large reinforcement for his brother Han- 
nibal. 

Hellespontus, i, m., now called the Dardanelles, the narrow strait be- 
tween the Augean sea, Archipelago, and the Propontis, sea of 
Murmora. This strait is about sixty miles long, in a winding 
course ; its breadth is, at an average, about three miles, but where 
narrowest, it is somewhat less than one mile. The name of Hel- 
lespontus is likewise given to the country along the Asiatic coast 
of the strait. 

Helétes, @, m., an inhabitant of Helos, a town of Laconia. In a war 
with Sparta, this town was destroyed and its inhabitants reduced 
to slavery. Their posterity continued, under the name of Helots, 
the public slaves of Sparta :—a Helot, a Spartan slave. 

Helvius, ii, m., Caius, a Roman, colleague with Cato in the eedileship 

Hephestio, dnis, m., the most intimate friend of Alexander the Great, 
whom he accompanied in all his conquests, and by whom he was 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 373 


exceedingly beloved. He died at Ecbatana, while Alexander was 
returning from India. ‘The conqueror was inconsolable for his 
death ; and on arriving at Babylon, performed his funeral solem- 
nities with great magnificence, and erected a superb monument 
to his memory. 

Hi raclides, is, m., a native of Syracuse, who, after the expulsion of 
the younger Dionysius from Sicily, raised a faction against Dion, 
in whose hands the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to 
death by Dion’s command—a circumstance which contributed in 
no small degree to alienate from Dion the affections of the Syra- 
cusaus. 

Herciles, is, m., the most celebrated hero of antiquity for his strength 
and achievements, was the son of Jupiterand Alemena. Of his 
exploits, which are too numerous to be here detailed, the most re- 
markable were, the twelve labors imposed on him by Eurystheus, 
king of Mycene, viz.: Ist, to kill a large lion in the Nemean 
wood—2d, to destroy a hydra, or water-snake, of immense size, 
in the lake Lerna: this monster had seven heads, and no sooner 
was one cut off, than others sprung up in its place—3d, to catch 
orslay the huge boar of Erymanthus in Arcadia—th, to catch 
or kill the brazen-footed stag on Mount Menelaus—Sth, to destroy 
or drive away the birds called Stymphalides, which fed on human 
flesh—6th, to cleanse the stables of Augeus, king of Elis, which, 
though three thousand oxen stood constantly in them, had not 
been cleaned for many years ; this he did in oue day, by turning 
the course of the river Alpheus to the stable—7th, to bring alive 
to Mycene a wild bull which had laid waste the island of Crete— 
8th, to kill Diomedes, king of Thrace, and his four horses or 
mares, which he fed on human flesh—9th, to slay the three- 
bodied Geryon, or Geryones, k ny of Gades, and carry off his 
cattle—1Uth, to conquer the Amazons, a nation of female war- 
riors, who lived near the Euxine sea, and to carry off from their 
queen Hippolyte a beautiful girdle—1 1th, to kill the dragon that 
watched the golden apples, of the gardens of the Hesperides, 
near Mount Atlas, in Africa, and bring the apples to Eurystheus 

_—and 12th,to drag from the infernal regions the three-headed 
_ dog Cerberus. Hercules and his wife Dejanira, being once on a 
journey together, were stopped by the river Evenus. The cen- 
taur Nessus, offering to carry Dejanira over the river, was in- 
trusted with the charge ; but had no sooner reached the opposite 
bank than he attempted to bear her away by force. Hercules 
shot an arrow and mortally wounded him. ‘The centaur, when 
expiring, gave Dejauira his tunic, stained with blood and poison, 
telling her that it had the power to reclaim the wandering affec- 
tions of a husband. In a fit of jealousy, Dejanira sent the 
poisoned tunic to Hercules, who, on putting it on, was seized 
with such pains (the tunic sticking so close to his skin that it 
was impossible to pull it off) that he caused a funeral pile to be | 
erected on Mount (ta, where he then was; and spreading over 
it the skin of the Nemean lion, laid himself on it as on a cyuch, 
and with his head reclining a his club, ordered the pile to be 
2 


374 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


set on fire. After his death he was admitted into heaven as a 
god, and received in marriage Hebe, the goddess of youth. 

Hicttas. See Icetas. 

Hipparinus, i, m., a Syracusan grandee, the father of Dion—A son 
of Dionysius the elder. 

Hippo, 6nis, m., a seaport town of Numidia, near Bona, in the modern 
territory of Algiers. 

Hipponicus, i, m., an Athenian, the father-in-law of Alcibiades. 

Hispania, @, f., Spain, a large country in the southwest of Europe. 
It is situated between 36° and 44° north lat.; and between 10° 
west, and 3° east long.; being about 700 miles long, and 500 
miles broad. It is separated from France by the Pyrenees; in 
all other parts it is surrounded by the Atlantic and the Mediterra- 
nean. Spain was divided by the Romans into Hispania Citerior 
and Ulterior, Hither and Farther Spain. Augustus divided it into 
three parts, Tarraconensis, Betica, and Lusitania. 'Tarraconen- 
sis comprehended all the north of Spain, from the Pyrenees to the 
mouth of the Douro. The southern division was called Betica, 
from Betis, the Guadalquivir, its principal river; the western 
region, comprehending Portugal, was called Lusitania. 

Histieus, i, m., a native of Miletus, a colleague of Miltiades in the 
command of the army which Darius, when setting out on his ex- 
pedition against Scythia, left to guard his bridge over the Danube. 

Homeérus, i, m.,the first and greatest of epic poets, supposed to have 
lived upwards of nine hundred years before the birth of Christ. 
The place of his nativity is unknown; not fewer than seven 
illustrious cities contended for that honor, viz., Athens, Argos, 
Rhodes, Salamis, Smyrna, Chios, and Colophon. His two prin- 
cipal poems are the Iliad, in which he describes the war against 
Troy ; and the Odyssey, in which he relates the wanderings of 
the Grecian adventurers, and chiefly of Ulysses, in their return 
home after Troy had fallen. 

Hortensius, i, m., Q., a celebrated Roman orator, the contemporary, 
the rival, yet the friend of Cicero. 

Hystaspes, is, m., a noble Persian, father of king Darius. 


FE; 


Icétas, @, m., a person who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse 
after the death of Dionysius. He was conquered by Timoleon. 

Tones, um, m., Tonians, inhabitants of Ionia. 

Ionia, e, f., a country in the west of Asia Minor, on the shore of the 
Afigean sea, having Mysia on the north and Caria on the south. 

Iphicratensis, is, e, adj., of or pertaining to Iphicrates. 

Iphicrates, is, m., an Athenian general, who distinguished himself by 
the improvements which he introduced into military discipline, 
and by his successes against the Thracians and Lacedemonians. 

Ismenias, @,m., a Theban, who, along with Pelopidas, was taken 

. prisoner by Alexander, tyrant of Phere. 

Ister, ri, m., the name which the Danube assumes near its mouth. 

This river, the largest in Europe, rises in Suabia, and flowing 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 875 


through Austria, Hungary, and Tartary, falls into the Euxine, or 
Black sea, after a course of more than 1,300 miles. : 

Italia, @, f., a celebrated country in the south of Europe, bounded oa 
the north by Switzerland and Germany, on the northwest by 
France, and surrounded on its other sides by the Mediterranean 
and the Adriatic, or the Gulf of Venice. It is about 600 miles 
in length, and 400 at its greatest breadth ; being situated between 
38° and 47° north lat., and between 6° and 19° east long. from 
London. It was known to the ancients by a variety of names, 
Ausonia, Enotria, Saturnia, &c.; and was called by the Greeks — 
Hesperia, because it lay west of them. Before the time of Au- 
gustus, that part of Italy to the north of Macra and the Rubicon, 
was called Gallia Cisalpina, and was divided by the Po into two 
parts, called Cispadana and Transpadana. ‘The principal dis- 
tricts of Italy Proper were Eiruria, Umbria, Picenum, Latium, 
or the district of Rome ; Campania, Samnium, Apulia, Calabria, 
Lucania, and Brutii. The southern part of Italy was colonized 
by Greeks, and was hence called Magna Grecia. 

Italicus, a, um, adj., of Italy, Italian. 


J. 


Janus, i, m., the god of the year, who presided over the gates of 
heaven, and over peace and war. His temple was open in time 
of war, and shut in time of peace; and during seven hundred 

ears of the Roman commonwealth was shut only three times. 
be is generally representca with two faces, with a key in his 
right hand, because he presides over gates and avenues; and 
sometimes with the number 300 in one hand, and 65 in the other, 
to intimate that he presides over-the year, the first month of 
which bears his name. 

Jason, dnis, m., the son of Auson, king of Iolcos, and Alcimede, cele- 
brated for his expedition to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece. 
—A tyrant of Thessaly, the ardent friend of Timotheus, to protect 
whom, when obliged to stand trial at Athens, Jason came from 
Thessaly, at his own imminent hazard. 

Julii, drum, m., an illustrious family at Rome. The most celebrated 

_ person of this family, and indeed of all the Romans, was Julius 
Cesar, who abolished the republic, and established the imperial 
form of government. 

Juno, onis, f., the daughter of Saturn and Ops, sister and wife of 
Jupiter, and queen of the gods. She is represented in a long 
robe and magnificent dress; sometimes seated on a throne, with 
a diadem on her head, and a golden sceptre in her hand; and 
sometimes sitting or standing in a light car, drawn by peacocks, 
attended by the Aure, or nymphs of the air, and by Iris, the 
goddess of the rainbow. __ 

Junius, a, um, adj., belonging to the family of the Junii. 

Jupiter, Jovis, m., the eldest son of Saturn and Ops. He was born 
and educated in Crete; and is said to have dethroned his father, 
whose kingdom he divided with his brothers, so that he himself 
obtained the dominion of the heavens, the air, and the earth; 


376 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


Neptune, of the sea; and Pluto, of the infernal regions. Jupiter 
is usually represented sitting on an ivory throne, holding a sceptre 
in his left hand, and a thunderbolt in his right, attended by an 
eagle, and by Hebe, the daughter of Juno, and goddess of youth, 
or the boy Ganymedes, his cup-bearer. 


L. 


Labeo, dnis, m., Quintus Fabius, a Roman consul in the year of the 
city 571. It was during his consulship that Hannibal died. 
Lacédemon, dnis, f., Lacedemon, called likewise Sparta, the capital 
of Laconia, a country in the Peloponnesus. The inhabitants of 
Sparta were the most powerful people in Greece, and the most 
singular in their institutions; the tendency of which was to make 
them despise al] the luxuries of life, and to inure them to temper- 
ance, hardships, and fatigue, and all the military virtues. They 
scorned to have their city surrounded with walls, accounting their 

valor their best security. 

Lacédembnius, a,,um, adj., belonging to Lacedemon, Lacedemonian. 

Laco, 6nis, m., an inhabitant of Laconia, a Lacedemonian. 

Laconica, or Laconia, @, f., a country of Greece, in the Peloponnesus 
Its chief city was Lacedemon, or Sparta. 

Lamidchus, i, m., an Athenian, one of the colleagues of Alcibiades in 
the command of the Syracusan expedition. 

Lamprus, i, m.,a celebrated Greek musician. 

Lampsicus, i, f., or um, i, n., a famous town in Mysia, on the Helles 
pont. 

Laphystius, i, m., a factious Syracusan, who wished to bring himself 
into notice by his opposition to Timoleon. 

Lemnii, 6rum, m., inhabitants of Lemnos. 

Lemnos, or ws, i, f., now called Stalimene, an island in the north of 
the ASgean sea, about 112 miles in circumference. It was sacred 
to the god Vulcan, who alighted on the island when kicked out 
of heaven by Jupiter. 

Leondtus, i, m., one of the generals of Alexander, whose life he once 
saved in battle. After the death of Alexander, he wished to 
make himself master of Macedonia; and endeavored, in vain, to 
gain over Eumenes to his designs. 

Leonidas, @, m., a king of Sparta, who, with three hundred of his 
countrymen, withstood for some time the whole army of Xerxes, 
at the pass of Thermopyle. Leonidas, with his heroic comrades, 
were all overpowered and slain; and a monument was erected to 
their memory on the spot where they fell, with this inscription: 
“ Stranger, tell at Sparta, that we lie here in obedience to her 
laws.” 

Leotychides, a, m., a Spartan king, who defeated the Persian fleet 
and army at Mycale, on the same day that they were overcome 
in the famous battle of Platea—A son of Agis, king of Sparta, 
who was the competitor of Agesilaus for the throne. 

Lesbos, or us, i, f., now called Mitylene, an island in the Augean sea, 
to the north of Chios; it was famous for its beauty and its excel- 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 377 


lent wine. This island was the birthplace of Alceus, the father 
of lyric poetry. 

Leucosyri, drum, m., the white Syrians, the ancient name of the 
Cappadocians, and of the inhabitants of that part of Cilicia next 
to Cappadocia. 

. Leuctra, drum, n., a town of Beotia, near which Epaminondas routed 
the Spartans in a great battle. o 

Leuctricus,.a, um, adj., of Leuctra. 

Liguria, @, f.,a country of Gallia Cispadana, in Italy, extending 
from the Var on the east of Savoy, to the Macra, now the Magra, 
on the borders of Etruria. : 

Ligus, or Ligur, wris, m., a native of Liguria. The Ligurians were 
celebrated as mariners, and were chiefly employed in the Roman 
navy. 

Longus, i, m., Tiberius, a Roman consul, who, along with his col- 
league, Scipio, was defeated by Hannibal at Trebia. 

Lucani, 6rum, m., Lucanians, the inhabitants of Lucania. 

Lucania, @, f., a country of Italy, extending from the gulf of Taren- 
tum to the Tuscan sea, and forming the entrance of the foot of 
the boot. 

Lucretius, i, m., a celebrated Roman poet, who embraced the philo- 
sophical tenets of Epicurus, which he has beautifully illustrated, 
in a poem of six books, entitled, De Rerum Natura. He died in 
the forty-fourth year of his age, about fifty-four years before the 
Christian era. 

Lutatius. See Catulus. 

“Lucullus, i, m., Lucius, a Roman general, who distinguished himself 
in the Mithridatic war, in which, however, he was superseded by 
Pompey. Lucullus was a man of great wealth; and was re- 
markable for his lowe of splendor and magnificence. 

Lusitani, orum, m., Lusitanians, inhabitants of Lusitania. 

Lusitania, e, f., one of the provinces of ancient Spain, comprehend- 
ing Portugal. 

Lydia, e, f., called also Meonia, a country of Asia Minor, to the east 
of Ionia. Its capital was Sardis. 

Lydii, rum, m., Lydians, inhabitants of Lydia. 

Lysander, ri, m., a celebrated Spartan general, who, in a decisive 
battle at ASgos Potamos, in Thrace, ruined the Athenians—took 
Athens after a siege of six months—and vested the government 
in thirty men, known by the name of the thirty tyrants. Ly- 
sander next endeavored to subvert the government of his own 
country, but with less success. He fell in a battle against the 
Thebans. 

Lysimdchus, i, m., an Athenian, father of Aristides——One of the gen- 
erals of Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander, he 
took possession of Thrace, and afterwards of Macedon. There 
‘his cruelty rendered him so odious, that the greater number of his 
subjects fled to Seleucus in Asia. Lysimachus pursued them 
thither ; and was killed in a battle with Seleucus, in the eightieth 
year of his age. 

Lysis, is, m., a native of Tarentum, who embraced the philosophy of 
Pythagoras, in which he instructed Epaminondas. 

32* 


/ 


378 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


M. 


Macédo, dbnis, m., a Macedonian, a native of Macedonia. 

Macedonia, e, f., a country of ancient Greece, having Epirus and 
Thessaly to the south; Thrace and Illyrium to the north; and 
extending from the Adriatic to the Aigean sea. This was the 
paternal kingdom of Philip and Alexander. 

Macrochir, iris, or iros, m., long-handed, in Latin, Longimanus, a 
surname of Artaxerxes. 

Machrontichos, i, f., a town in the isthmus of the Thracian Cherso- 
oy where a wall was built across the isthmus by Miltiades, 

c. Vili. 
Magnes, étis, m., an inhabitant of Magnesia. 


Magnesia, @, f., a district of Asia Minor, watered by the Meander. 


Mago, onis, m., a Carthaginian general, son of Hamilear and brother 
of Hannibal. 
Mamercus, i, m., a tyrant of Catana, who, having gone to assist Dio- 

nysius of Syracuse, was defeated by Timoleon. 

Mandrocles, is, m., a general'to whom Datames left the command of 
the army when he revolted from Artaxerxes. 

Mantinéa, @, f., a city of Arcadia, near which Epaminondas gained 
his last victory, at the expense of his life. 

Marithon, 6nis, f., a small town of Attica, about ten miles northeast 
from Athens; famous for the decisive victory which Miltiades, 
with ten thousand Athenians, gained in the neighboring plain, 
over the Persian army of a hundred thousand men, Milt. v. 

Mardthéonius, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Marathon. 

Marcellus, i, m., Marcus Claudius, a celebrated Roman general, who, 
in a war with the Gauls, killed with his own hand Viridomarus, 
their king, and thus obtained the spolia opima. He was soon 
after sent to oppose Hannibal, in Italy, and by some successes 
which he gained, convinced his countrymen that that formidable 
general was not invincible. After a siege of three years, he re- 


duced Syracuse, then in alliance with the Carthaginians. He 


was again opposed to Hannibal in Italy, and conducted the cam- 
paign with great vigor and considerable success, till he fell into 
an ambush laid for him by Hannibal, and perished, in his fifth 
consulship and the sixtieth year of his age—A consul during 
whose administration Hannibal is supposed to have died. 

Mardonius, i, m., a noble Persian, son-in-law to Darius. After the 
defeat of Xerxes, at Salamis, Mardonius was left with an army 
of three hundred thousand chosen men, to complete the conquest 
of Greece. He was baffled, however, in all his operations; and 
at last defeated and slain in the battle of Platea. 

Marius, i, m., a celebrated general; was born at Arpinum, of mean 
parents. He was employed in the Jugurthine war, first as the 
lieutenant of Metellus; and having by his insinuations and mag- 
nificent promises, supplanted that general in the command, he 
soon terminated the war, and by the treachery of Bocchus, got 
Jugurtha into his hands. Upon his return from Numidia, he was 
sent against the Cimbri and Teutones, nations from the shores of 


\ 


a 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 379 


- 


the Baltic, who had defeated seven Roman generals, and threat- 
ened to overrun all Italy. He defeated them with prodigious 
slaughter. On this occasion he was continued five years in the 
consulship. A violent contest took place between Marius and 
Sylla, for the honor of being chosen to oppose Mithridates, king of 
Pontus, the greatest monarch” of the east. Sylla prevailed, and 
Marius was obliged to flee for his life. Being recalled, however, 
by Cinna, and created consul for the seventh time, he took cruel 
revenge on his enemies, and inundated Rome with the blood of its 
noblest citizens. Sylla, having defeated Mithridates, was hasten- 
ing to retaliate on Marius for these enormities, but Marius died 
before his return, in the seventieth year of his age. 

Massagéte, drum, m., a people of Scythia, to the east of the Caspian 
sea, beyond the Jaxartes. 

Media, e, f., a country of Asia, extending along the south of the Cas- 
pian sea. Its capital was Ecbatana. 

Medicus, a, um, adj., belonging to Media, 

Medus, a, um, adj., of Media, subs., m., a Mede. 

Meneclides, is, m., a Theban, the opponent of Epaminondas. 

Menelaus, i, f., a seaport town between Egypt and Cyrene ; here 
Agesilaus died. 

Menestheus, eos, m., the son of Iphicrates, by the daughter of Cotus, 
king of Thrace. 

Messéna, e, Messene, es, f., the capital of Messenia, a district of the 
Peloponnesus. A colony from this city founded the town of 
Messina in Sicily. 

Micythus, i, m., a youth through whom Diomedon, by order of the 
Persian monarch, attempted to bribe Epaminondas. 

Milésius, a, um, adj., of Miletus. 

Milétus, i, f., a city of Ionia, on the confines of Curia. 

Miltiaddes, is, m., an Athenian general, who acquired immortal fame 
by his patriotic valor, and especially by the victory which, at 
the head of ten thousand Athenians, he gained on the plains of 

' Marathon, over the army of Darius, consisting of 100,000 men. 
In consequence of his failure in an attack on the island of Paros, 
his ungrateful countrymen suspected him of being in traitorous 
correspondence with the Persians; condemned him to pay a fine 
of fifty talents; and as he was unabie to discharge it, threw him 
into prison, where he died. 

Minerva, @e, f., the goddess of wisdom and of war; said to have 
sprung from the brain of Jupiter, from which Vulcan released her 
by cleaving her father’s head with a blow of his axe. Minerva 
was the inventress of spinning and weaving; the patroness of 
learning, and of the liberal arts. ‘The olive was her favorite tree. 
She is generally represented as an armed virgin, beautiful but 
stern, with azure eyes; having a helmet on her head, and a 
plume nodding formidably in the air; holding in her right hand a 
spear, and in her left a shield covered with the skin of the goat 
Amalthea, by which she was nursed ; in the middle of her shield 
was the head of the Gorgon Medusa, which turned every one 
who looked at it into stone. 

Minutius, i, m., Rufus, master of horse to Fabius Maximus, the dic- 


880 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


tator. Minutius was as rash as Fabius was cautious; and the 
army, dissatisfied with the inactivity in which they were kept by 
that able commander, took advantage of his absence at Rome to 
procure the advancement of Minutius to equal authority with the 
dictator. Minutius rashly hazarded a battle with Hannibal; and 
it was only by the unexpected atrival of Fabius-that his army 
was saved from destruction. He acknowledged his error, and ever 
after submitted implicitly to the directions of his commander. He 
afterwards fell in the battle of Canne.—Rufus, consul at Rome 
the third year after Hannibal was banished from Carthage. 

Mithridates, is, m., king of Pontus, and the seventh of that name, 
was one of the most accomplished and warlike princes that ever — 
filled a throne. He was the inveterate enemy of the Romans, 
of whom he ordered 80,000 to be massacred in one night through- 
out his dominions. The Mithridatic war, which continued with 
few in-ervals for thirty years, is one of the most important record- 
ed in the annals of Rome. It was successively carried on by 
Sylla, Murena, Lucullus, and Pompey. The latter forced Mith- 
ridates, after many disusters, to take refuge in Scythia, where he 
was meditating an invasion of Italy, in imitation of Hannibal, 
when his army mutinied, and transferred the command to Phar- 
naces, hisson. Seeing himself thus abandoned and betrayed by 
his own children, he terminated his life by poison. The joy which 
his death: occasioned at Rome was equal to the terror which his 
arms had inspired. 

Mithrobarzanes, is, m., the father-in-law of Datames. 

Mityléne, es, f., the capital city of the island Lesbos. 

Mitylénei, 6rum, m., the inhabitants of Mitylene. 

Mnemon, dnis, m., a surname given to Artaxerxes on account of his re- 
tentive memory. 

Mocilla, e, m., L. Julius, a Roman pretor, protected by Atticus after 
the battle of Philippi. 

Molossi, drum, m., the inhabitants of Molossis. 

Molossis, idis, f., a district of Epirus, celebrated for a breed of dogs 
remarkable for their size, fierceness, and noisy barking. 

Munychia, e@, f., one of the three ports of Athens. 

Mutina, @e, f., now Modena, a city in Gallia Cispadana, the capital of 
the modern duchy of Modena. 

Myciéle, es, f., a promontory of Ionia, opposite to the island Samos, 
near which the Persians and their allies were defeated by Cimon. 
Cim. ii. 

Myus, untis, f., a town of Ionia, near the mouth of the Meander, 
given by Artaxerxes to Themistocles, to furnish him with meat. 


N. 


Nazxus, or os, i, f., now Naxia, an island in the Augean sea, one of the 


Cyclades, to the southeast of Delos. Naxos was fruitful in wine, 
and therefore sacred to Bacchus. 

Nectanébes, is, or us, i, m., a king of Egypt, who formed an alliance 
with Agesilaus, king of Sparta, and with-his assistance quelled a 
rebellion of his own subjects, and endeavored to defend himself 


Ee en 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 381 


against the power of the Persians. He was at length subdued by 
Darius, and Egypt became from that time tributary to Persia. 

Neocles, is, or us, i, m., an Athenian, father of Themistocles. 

Neontichos, i, f., a fort in Thrace. 

Neoptolémus, i, m., a relation and general of Alexander the Great. 
After the death of Alexander, Neoptolemus received Armenia as 
his province, and being supported by Craterus, made war against | 
Eumenes, by whom he was killed in single combat. 

Nepos, dtis, m., a Roman biographer and historian, author of these 
Lives of Eminent Commanders, was born at Hostilia, a village of 
the Varonenses, on the Po. He was the intimate friend of Atticus 
and Cicero; and, like his other learned contemporaries, was much 
patronised by the emperor Augustus.” He published three books 
of chronicles and some other historical works; but none of his 
writings are now extant except the Lives of Eminent Com- 
manders, and a few fragments of his other productiéns. Nepos 
is deservedly admired for the purity of his style. 

Neptunus, i, m., the second son of Saturn and Ops, who, in the di- 
vision of his father’s kingdom, after he was dethroned by Jupiter, 
received the empire of the sea. He is generally represented hold- 
ing a trident in his hand, standing in a chariot of shells drawn 
by sea-horses or dolphins, and attended by animals resembling 
men in the upper part and fish in the under. 

Nero, dnis, m., Claudius, a Roman general, who intercepted Hasdrubal 
while hastening from Spain with reinforcements to his brother 
Hannibal. The name of several of the Roman emperors, of whom 
the most infamous for cruelty was Nero Claudius Cesar, adopted 
by Claudius. - 

Nicanor, bris, m., a general, who was appointed governor of Athens 
by Cassander. 

Nicias, @, m., an Athenian general, who was the colleague of Alci- 
biades in the Syracusan expedition. When Alcibiades fled from 
the persecution of his enemies Nicias was left sole commander. 
For some time he conducted the siege with vigorand with consid- 
erable success. But the Syracusans, reinforced by the Lacede- 
monians, soon gained the advantage ; and after various disasters, 
Nicias was obliged to surrender himself with his whole army. He 
was put to death by the Syracusans. 

Nilus, i, m., the principal river yet known in Africa. It flows through 
Abyssinia, Nubia, and Egypt, fertilizing the latter country by its 
periodical inundations. ‘These inundations are occasioned by the 
rains which fall in Abyssinia. The waters begin to rise about 
the middle of June, and continue for about forty or fifty days, 
when they again gradually subside. 

Nomentanus, a, um, adj., of Nomentum. 

Nomentum, i, n., now Lamentana, a town of the Sabines, near the Tiber 

Nora, @, f., now Nour, a strong fortress in Phrygia, on the confines 
of Lycaonia and Cappadocia. 

Numide, arum, m., the inhabitants of Numidia. 

Numidia, @, f., a large kingdom in Africa, adjoining to the territories 
of Carthage. | 

Nyseus, i, m., the son of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. 


882 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


‘ 


O. 


Octavianus, or Octavius, i, m., Octavius Cesar, the nephew of Julius 
Cesar, the dictator. After the murder of his uncle he persecuted 
the murderers with unrelenting vengeance ; and in conjunction 
with Lepidus and Antony organized that dreadful triumvirate, 
by which was shed the blood of 300 senators and 200 knights. 
Mutual jealousy produced a war between Octavius and Antony ; 
and the defeat of the latter left Octavius in the undisturbed pos- 
session of the Roman empire. His reign was more wise and mod- 
erate than might have been anticipated from the cruel and un- 
warrantable measures by which it was acquired. He died at 
Nola, a. p. 14, in the 76th year of his age, and 44th of his reign. 

CEdipus, i, or bdis, m., the son of Laius and Jocasta, who unwittingly 
killed his own father, and, in consequence of solving the riddle of 
the Sphinx, became the king of Thebes, and the husband of his 
mother. On discovering these circumstances, he, in excess of 
agony, tore out his eyes. 

Olympia, @, f., a town of Elis, in Peloponnesus, where the Olympic 
games were celebrated. In the temple of Jupiter, at Olympia, 
was a beautiful statue of that god, fifty cubits high, executed by 
Phidias, and reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. 

Olympias, adis, f., the mother of Alexander the Great, in consequence 
of her infidelity was repudiated by Philip, her husband, and, in 
revenge, was accessary to his murder. After the death of her 
son she usurped the government of Macedonia ; and, to secure 
her power, murdered Arideus, and his wife Eurydice, with Nica- 
nor, and about 100 of the leading men of Macedonia. She was 
afterwards besieged in Pydna by Cassander; and being foreed to 
surrender, was put to death by the relations of those whom she 
had murdered. 

Olympias, adis, f., the space of four years, the interval which elapsed 
between the celebration of the Olympic games. 

Olympiodorus, i, m., a musician who instructed Epaminondas in 
music. 

Olynthii, orum, m., the inhabitants of Olynthus. 

Olynthus, i, f., a town and republic of Macedonia. " 

Onomarchus, i, m.,'a person to whose care Antigonus intrusted the 
keeping of Eumenes. 

Orchoménii, orum, m., the inhabitants of Orchomenos. 

Orchoménos, i, f., a town of Boeotia—another of Arcadia—another of 
Thessaly. | 

Orestes, @, m., the son of Agamemnon, king of Argos, and Clytem- 
nestra. In revenge for his father’s murder, Orestes slew his mo- 
ther and her paramour Aigisthus. 


oh 


Pactye, es, f., the name of a tewn on the Propontis, (Sea of Marmora,) 
in the Thracian Chersonese. 


Padus, i, m., (called by the poets Eridanus,) the Po, the largest river 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 383 


in Italy ; it rises in the south of Piedmont, and after a course of 
480 miles, discharges itself into the Adriatic, or gulf of Venice, 
by four mouths. 

Pamphylia, @, f., a country in Asia Minor, to the northeast of Lycia, 
on the shore of the Mediterranean 

Pandates, is, m., a confidential friend of Datames, and keeper of the 
treasury of Artaxerxes. 

Paphlago, énis, m.,a Paphlagonian, a native of Paphlagonia. 

Paphlagonia, @, f., a country in Asia Minor, on the shore of the Black 
sea, to the west of the Sinus Amisenus, (gulf of Samsoun.) ? 

Paretica, e, f., a country of Persia, on the confines of Media. 

Paretdci, orum, m., inhabitants of Paretaca. 

Paros, or us, i, f., one of the Cyclades islands in the Augean sea, 
famous for marble, the whitest in the world. 

Parius, a, wm, adj., belonging to Paros. 

Parii, orum, m., inhabitants of Paros. 

Patroclus, i, m., an illustrious Grecian chief, the companion and 
beloved friend of Achilles, was killed by Hector at the siege of 
Troy. Revenge for the death of his friend roused Achilles from 
the inactivity in which, from resentment against Agamemnon, he 
had for some time continued. He rushed in fury to the field, 
~td Hector, and dragged his body three times round the walls of 

roy. 

Paulus, * m. See Aimilius. 

Pausanias, @, m., a Spartan general, who signalized himself by the 
defeat of the Persians under Mardonius, in the battle of Platza. 
His ambition rising with his success, he proposed to betray his 
country to Xerxes, on condition of receiving that monarch’s 
daughter in marriage. His treasonable correspondence was dis- 
covered, and he was starved to death in the temple of Minerva, 
where he had taken refuge. It issaid that his mother brought 
the first stone to block up the doors of the temple. 

Peduceus, i, m., Sextus, a friend of Atticus. 

Pelopidas, @, m., a Theban general, who restored the liberty of his 
native city, when oppressed by the Lacedwmonians; and after- 
wards, in concert with Epaminondas, exalted the power of Thebes 
to a temporary superiority over the other Grecian states. He fell 
in a battle against Alexander of Phere. 

Peloponnésiacus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Peloponnesus. 

Peloponnésii, orum, m., the inhabitants of Peloponnesus. 

Peloponnésus, i, f., a peninsula in the southern part of Greece, now 
called the Morea. It is connected with the rest of Greece by the 
isthmus of Corinth, about five miles in breadth. It was divided 
into six regions or districts, Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Ar- 
cadia, and Argolis. 

Perdiccas, @, m., a favorite general of Alexander the Great. Alex- 
ander in his last mornents gave Perdiccas his ring, thus seeming 
to intimate that he wished him to be his successor. When, on 
the division of the empire among the different commanders, each 
of them wished to make himself absolute, Perdiccas proposed to 
subdue them one by one. For this purpose he entered into a 
league with Eumenes, but was at last, after much bloodshed on 


884 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 


both sides, completely overpowered ; and while in Egypt was as< 
sassinated in his tent by his own officers. 

Pergiméni, orum, m., the inhabitants of Pergamus. 

Pergamus, i, f., now called Bercamo, a city of Mysia, the residence 
of king Eumenes, and the other Attalic princes. 

Pericles, is, m., an illustrious Athenian, who for 40 years held the 
government of his native city, and was equally distinguished as a 
statesman, a general, and an orator. Under his administration 
the fine arts attained their perfection in Athens, and the city was 
embellished with those splendid specimens of architecture, sculp- 
ture, and painting, which have commanded the admitation of all 
succeeding ages. Pericles was the father-in-law of Alcibiades. 

Perinthus, i, f., the same as Heraclea, (now Erex.i,) a town of 
Thrace, on the Propontis. 

Perse, arum, m., Persians, inhabitants of Persia. 

Persiu, @, f., or Persis, idis, a large country of Asia, which in its an- 
cient state extended from the Hellespont to the Indus, above 
2,800 miles, and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, above 
2,000 miles. As a province Persia was much smaller, being 
bounded on the north by Media, on the west by Elymais, on the 
south by the Persian gulf, and on the east by Carmania. The 
Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, s. c. 561, and 
terminated by Alexander, who conquered Darius, the last mon- 
arch of Persia, B. c. 333. 

Persicus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Persia. 

Peucestes, @, m., a Macedonian, who was commander of Alexander’s 

. body-guard. In the general division of the empire after Alexan- 
der’s death, Peucestes received Persia as his kingdom. 

Phaléreus, i, m. See Demetrius. 

Phaléreus portus, called also Phalérum, or Phaléra, orum, the most 
ancient of the three harbors of Athens, and the nearest to the 
city, but small and incommodious. 

Phaléricus, a, wm, adj., of or belonging to the Phalerean harbor. 

Pharnabazus, i, m., a Persian satrap, to whom Alcibiades fled for 
refuge, and who basely betrayed that unfortunate Athenian, at 
the demand of Lysander. 

Phere, arum, f., a town of Thessaly, and the capital of the tyrant 
Alexander ; a town of Laconia. 

Phereus, a, um, adj., of Phere. 

Phidias, e, m., (1,) a celebrated statuary of Athens in the age of 
Pericles. (2,) A friend of Atticus. : | 

Philinus, i, m., a native of Agrigentum, who fought under Hannibal 
against the Romans. 

Philippensis, is, e, adj., of Philippi. 

Philippi, orum, m., a town of Macedonia, north from the island Tha-— 
sos, where Brutus and Cassius were defeated in a decisive battle — 
by Antony.and Octavius. 

Philippus, i, m., king of Macedonia, and father of Alexander the — 
Great. He was the fourth son of Amyntas, and received his edu- — 
cation in the house of Epaminondas of Thebes. His ambition 
was scarcely inferior to that of his son; and by the extension of — 
his power in Greece, and the admirable discipline which he in- — 


eS ee eee 


Ne ay nag OT 





HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 385 


troduced into the Macedonian army, he paved the way for the 
conquests of Alexander. He was stabbed by a young man of the 
name of Pausanias, as he was celebrating the nuptials of his 

' daughter Cleopatra ; and it was suspected that the murder was 
instigated by his wife Olympias. 

Philippus, i, m., the last king of Macedonia of that name, was son of 
ag In his infancy Antigonus seized on his throne and 
reigned twelve years, on whose death Philip recovered his rights, 
and d.stinguished himself by his war against the Romans. At last, 
however, he was completely conquered, and obliged to accept of 
peace on terms disadvantageous to his kingdom and degrading to 
his dignity. After having the latter years of his life embittered 
by dissensions in his family, he died in the 42d year of his reign, 
B. c. 179. 

Philistus, i, m., a Syracusan, who wrote a history of Sicily in twelve 
books. 


Phildcles, is, m., an Athenian commander, who, through jealdusy, re- 
jected the advice of Alcibiades, and was, in consequence, defeated 
by Lysander at Aégos Potamos. 

Philocrites, is, m., a Syracusan, brother to Dion. 

Philostratus, i, m., a Syracusau, brother of Dion. 

Phocion, nis, m., an Athenian, contemporary with Demosthenes, 
alike distinguished by his private and public virtues. He with- 
stood the attempts of Philip to take possession of Eubea; and 
with still nobler heroism, rejected the liberal offers by which that 
crafty monarch endeavored to lull asleep his patriotism. After 
performing the most signal services to his country, and by his 
unbending integrity meriting the honorable appellation of Good, 
he was suspected by his ungrateful countrymen of partiality to 
their enemies ; and when upwards of 80 years of age was con- 
demned to die by poison. 

Phebidas, e, m.,a Lacedemonian general who seized the citadel of 
Thebes. Though the Lacedemonians affected to condemn this 
aggression, and even imposed on Phebidas a heavy penalty, yet 
they retained the citadel till their garrison was expelled by Pelo- 
pidas. 

Phenices, um, m., the inhabitants of Pheenice. 

Phenice, es, f., Phoenicia, a country in Syria, of which Tyre and 
Sidon were the principal towns. 

Phrygia, e, f., an extensive country in Asia Minor, divided into 
Phrygia Magna and Phrygia Minor ; the latter of which was 
also called the Troas, ‘The inhabitants of Phrygia were called 
Phryges. 

Phyle, es, f., a strong fort in Attica, about twelve miles and a half 
northeast from Athens. 

Pireus, i, m., the principal port of Athens. It was fortified with a 
wall, which included both the city and harbor,—about seven 
miles and a half in length, and sixty feet in height. The thick- 
ness of this wall was greater than the space occupied by two 
wagous. 

Pisander, ri, m., a Spartan commander during the Peloponnesian 
war, whom the pe a intrusted with a large fleet for 





386 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


the purpose of overwhelming Conon, whose influence with the 
Persian monarch alarmed their jealousy. An engagement took 
place in which the Lacedemonians were defeated, and Pisander, 
their admiral, was killed. 

Piside, arum, m., the inhabitants of Pisrp1a, a mountainous country 
in Asia Minor, to the south of Phrygia. 

Pisistratus, i, m.,an Athenian, a kinsman of Solon the founder of the 
Athenian government.  Pisistratus, by patronising the poor, and 
by other artful schemes, obtained the supreme power in Athens, 
B. C. 560, which he held for thirty years, and transmitted to his 
sons Hippias and Hipparchus. At length two patriotic friends, 
Harmodius and Aristogiton, burning with indignation at the op- 
pression of the tyrants, and particularly incensed by an insult 
which Hipparchus had offered to the sister of Harmodius, re- 
solved to restore the liberty of their country, which they happily 
effected. B. c. 510. 

Pittécus, i, m., a native of the island of Lesbos or Mitylene, and one 
of the seven wise men of Greece. After freeing his country from 
the tyranny of Melanchrus, and from the invasion of the Athe- 
nians, he was chosen by his grateful countrymen governor of 
their city. He retained the government for ten years, when he 
voluntarily resigned it, because he found the power and influence 
of a sovereign incompatible with the innocence and virtues of 
private life. 

Platea, e, or @, drum, f., a fortified town in Beotia, near which the 
Pérsians, under Mardonius, were defeated, in a great battle, by 
the Greeks, commanded by Aristides and Pausanias. 

Plateenses, ium, m., the inhabitants of Plata. 

Plato, énis, m., an Athenian philosopher, the most celebrated of the 
disciples of Socrates, and the most accomplished and eloquent of 
the Greeks. 

Pecile, es, f., a portico at Athens, adorned with various engravings 
and pictures, where Zeno the philosopher used to walk and 
teach; hence his followers were called Stoics, from the Greek 
word stoa, a porch. . 

Penus, i, m., a Carthaginian, a native of Carthage. 

Polybius, i, m., a native of Arcadia, who wrote the history of the 
Greeks and Romans, in forty books, of which only seventeen are 
preserved. 

Polymnus, i, m., a Theban, father of Epaminondas. 

Polysperchon, ontis, m., one of the generals of Alexander the Great. 
Antipater, at his death, appointed him governor of Macedonia, in 
preference to his own son Cassander,—a preference, of which the 
cruelty and incapacity of Polysperchon proved him to be very 
unworthy. 

Pompeius, i, m., Cnéius, surnamed Magnus, for his great exploits, 
was one of the most illustrious generals that ever appeared in 
Rome. The rivalship between Pompey and Julius Caesar was 
the cause of that civi] war which terminated in the elevation of 
Cesar to absolute power, under the name of Perpetual Dictator. 
Pompey was finally defeated in the great battle of Pharsalia, and 
was assassinated in his flight to Egypt. 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 387 


Pomponius Titus. See Atticus. | 
Pontus, i, f.,a large country of Asia Minor, which extended along the 
_ Euxine sea from Colchis to the river Halys. 

Procles, is, or us, i, m.,son of Aristodemus and Argia, and twin 
brother of Eurysthenes. The continual dissensions between the 
two brothers, both of whom sat on the throne of Sparta, were 
transmitted to their descendants. a 

Propontis, idis, f., the Sea of Marmora, between the Hellespont, 
now the Dardanelles, and the Thracian Bosphorus, now the 
straits of Constantinople. 

Proserpina, @, f., the daughter of Ceres and Jupiter, was carried off 
by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the vale of Enna in 
Sicily, and thus became queen of the infernal regions. 

Prusias, @, m., a king of Bithynia, to whose court Hannibal fled for 
refuge. The Romans heard of the Carthaginian’s retreat, and 
insisted that Prusias should deliver him into their hands. See 
Hannibal. 

Ptolemeus, i, m., the name of the Egyptian kings, after the death of 
Alexander the Great. 

Publius, i, m., a prenomen common among the Romans. 

Pydna, @, f., a town of Pieria in Macedonia. 

Pyleménes, is, m.,a native of Paphlagonia, who went to the Trojan 
war, and was slain by Patroclus, according to Cornelius Nepos; 
but according to Homer, by Menelaus 

Pyrene@us, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Pyrenees, moyntains 
which separate France from Spain. 

Pyrrhus, i, m., a celebrated king of Epirus, who, being invited by the 
Tarentines into Italy, for some time waged war successfully 
against the Romans, but was at last defeated by Curius. 

a tp @,m., a native of Samos, a celebrated philosopher, founder 
of the sects called Pythagorei, Pythagoreans. 

Pythia, e, f., the priestess of Apollo at Delphi, who delivered the 
oracles under the supposed inspiration of the god. Apollo himself 
was called Pythias from having slain the serpent Python ; hence 
his priestess was named Pythia. 


Q. 


Quirinus, i, m., the name given to Romulus, the founder of Rome, 
after he was ranked among the gods, either from quiris, a spear, 
or Cures, a city of the Sabines. 

Quirindlis, is, e, adj., of or pertaining to Romulus; Mons Quirinus, 
now Monte Cavallo, one of the hills on which Rome was built,— 
so called from a temple of Quirinus, or Romulus, which stood on it. 


R. 


Rhodanus, i, m., a large and rapid river, which rises among the Hel- 
vetian Alps in Switzerland, passes through the lake of Geneva, 
and entering the territories of France, is joined by the Sadne, the 


3888 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


ancient Arar; after which it takes a southern direction, and falls 
into the Mediterranean sea at Marseilles. 

Rhodii, orum, m., the Rhodians, inhabitants of Rhodus. 

Rhodus, or os, i, f., a celebrated island in the ASgean sea, on the 
coast of Lycia. It was remarkable for the purity of its atmo- 
sphere ; and was supposed to be peculiarly favored by Phebus, the 
god of the Sun. ‘The colossal statue of Phabus, made of brass, 
was the principal curiosity which it had to boast of. It was the 
work of Chares, a native of the island; and was about 105 feet 
high. Rhodes was famous in ancient ‘times for its power by sea. 
It is about 125 miles in circumference. 

Roma, e, f., the principal city of Italy, and long mistress of the 
world, was founded by Romulus, about 753 years before the 
Christies era. It was built on seven hills, called the Palatine, 
the Celian, the Janiculum, the Aventine, the Viminal, Quirinal, 
and Esquiline hills. Concerning the extent of this city, authors 
are not agreed ;—Pliny says, that its circumference was twenty 
miles ; and it is said to have contained four millions of inhabitants, 
—a population three times greater than that of London. It had 
644 towers on its walls, of which 300 remain; and 37 gates. 
Perhaps nothing in Rome was more remarkable than its aque- 
ducts, which conveyed water from the distance of many miles, 
and were carried over valleys, supported by brick arches, reared 
at a prodigious expense. At the foot of the Capitoline hill was 
the forum, or place of public business; between the Palatine and 
Aventine hills, the Circus Maximus, a mile in circumference ; 
and along the Tiber, the Campus Martius, where the Comitia 
were held, and where the youth performed their exercises. 

Romani, érum, m., the Romans, inhabitants of Rome. 

Romanus, a, um, adj., of Rome, Roman. 

Romilus, i, m., was the grandson of Numitor, king of Alba, who had 
been supplanted by his brother Amulius. ‘To prevent any dis- 
turbance from the family of Numitor, the usurper caused his sons 
to be destroyed, and made his daughter Rhea Silvia, or Ilia, a 
vestal virgin. Ilia, however, became the mother of twin sons, 
whose father, she pretended, was the god Mars. Being exposed 
by order of Amulius, the infants were saved and brought up by a 
shepherd. When they grew up, having discovered the secret of 
their birth, they slew Amulius, and reinstated Numitor on the 
throne. ‘They next resolved to build a city in the place where 
they had been brought up. To determine which of them should 
have the honor of founding the city, they had recourse to omens, 
which proved favorable to Romulus. Remus was soon after 
killed, as he leaped in derision over his brother’s walls. Romulus, 
invested with the sovereignty of the new city, greatly extended 
its territory by conquest; and growing insolent and oppressive 
through success, he was put to death by the senators, after a 
reign of thirty-seven years. The senators gave out that he had 
been taken up to heaven; and he was thenceforth worshipped as 
a god under the name of Quirinus. 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 389 


8. 


Sabini, drum, m., the Sabines, an ancient people of Italy, whose terri- 
tories lay in the neighborhood of Rome. Soon after the founda- 
tion of that city, a fierce war took place between the Sabines and 
the Romans. It terminated by the union of the two nations; the 
Sabines were incorporated with the citizens of Rome, and their 
king Tatius shared the sovereignty with Romulus. 

Saguntum, or us, i, n., or f., now called Murviedro, a city of Valentia, 
in Spain, a city extremely faithful in its alliance with Rome. 
The siege of this town by Hannibal was the cause of the second 
Punic War. 

Saldmis, or in, inis, or Salamina, e@, f., now Colouri, an island in the 
Saronic gulf, (gulf of A. gina,) not far from Athens, famous for the 
victory which the combined fleet of Greece gained, chiefly by the 
skilful conduct of Themistocles, over that of Xerxes. 

Salaminius, a, um, adj., of Salamis. 

Samos, or us,i, f., an island in the A®gean sea, opposite to Mount 
Mycile, on the coast of Ionia; about 100 miles in circumference, 
famous for its wine and earthenware, but more famous as being 
the native country of the philosopher Pythagoras. 

Samothracia, @, f., Samothrace, now Samothraki, an island in the 
Aigean sea, vpposite to the mouth of the Hebrus in Thrace, thirty- 

_ two miles in circumference. 

Sardis, is, or Sardes, ium, f., the chief city of Lydia, situated at the 

foot of Mount T'molus, on the river Pactolus. 

Sardinia, e, f., an island in the Mediterranean, west from Italy, be- 
tween 36° and 41° north latitude, and between 8° and 10° east 
longitude, about 170 miles long, and 90 miles broad. Its climate 
was unhealthy, but its soil fertile; and it was considered one of 
the Roman granaries. It is separated from Corsica by a strait, 
called anciently, taphros, or fossa, now the Straits of Bonifacio, 
about seven miles broad. 

Sardiniensis, is, e, adj., of Sardinia. 

Saufeius, i, m., Lucius, a friend of Atticus, who spent many years 
with him at Athens, devoted to the study of philosophy. 

Scipio, énis, m., the name of an illustrious family in Rome, of whom 
the most distinguished were Publius Cornelius Scipio, surnamed 
the Elder Africanus, who first revived the drooping hopes of his 
countrymen, after the fatal battle of Canna, and by transferring 
the war into Africa, obliged the Carthaginians to recall Hannibal, 
over whom he gained a decisive victory at Zama, and thus com- 
pelled the Carthaginians to sue for peace; and Publius Amilianus 
Scipio, the younger Africanus, who took the city of Carthage, 
and in conformity with the severe maxim of Cato, delenda est 
Carthago, razed it to the ground. 

Scismas, or rather Sysimas, @, m., the elder son of Datames, be- 
trayed his father to Artaxerxes. 

Scyros, or us, i, f., an island in the Augean sea, to the east of Eu- 
beea, or Negropont. 

Scytha, or es, e, m., a Scythian, a native of Scythia. 

33* 


390 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


Scythia, e, f., a vast tract of country m the north of Europe and 
Asia, unexplored by the ancient Greeks and Romans. 

Scythissa, @, f., a woman of Scythia 

Seleucus, i, m., one of Alexander’s generals, who was distinguished 
by the epithet of Nicator the Victorious. In the partition of 
Alexander’s conquests, after his death, Babylon was allotted to 
Seleucus. He enlarged his dominions by the conquest of Media, 
and several of the neighboring provinces; and founded the city 
of Antioch in Syria. He was murdered by Ptolemy Ceraunus, a 
man on whom he had conferred many important favors. :, 

Sena, @, f., a town of Picenum, in Italy, near the mouth of the river 
Mysus. ‘ 

Servilia, @, f., a sister of Cato of Utica, and mother of Marcus Brutus. 

Sestos, or us, i, f., a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, on the Helles- 
pont, opposite to Abydos. 

Seuthes, is, m., a king of the Thracians, in the time of Alcibiades. 

Sicilia, e@, f., Sicily, an island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south- 
ern extremity of Italy, from which it is separated by the Fretum 
Siculum, the Straits of Messina. It extends from 36° 35’ to 
38° 25! north latitude, and from 12° 50’ to 16° 5! east longitude ; 
its greatest length ‘being 210 miles, its breadth 133, and its cir- 
cumference 820. Sicily, on account of its fertility, was consid- 
ered the principal granary of the Romans. 

Siculi, orum, m., the Sicilians, inhabitants of Sicily. 

Sictilus, a, um, adj., of Sicily, Sicilian. 

Sigeum, i, n., a town, port, and promontory of Troas, in Asia Minor, 
not far from ‘Troy. 

Silénus, i, m., a Carthaginian historian, who wrote an account of the 
affairs of his country in the Greek language; he is sometimes 
called Philinus. 

Socrates, i, m., a native of Athens, the most celebrated philosopher of 
antiquity for wisdom and virtue. His opposition to the Sophists, 
whose false pretensions to science he despised and ridiculed, ex- 
cited their implacable hatred; and by them he was charged be- 
fore the judges of Athens, with introducing new divinities and 
corrupting the youth. His innocence and worth were unable to 
protect him against their machinations; and he was condemned 
to die-by drinking the juice of hemlock. During the interval be- 
tween his sentence and death, he displayed the greatest fortitude 
and magnanimity ; and refused to avail himself of the means 
which his friends had procured for his escape. He drank the 
poison without emotion, supported by the consciousness of his in- 
nocence and the hope of immortality. 

Socrdticus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Socrates. 

Sophrosyne, es, f., a daughter of Dionysius the elder. © 

Sosilus, i, m., a Spartan historian, the friend of Hannibal, and his in- 
structor in the Greek language. 

Sosius, i, m., a Roman consul, in the year when Atticus died. 

Sparta, @, f., the capital of Laconia. See Lacedemon. 

Spartani, 6rum, m., the Spartans, inhabitants of Sparta. 

Sirymon, nis, m., a river forming the ancient boundary between 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 391 


Macedonia and Thrace, and flowing into the Sinus Strymonicus, 
the Gulf of Contessa. 

Sulla, or Sylla, @, m., a Roman nobleman, of the family of the 
Scipios. He served his first campaign under Marius, and, while 
his questor in Numidia, got Jugurtha into his possession, through 
the treachery of Bocchus. Sylla became afterwards the rival 
and deadly enemy of Marius, and their contentions deluged Rome 
with blood. On returning from the Mithridatic war, Sylla over- 
came all his opponents, and caused himself to be created per- 
petual dictator. He then set on foot a proscription of his enemies, 
by which he confiscated their effects, and set a price on their 
heads. Thousands were thus massacred; but after governing 
with wanton tyranny for near three years, Sylla unexpectedly 
resigned his power, and died soon after of the morbus pedicularis, 
or lousy disease. 

Sullanus, a,um, adj., of Sulla. 

Sulpitius, i, m., the name of an illustrious family in Rome. The 
persons of this name mentioned by Nepos, are Publius Sulpitius, 
who was consul in the time of Hannibal, after the conclusion of 
the second Punic War. (2,) A historian who wrote an account 
of the exploits of Hannibal. (3,) Publius Sulpitius, a tribune of 
the people, and an associate of Marius, who was proscribed and 
murdered by the adherents of Sylla. 

Sylla. See Sulla. 

Syracuse, drum, f., Syracuse, the ancient capital of Sicily, founded 
by acolony from Corinth. It attained a great degree of splendor, 
and became so large a city, that the circuit of its walls was about 
twenty-two miles and a half. It is famous in Grecian history for 
the obstinate and successful resistance which it made, when be- 
sieged by the Athenians under Nicias. 

Syracusani, drum, m., inhabitants of Syracuse, Syracusans. 

Syracusanus, a, um, adj., Syracusan, of Syracuse. 

Syria, e, f., a large and celebrated country of Asia, extending from 
Cilicia and Mount Amanus, to Arabia and Egypt, between the 
Mediterranean and the Euphrates. 

Sysamithres, @, m., one of the persons sent by Pharnabazus to murder 
Alcibiades. 


"P, - 


Tachus, i, m., a king of Egypt whom Agesilaus assisted in his war 
against Artaxerxes, king of Persia. 

Tenirus, or 0s, i, m., a promontory of Laconia, now Cape Matapan, 
the most southern point of Greece. 

Tamphilus, i, m., a Roman consul, the colleague of Cethegus, in the 
year when, according to Sulpitius, Hannibal died. 

Tarentinus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Tarentum. 

Tarentum, i, n., now ‘Tarento, an ancient city of Calabria, on the 
Sinus Tarentinus, Gulf of Tarento, in the south of Italy; it was 
founded by a colony of Lacedamonians. 

faurus, i, m., Mount Taurus, an extensive and lofty ridge of moun- 
tains in Asia, stretching eastward froni Caria and Lycia. 


3892 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


ade i, m., Varro, a Roman consul, defeated by Hannibal in 

pulia. 

Teribazus, i, m., a governor of Sardis, by whom Conon was thrown 
into prison. : 

Thachus, or Tachus, i, m., a king of Egypt, who was assisted by the 
Greeks in his war against Artaxerxes Ochus, king of Persia. 
Agesilaus, the Spartan commander, afterwards deserted him, and 
went over to his enemy and rival, Nectanebus. . 

Thasos, or us, 7, f., now Thapso, an island in the north of the Augean 
sea, near the mouth of the Nessus in Thrace ; it abounded in wine 
and beautiful marble. Its inhabitants were called Thasii. 

Thebani, drum, m., Thebans, inhabitants of Thebe. 

Thebe, arum, f., Thebes, the capital of Beotia, built by Cadmus, the 
Phenician, from whom the citadel was called Cadmea. 

Themisticles, is, m., a celebrated Athenian, the contemporary and 
rival of Aristides. By defeating the Persian fleet near Salamis, 
he freed Greece from the terror of the invasion of Xerxes ; by re- 
building the walls of the Pireeus, and augmenting the navy of 
Athens, he wrested from the Lacedemonians the empire of the 
sea, and rendered his native country the first power of Greece. 
Yet his countrymen, with their characteristic ingratitude, con- 
demned him to exile; and after having in vain sought a place 
of refuge among the states of Greece, he fled to the court of the 
Persian monarch Artaxerxes, whose father he had defeated, and 
whose fleets he had destroyed. Artaxerxes received him with 
distinguished respect ; and assigned him for his maintenance the 
revenues of three cities. But when the king prepared to make 
war against Greece the patriotism of ‘Themistocles returned in all 
its vigor ; and to save himself from the necessity of rebellion on 
the one hand, and ingratitude on the other, he terminated his life 
by drinking bull’s blood. 

Theopompus, i, m., a native of the island Chios, who attained distin- 
guished reputation as an orator and historian. He was a pupil of 
Isocrates ; and carried off the prize of oratory on one occasion 
when his master was his competitor. Only fragments of his com- 
positions now remain. 

Theraménes, is, m., an Athenian general in the days of Alcibiades, 
He was one of the thirty tyrants whom Lysander set over Athens ; 
but by resisting the cruelties and oppression of Critias and his 
other colleagues he incurred their resentment, and was condemned 
to die by drinking the juice of hemlock. 

Thermopyle, arum, f., a celebrated pass between Greece Proper and 
Thessaly—formed by Mount Cita, which here terminated in a 
precipice, and the Sinus Maliacus, or Malian gulf. This pass 
‘was only sixty paces broad, and was justly considered the key of 
Greece: it was here that Leonidas, with a small body of Greeks, 
withstood for some time the whole army of Xerxes. See Leo- 
nidas. 

Thessalia, e, f., a country of Greece, between Macedonia and-Greece 
Proper, having Epirus on the west and the Augean sea on the east. 

Thraces, um, m., Thracians, inhabitants of Thracia. 

Thracia, @, f., Thrace, now Romania, or Romelia, a large country in 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 393 


the southeast of Europe, bounded on the north by Mount Hemus, 
which separated it from Mesia, on the east by the Euxine sea, 
the Thracian Bosphorus, or Straits of Constantinople, the Pro- 
pontis, or Sea of Marmora, and the Hellespont or Dardanelles ; 
on the south by the AX. gean sea; and on the west by Macedonia, 
from which it was separated by the river Strymon. 

Thrasybilus, i, m., a celebrated Athenian, who, aided at first by only 
thirty friends, undertook and accomplished the expulsion of the 
thirty tyrants whom Lysander had set over Athens. He after- 
wards recovered the power of the Athenians in the Augean sea 
and on the coast of Asia. He was killed in his camp by the in- 
habitants of Aspendus, whom his army had plundered without his 
knowledge. 

Thucydides, is, m., an Athenian historian of great celebrity. The 
pleasure which he felt on hearing some of the works of Herodotus 
read excited his emulation, and he resolved to attempt the same 
line of composition. He chose for his subject the war between 
the Athenians and Peloponnesians, of many of the transactions 
of which he had been an eye-witness. His narration is remark- 
able for its fidelity ; and his style for a conciseness bordering some- 
times on the obscure. 

Thurii, drum, m., or Thurie, arum, f., or Thurium, i, n., a city of 
Lucania, in Italy. 

Thyus, i, m., a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. 

Tiber, or Tibéris, is, contracted Tibris, or T'ybris, m., the river Tiber, 
on which Rome was situated. It rises among the Apennines, and 
falls into that part of the Mediterranean which was called the 
Tyrrhene sea, about twelve miles below Rome. 

Tiberius, i, m., Longus, a Roman consul, defeated by Hannibal at 
Trebia.—Claudius Drusus Nero, the son of Livia, and adopted 
son of Augustus, whom he succeeded as emperor of Rome. 'Tibe- 
rius was infamous for his dissimulation, cruelty, and debauchery. 

Timeus, i, m., a Sicilian historian, who flourished about 260 years s. c., 
and died in the 96th year of his age. None of his writings are 
extant. 

Timoleon, ontis, m., a celebrated Corinthian, who rescued Syracuse 
from the tyranny of Dionysius; and having settled the govern- 
ment of that city, resigned his power. He died at a great age, 
universally regretted by the Syracusans ; and was buried in the 
Timoleonteum. 

Timoleonteum, i, n., a gymnasium, or school of military exercises, 
which Timoleon instituted at Syracuse. 

Timophdnes, is, m., a Corinthian, brother to Timoleon. He attempted 
to make himself tyrant of Corinth ; to prevent which Timoleon, 
after having endeavored in vain to convince him of the impro- 
priety of his conduct, caused him to be assassinated. 

Timotheus, i, m., an Athenian general, son of Conon. He took Cor- 
cyra, and distinguished himself by his victories over the Thebans ; 
but his countrymen, offended by the failure of the expedition 
against Samos, through the rashness of his colleague Chares, con- 
demned Timotheus to pay a heavy fine.—He retired to Chalcis, 
where he died. 


394 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


Tisagéras, @, m., a brother of Miltiades, who pleaded the cause of 
that general, when impeached by his jealous and ungrateful coun- 
trymen for his failure at Paros. 

Tissaphernes, is, m., a satrap of Persia, who commanded the forces 
of Artaxerxes when attacked by Cyrus, in the battle of Cunaxa. 
For the victory which he then gained he obtained the daughter of 
Artaxerxes in marriage; but on being afterwards defeated by 
Agesilaus he was accused of treachery, and put to death by order 
of the king. , 

Tithraustes, @, m., a Persian satrap, who succeeded Tissaphernes in 
the favor of Artaxerxes. 

Titus, i, m., a common prenomen among the Romans. 

Thrasyménus, or Trasimenus, i, m., the lake of Perugia, in Etruria, 
near which Hannibal defeated the Romans for the third time, 
under the consul Flaminius. 

Torquatus, i, m., L. Manlius, a Roman consul, distinguished as being 
one of the friends of Atticus. 

Trebia, @, f., a river of Gallia Cispadana, rising in the Apennines, 
and running past Placentia into the Po. Near this river Hannibal 
defeated the Romans the second time, under the consul Sempro- 
nius. 

Troas, adis, f., the territory of Troy, in Asia, called also Phrygia 
Minor. 

Trezen, énis, or éne, es, f., now Damala, a city of Argolis, in the 
Peloponnesus. 

Troicus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Troy, Trojan. 

Tuscilum, i, n., now called Frescati, a town of Latium, situated on 
the declivity of a hill, about twelve miles from Rome. 


U. 


Utica, @, f., now Satcor, a town of Africa Propria, in the modern 
kingdom of Tunis, at the mouth of the river Bagrada. After the 
destruction of Carthage, Utica was the capital of the country. At 
this place Cato, having vainly opposed for some time the power of 
Cesar, slew himself in despair, and is thence called Cato Uticensis. 


V. 


Valerius. See Flaccus. 

Varro. See Terentius. 

- Venusia, @, f., a town of Apulia, on the confines of Lucania, the 
birthplace of the poet Horace. 

Vettones, or Vectones, um, m., a nation of hither Spain, adjoining to 
the Celtiberi. 

Virgilius, i, m., Publius Maro, the prince of Latin poets, was born at 
Andes, near Mantua, about seventy years before Christ. His 
great work is the Avneid, an epic poem, written, as some suppose, 
at the request of Augustus, and intended as complimentary to the 
Roman nation, and particularly to the family of the Cesars. His 
Eclogues delight us by their graceful simplicity and delicacy of 
sentiment ; and his Georgics may be pronounced one of the most 


— _ ‘ 
a | 


HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. _— 395 


finished poems to be found in any language. Virgil enjoyed the 
friendship of Mecenas and the emperor Augustus——He died at 
Brundusium, in the 5lst year of his age. 
Volumnius, i, m., superintendent of Antony’s workmen. 
’ Vulso, nis, m., Cn. Manlius, a Roman consul, who was governor of 
Asia, and triumphed over the Galatians. Hannibal wrote a his- 
tory of his exploits. = 


X. 


Xeniphon, tis, m., a native of Athens, celebrated as a general, a 
philosopher, and historian. In the first capacity he distinguished 
himself by the ability with which he conducted the retreat of the 
10,000 Greeks who had served in the army of the younger Cyrus, 
after the fatal battle of Cunaxa, and the death of their leader, 
Clearchus ; as a philosopher, he is universally_admired for the 
beautiful account which he has given of the doctijnes of his mas- 
ter, Socrates ; and his history of the education aud life of Cyrus 
the elder, and of the expedition of Cyrus the younger, with the — 


retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, are imperishable monuments of his — nS, 


talents as a historian. He died at the age of ninety years. 

Xerzes, is, m., son of Darius Nothus, king of Persia, famous in his- 
tory for his invasion of Greece with an army of 2,100,000 men, 
and a fleet of 1,327 vessels. This immense armament was defeat- 
ed and nearly annihilated by the skill and valor of the Greeks. 


~ 


Z. 


Zacynthii, drum, m., Zacynthians, inhabitants of Zacynthus. 

Zacynthus, i, f., now called Zante, an island of Greece, opposite to 
the bottom of the Corinthian gulf, or gulf of Lepanto. 

Zama, e@, f., a town of Africa, near which Hannibal was defeated by 
Scipio. 


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INDEX. 





[The first numeral refers to the chapter; the second to the para- 
graph ; the third to the number of the question.—S. means, that 
the Synonymes are distinguished in the answer referred to.] 


A before the name of persons 
implying a causal relation. 
Milt. 2, [3], 10. 

Ab e consonants, Milt. 1, 

5]. 

Pas with acc. and abl. 
Ale. 9, [1]. 

Abl. =in consequence of. 
Con. 3, {1}, 1, 2. 

—— without a preposition be- 
fore totus, when the whole 
extension is to be expressed. 
Pref. [5], 1; Iphicr. 2, [3], 
3; magno andin magno pe- 
riculo esse, versari, 
&e. Dion, 8, [2). 

— of cause. Milt. 7, [5], 
3; of the person by whose 
means or instrumenta- 
lity. Dion, 5, [5], 1, 2. 

Abstinentia (S.) Arist. 1, [2]; 
3, [2]. 

Ac = ‘but? afler a negative, 
Them. 3, {1], 5. 

Accedere construed. Them. 4, 


[1], 25 7, [2]. 
Accidit (S.) Milt. 1, [1], 27. 


Accredere. Dat. 3, (3). 
Acc. of nouns of the third. Cim, 
2, [2]. is 


—— without ‘ in’ before the name 

of an island. Milt. 1, [1], 29. 

Accusativus plur. tertie declen. 

in is. Milt. 4, [1]; in @ in 
34 





singul. tert. decl. Milt. 4, [2]; 

in im. Cim. 2, [2]. 

Acer, its meaning as applied to 
a person. Alcib. 5, [1], 1. 

Aa = adversus. Dion, 5,[4], 


ne and inducere (S.) Con. 
> {i}, 5. 
Adhuc (S.) Milt. 5, [5], 4. 
Aditus -— conveniendi; aliquid 
agendi, gc. Paus. 3, [3], 1,2. 
Adjacere. Timoth. 2, [1]. 
Administrare legationes. 
1, (4). 
Admirari (S.) Pref. [3], 4. 
Adorior. Dion, 6, [1], 4. 
Adscendere in navem, conscen- 
dere navem. Them. 8, [6], 1. 
Adspicere, of looking up to with 
Aq fi admiration, &c. Cha. 
4, [1]. 
iqualis (S.) Arist. 1, [1]; 
mostly with gen. in the sense 


of contemporary, 1, [1], 4, 
Ziquum est, conatr. Pio 7% 


Dion, 


[2], 9. 

Ai stimare litem. Cim, 1, fi) 4. 

Affirmation, to be borrowed from 
a preceding negative. Cim. 1, 
[4], 3: Thras. 3, [1], 7. 

Aliquanto. Ale. 11, [1], 6. 

Aliquis. Nisi or si aliquis and 
nisi or si quis. Dion, 8, [2}. 

Ambitio. Dion, 2, [2], 7. 


398 


Amicus with gen. and dat. Milt. 
3, [6], 4. 
Amplius (S.) 

Anastrophe. Alc. 8, {1}, 13. 

Anceps (S.) Them. 3, [3], 2. 

Ante paucos annos and paucis 
annis ante. Milt. 8, [1]; ante 
id tempus and ante hoc t. 
Timoth. 2, {3}. 

Antistes = sacerdos. Lys. 3, [3]. 

Apparet, Impersonal. Lys. 1, {1}. 

Arcessire or arcessere? Dion, 


Ale. 11, [2]. 


3, [1], 5. 
Argosand Argi. Them. 8, [1]. 
Arma (8.) Dat. 11, [3}. 


*“Aorv. Them.4,[1}. , 

Aitque = sed : See Et.—Totidem 
atque. Milt. 7, [4]. After 
alius. Them. 6, [3). 

Audire, of pupils. Dion, 2, [2]; 
male a. Dion, 7, {3}. 

Autem, as particle of transition. 
Milt. 4, [1], 1; neque autem, 
never used. Alcib. 5, [1], 2. 


B. 


Barbarus. Milt. 7, [1]. 

Bellum ducere and trahere, (S.) 
Alc. 8, [1]. 

Bestia fera. Dat. 3, [2}. 


C. 


Callidus (S.) Them. 1, [4]. 
Capessere rempbl. Them. 2, [1]. 
Captus = caught as in a trap, 
Milt. 2, °5). 
Casira nautica. Alc. 8, [5]. 
Celare with dat. Alc. 5, [2]. 
Celebritas. Pref. (6), 4. 
Ceteri (S.) Milt. 3, [5], 11. 
Xadkioixos. Paus. 5, [2]. 
Circumvehens = dum circumve- 


hebatur. Timoth. 2, (1). 
Civitas (S.) Them. 2, [1]. 
Clementia. Alc. 10, [3]. 


Cognomen for agnomen. Arist. 
1, [2], 11, 12. 





INDEX. 


Collecare in agris, of Colonists. 
Milt. 2, {1}. 

Colloqui aliquid. Them. 9, “4 

Committere prelium. Milt. 6, 


[3}. 
Commode. Pref. [1], 12, 13. 
Comparare iter. Alc. 10, [3]. 
Compellare. Alc. 4, {1}. 
Complures. Paus. 2, {2}. 
Complures and plures (S.) Paus ’ 
2, [2],3; Pref. [1], 7. 
Composito and ex composito. Dat. 
6, [6]. 
Confiteri (S.) Them. 7, [4]. 
Confugere in aram. Paus. 4, [5]. 
Consuevi and consueveram. Lys. 
3, [1]. 
Continentia (S.) Arist. 3, [2). 
Contingit (S.) Milt. 1, [1], 27. 
Contra ea. Iphicr. 3, [4). 
Contrario (unclass.); e contra- 
rio; ex contrario. Iphicr. 1, 
[4], 1. 
Conventus = a religious festival. 
Dion, 9, [1]. 
Corona honoris. Thras. 4, [1], 1. 
Creber (S.) Milt. 2, [1). 
Crimen (S.) Milt. 8, [1]; invi- 
die crimine accusari. Ale. 4, 
[1]. 
Cultus vestitusque. Paus. 3, [1]. 
Cum usually precedes the relative 
pron. in Corn. Nep. Milt. 1, 
[2], 7. 


D. 


De- in comp. Milt. 2, [2], 5; 
distinguished from di-. Dat 
11, [4]. 

Decelea. Alc. 4, [7). 

Deducere. Alc. 8, [3], 1, 3. 

Defatigare. 8s. 2, [1]. 

Dejicere (S.) Thras.3, [1]; de- 
jici gradu, Them. 5, [1]; of 
statues. Alc. 3, [2}. 

Dextram mittere. Dat. 10, [2} 

Dicitur, Impersonal with acc. c 
Inf. Paus. 5, [3}. 

Dicto audientem esse. Lys. 1 


[2]. 


— 








INDEX. 


Dignitas (S.) Them. 6, [1]; 
Alc. 11, [2]. 

Diligens. Con. 1, [2]. 
Discedere and decedere distin- 
ished. Them. 3, [4], 2. 
Dives, superl. divitiseimus. Ale. 

2, (1). 
Disctnatio tupavvis. Milt.3, [4]. 
Domi bellique. Alc.7, {1}. 
Dubium non est. Pref. {1}, 1-6. 
Ducere tempus. Them. 7, [1]; 
ducere sc. domum = d. in ma- 
trimonium. Cim. 1, [2]. 


E. 


Iphic. 1, [4], 1-3. 
Lys. 1, 


E contrario. 

Ejicere = to banish. 
[5], 2. 

Enim = for example. Pref. [4), 


1. 

Ephori. Them. 7, (2). 

Esse in eo, ut — Milt. 7, [3]. 

Et, atque, &c., after a negative 
= sed. Them. 3, [1], 5; 
Paus. 3, [7], 3. 

Et non, when preferred to neque. 
Pref. [1], 9. 

Etiam tum and etiamium. Paus. 
3, [5]. 

Exadversum. Them. 3, [4). 


F. 
Facere de aliquo. Them. 2, [6]. 


as the representative of 
another verb. Chabr. 3, [4]. 

Feroz (S.) Them. 2, [1]. 

Forsitan. ; 

asec t Arist 3, [1], 3. 

Forte, when used for ‘ perhaps,’ 
‘perchance. Arist. 3, [1], 2. 

Frequens (S.) Milt. 2, [1]. 





G. 


Generosus. Them. 1, [2}. 
Genitive. Two dependent geni- 
tives. Them. 1, [1], 5. 





399 


Gen. Neocli from Neocles. Them 
1, [1], 2. 

Genitive and abl. of a quality 
combined. Dat. 3, [1]. 

Genitive, of islands. Milt. 1, [1] 
29 ; 2, [4]. 

Genitive in unus omnium maxi 
me. Milt. 1, [1]. 

Genus scripture. Pref. {1}, 8. 

Germanus. Germana_ soror 
Pref. [4], 2, 3. 

Gradu depelli, dejici. Them. 5, 
[1]. 

Gratia: gratiam referre, gra- 
tiam habere, gratias agere ; 
seldom gratias referre, gratias 
habere. Them. 8, [7j, 5. 

Gravis liber. Lys. 4, [2]; g. 
historicus. Ale. 11, {1}. 

Gravitas. Paus. 4, [3). 

Tuvaccwvirts. Pref. (7). 


H. 


Herme. Alc. 3, [2]. 
Hic, how used by Nep. Miit. 6, 


[3], 1. 
Hyepodpépor. Milt. 4, [3]. 
Historicus (S.) Ale. 11, [1]. 
Homo (8.) Paus. 1, [1]. 
Honos. | Milt. 6, (3). 
Hostis (S.) Milt. 4, [1]; Ale. 4, 
[6]; — gen. and dat. Milt. 
3, (6). 


I. 


Idem et, qui, or cum. Milt. 3, [5). 

Igitur resumptive. Thras. 4, [3}. 

Ignorare aliquem. Arist. 1, [4). 

Iliud, referring to what follows. 
Thras. 1, {1}. 

Immodestia,—= want of discipline, 
insubordination. Lys. 1, [2}. 
Imperfect = was proposing to do 
the action. T'hras. 4, [2], 4. 
Imperfect subj. after Pres. his- 

tor. Milt. 4, [4). 
Implicare. Dion, 1, {1}. 
Implicatus and implicitus. Paus. 
4, [6], 6. 


400 


Imponere in re andinrem. Cim. 
4, [1]. 

Imprimis (S.) Milt. 1, [2]. 

In bello Corcyreo, and bello Cor- 
cyr@o. Them. 2, [1], 5; in 
aram confugere. Paus. A, [5]; 
in aliquem and in aliquo vim 
exercere. Dion, 6, [2]; magno 
and in magno periculo esse, 
versari. Dion, 8, [2]; in pre- 
senti and in presentia. Them. 
8, [4]; Alc. 4, [2]. 

Indicativus in Orat. obliq. Milt. 
3, [4], 1. 

Infinitivus Act. and Pass. with 
placere. Them. 3, [1], 2. 

Ingratiis. Them. A, [4], 9. 

Insuetus with gen. Dion, 7, [3]. 

Intercipere. Iph. 2, [3]. 

Interim, interea. Them. 6, [5], 5. 

Intueri, intuor, old form. Chab. 
3, [3]. 

Invidia, (S.) Arist. 1, [1], 16. 

Invocatus = non vocatus. Cim. 
A, [3}. 

Is (ea, id), when used for the 
more regular suus. Milt. 4, 
[5], 8. 

apparently superfluous. 
Them. 9, [1], 3; haud ita. 
Paus. 1, [2). 

Itaque = et ita. Alc. 4, [2]. 


J. 


‘ Just as if, how translated. Lys. 
2, [2], 3. 


L. 


Lis. Litem estimare. Cim.1, [1]. 

Loqui. Greca lingual. Milt. 
3, [2]. 

Lorice serte, enee, lintee. Iph. 
1, [4]. 


M. 
Manubie. Cim. 2, [5}. 
Mare. Terra marique and mari 


et terra. Them. 2, [4]. 
Maxime (S.) Milt. 1, [2). 





INDEX. 


Meaning. ‘ The meaning of this 
was,’ id eo valebat, ut. (They 
did not know) what its mean- 
ing was, quo valeret. Them. 

,(T] 2 
Meiosis. Milt. 5, [4]; Ale. 4, 
1}. 

Mirari si, as Qavpdtev et. Con. 3, 

(S.) Evel jap 4 

Mittere absolute. Them. 2, [6]; 
= litteris missis  scribere. 
Timoth, 3, [4]. 

Modestia. Milt. 1, [1]. 

Modo. Paus. 4, [6]. 

Mora. Nulla mora est sc. in, per 
me. Con. 3, [3]. 

(Spartan). Iph. 2, [3]. 

Mulium (S.) Milt. 8, [2]; post 
non multo. Paus. 3, {1}. 








N. 


Names of islands, when they fol- 
low the construction of names 
of towns. Milt. 1, [1], 29. 

Natu maximo. Dat. 7, [1]. 

Nec = neve. Paus. 4, [6], 4. 

Neque = nec tamen. Them.10, 
[4]; neque tamen. Alc.8, [1]. 


Nescio quo pacto. tals 11, [1], 
8. 





quo casu. 

quo modo. 

Neve, neu, when used for ‘ nor, 
Thras. 3, [2], 1. 

Nomen. Suo nomine. Them. 

_ 4, [3]. 

Non enim—neque enim. yk, 
[2], 1, 2. ; 
Non solum—sed or sed etiam. 
Cim. 4, [1]; non solum—sed 

et. Thras. 1, [5], 5. 





O. 


Obire legationes. Dion, 1, [4]. 
Obtrectare. Arist. 1, [1]. 

One another. Dion, 4, [1], 1. 
Opes. Milt. 5, [5]. 











INDEX. 


Opinio: venit 
Milt. 7, (3). 

Ornare. Them. 2, [3]; Att. 
18, [1]. 


in optinionem. 


P. 


Paratus with infin. Dat. 9, [4]. 
Partim—partim. Iph. 1, [2]. 
Pelta. Iph. 1, [4}. 

Penates. Them. 7, [4]. 

Percellere. Dion, 5, (3). 

Percutere. Dion, 5, [3]. 

Perf. Indic. after postquam, ubi 

Them. 6, [4]. 

Perfect. subj. (instead of imper- 
fect) after a past tense. Milt. 
5, [2], 1—3. 

Persona. Pref. {1}. 

Persuadére when with acc. and 
inf., when with ut and subj. 
Them. 2, [7], 5. Dat. 10, 
[3], 3. 

Phalanz in the less restricted 
sense. Chabr. 1, [2]. 

Phalericus, Phalereus. Them. 
6, [1], 1. 

Pireeus or Pireus? Them. 6, 
[1], 2. : : 

Placet =‘ (he) determined,’ by 
what followed. Them. 3, [1]. 

Pleonasmus. Cogere ingratiis. 
Them. 4, [4]; clam se subdu- 
cere. Alc. 4, [4]; tum illis 
temporibus. Thras. 2, [4]. 

Plerique. Pref. [1], 7. 


Plures and conplures. 


Paus. 2, 


(2). 

Plusquampf. Indic. after post- 
quam. Alc. 6, [2]. 

Torxt\n. Milt. 6, [3]. 

Post. Paucis post annis and post 
paucos a. Milt. 8, [1]; post 
non multo. Paus. 3, [1]; Cim. 
3, [4]; post aliquanto. Ale. 
11, [1}. 

Postquam with perf. indic. Them. 
6, [4]; with Plusqpf. Alc. 6, 

2 


{2}. 
Potiri constr. Milt. 2, [1]. 
34* 





401 


Potissimum (S8.) Milt. 1, [2]. 

Potius malle. Con. 5, [2], 1, 2. 

Precipue (S.) Milt. 1, {2}. 

Presentia: in pr. Milt. 7, [6]. 

Presertim (S.) Milt. 1, [2}. 

Pretor = crpatnyés. Milt. 4, 
4]. 

Pisboeition: when omitted before 
the name of an island. Milt. 
1, [1], 29. ; 

Preposition, when repeated. Ale. 
3, [3], 2, 3. 

Present subj. after perf. Them. 
1, [1] 

: Bae a man from doing any 
thing?’ how to be translated. 
Them. 6, [2], 2. 

Priusquam, with impf. conjunct. 
Alc. 3, {2}. 

Privatus. Milt. 8, [2]; Them. 
6, (5); Chabr. 4, [1]. 

Procul. Them. 8, [7]. 

Profiteri (S.) Them. 7, [4]. 

Profligare and prosternere. Milt 


Prohibére aliquem facientem. 
Them. 6, [2], 3. 

Proinde ac si, less common than 
perinde ac si. Alcib. 6, [1], 5 

quasi. Lys. 2, [2}, 4. 

Pronomen recipr. inter se = se 
inter se (?) Dion, 4, [1]. 

Ipockvretv. Con. 3, [3]. 

Prospicere. Dat. 3, [3] 

Publice. Arist. 3, [3]; Dion, 
10, [3]. 

Pulvinar and pulvinus. Timoth. 
2, [2]. 





Q. 


Querere ex, de, ab aliquo. Dion, 
2, [4], 4-6. 

Quam quod ... = que, quod 
eam. Thras. 4, [1], 2. 

Quamvis with Indic. Milt. 2, 
[3]; = quantumvis. Dat. 4, 


Que. Milt. 6, [3]; Ep. 9, [113 
with Prepos. Milt. 5, [2}. 


402 


Qui quidem, under what circum- 
stances it is a favorite form of 
Nepos’s. Dion, 2, [2]. 

Qui = quippe qui. Dion, 3, 

1}, 8 


predic asa is. Milt. 6, [1]; Paus. 


2, [6], 2. 
Quidem = ye restrictive. Pref. 
4]; = ‘but,’ ‘however 


Con. 2, [2], 23 quum quidem. 


Thras. 2, [7]. 


Quippe. Pref. [4], 5.- 
Quum— tum. Pref. [8). 


R 


Re-, denoting a duty imposed ; 
an obligation. Paus. 2, [2), 6. 

Recedere ab al. re. Alc. 8, [1]. 

Reducere scil. in matrimonium. 


Dion, 6, {2}. 


Relinquere and deserere. Dat. 
2, [5]; 6, [3]. 
Revertor. Reversus est = re- 


vertit. Them. 5, [2]. 
Rhapsodia. Dion, 6, (4). 


Ss 
Sepe (S.) Milt. 8, [2] 


Sed et = sed etiam. Thras. 1, 
[5], 5. 


Sedére, to remain inactive (in 
war). Dat. 8, [1]. 
Senatus = yepovota. Them. 7, 


[4]. 
Sensus. Dion, 8, [2]. 

Si forte. Arist. 3, [1]; si quid 
and si aliquid. Paus. 2, [4]. 
Si after miror, mirandum, &c. 

Con. 3, [1]. 

Sic. Ut— sic. Paus. 1, [1]. 
Similis, when with gen., when 
with dat.? Dat. 9, [3], 1-3. 

Simultas. Dion, 3, {1}. 

Sponte. Sua _ sponte, seldom 
sponte sua. Milt. 1, [4]. 

Statim (S.) Them. 4, [4]; after 
Abl. absol. Cim. 2, [3]. 





INDEX. 


Studére: quop studes. Con. 3, 
[3],8; salvuum studere. Dion, 
1, [3], 5. 

Subject changed. Them. 5, [1]; 
9, [3]; Lys. 4, [2] , 

Substantives in io, tor, and triz, 
with pron. poss. Lys. 4, [3]. 

Superior = natu major. bch 
i, [1]. 

Supprimere classem. Timoth.3, 
3 


Suus, when ejus would be more 
regular. Cim. 3, [1], 6, 73 
with substantives in io, tor, 
triz. a 4, [3], 6, 7. 

Synesis. Milt. 5, [1]; Timoth. 

ys 


3 


Tantum quod. Dat. 6, [5]. 

Telum (S.) Dat. 11, [3]. 

Terra. Mari et terra, terra ma- 
rique. Them. 2, {4}. 

Tota Grecia: why not in tota 
Grecia? Iphier. 2, [3], 4; 
Pref. [5}, 1. 

Totidem — atque. Milt. 7, [4]. 


| Tum—tum. Pref. {8}, 1. 


Tyrannus. Milt. 8, [3}. 
U. 
Uliro (S.) Milt. 1, [4). 


Unus omnium mazxime. Milt. 1, 
1). cade 

Ud eo, adeo and wu. eo ut, 
quoad. Dion, 4, [5}. 

Ut omitted after postulo, &c. 
Milt. 1, [4] ; = qui after mitio, 
proficiscor, &c. Milt. 4, [3). 

Ui— sic. Paus. 1, {1}. 


V. 


Valere : hoc eo valebat—quo va- 
lebat, &c. Them. 2, [7], 2. 
Vel —vel (S.) Ale. 1, {1}. 
Verbum. Suis verbis. 
[3}. 


4, 


INDEX. | 403 


Vero, in mihi vero. Con. 3,| Vir (S.) Paus. 1, [1]. 
[4], 1. Vita and victus. Alc. 1, [3]. 
Vestitus. Cultus vestitusque.| Vulgo. Alc. 6, [3]; 8, [2]- 
Paus. 3, [1]. 
Vicinitas (collective). Alc. 10, ; 
[4]. Z. 
Victus and vita. Ale. 1, [3]; 
cultus and vict. Alc. 11, [4]. | Zeugma. Thrasyb. 4, [1], 4 





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